JARINGAN KOMUNIKASI DATA DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA

Tim Penulis:
Leanna Vidya Yovita, Tody Ariefianto Wibowo, Indrarini Dyah Irawati,
Iman Hedi Santoso, Sri Astuti, Ade Aditya Ramadha.

Desain Cover:
Usman Taufik

Tata Letak:
Handarini Rohana

Editor:
N. Rismawati

ISBN:
978-623-459-378-5

Cetakan Pertama:
Maret, 2023

Hak Cipta 2023, Pada Penulis

Hak Cipta Dilindungi Oleh Undang-Undang

Copyright © 2023
by Penerbit Widina Bhakti Persada Bandung
All Right Reserved

Dilarang keras menerjemahkan, memfotokopi, atau memperbanyak sebagian atau

seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit.

PENERBIT:
WIDINA BHAKTI PERSADA BANDUNG
(Grup CV. Widina Media Utama)
Komplek Puri Melia Asri Blok C3 No. 17 Desa Bojong Emas
Kec. Solokan Jeruk Kabupaten Bandung, Provinsi Jawa Barat

Anggota IKAPI No. 360/JBA/2020

Website: www.penerbitwidina.com
Instagram: @penerbitwidina
Telpon (022) 87355370
 KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur penulis haturkan kepada Allah SWT, karena atas
kekuatan, semangat, dan kesempatan yang diberikanNya kami dapat
menyelesaikan buku “Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya”.
Jaringan saat ini telah menjadi kebutuhan utama untuk komunikasi data.
Pengguna internet terus meningkat dan menimbulkan kebutuhan-
kebutuhan baru pula terhadap komunikasi. Perkembangan masyarakat
juga menimbulkan tren baru pola permintaan, aplikasi dan lebih lanjut lagi
kebutuhan otomatisasi jaringan. Untuk itulah jaringan komunikasi data
harus terus dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat
masa kini dan masa depan.
Beberapa tahun sebelumnya, tim penulis telah mengeluarkan Buku
“Jaringan Komunikasi Data”. Buku terbaru yang kami tulis ini, yaitu
“Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya”, berisi penjelasan yang
lebih rinci dengan tambahan bab-bab serta penjelasan terkait tren terkini
dari jaringan komunikasi data. Pembahasannya dibuat lebih menarik dan
lengkap dibandingkan buku sebelumnya. Sehingga, buku ini diharapkan
dapat memberikan pengetahuan yang lebih rinci dan update di bidang
jaringan komunikasi data dan dapat digunakan untuk mempelajari
jaringan komunikasi data serta perkembangannya.
Dengan menguasai dasar jaringan komunikasi data, pembaca akan
memiliki sudut pandang yang tepat terhadap jaringan dan mampu
mengembangkannya dikemudian hari. Buku ini kami tulis dengan mengacu
berbagai sumber yang relevan dan digabungkan pula dengan hasil riset tim
penulis sebagai pengembangannya. Penulis berharap buku ini dapat
memberikan gambaran mengenai jaringan komunikasi data secara rinci,
mulai dari konsep dan model jaringan, algoritma dan fungsi-fungsi yang
dijalankan dalam jaringan, beserta juga aplikasinya.

iii
 Akhir kata, penulis berharap buku ini dapat memberikan manfaat yang
besar bagi pembaca dan menimbulkan rasa ingin tahu untuk terus
mengembangkan jaringan komunikasi lebih lanjut ke depannya.

Bandung, Maret 2023

Penulis

iv
 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ················································································· iii

DAFTAR ISI ····························································································· v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ···················································································xi
DAFTAR TABEL ······················································································ xvi
BAB 1 DASAR KOMUNIKASI DATA DAN PROTOKOL KOMUNIKASI ············· 1
A. Bagaimana Jaringan Telekomunikasi
Mempengaruhi Kehidupan Manusia ················································· 1
B. Perlunya Mempelajari Jaringan Komunikasi ····································· 3
C. Kebutuhan Terhadap Komunikasi Data ············································· 4
D. Arsitektur Jaringan············································································· 5
Latihan Soal 1 ····························································································· 11
Tugas 1 ······································································································· 12
Rangkuman 1 ····························································································· 12
Daftar Pustaka 1 ························································································· 13
BAB 2 PENGANTAR JARINGAN KOMUNIKASI DATA ································ 15
A. Komponen Sistem Komunikasi Data················································ 15
B. Jaringan Berdasarkan Skalanya: LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet ··········· 16
C. Pengenalan OSI Layer ······································································ 19
D. Pengenalan Model TCP/IP ······························································· 22
Latihan Soal 2 ····························································································· 23
Tugas 2 ······································································································· 24
Rangkuman 2 ····························································································· 25
Daftar Pustaka 2 ························································································· 26
BAB 3 LAYER FISIK DAN KOMUNIKASI DATA ·········································· 27
A. Sinyal dan data ················································································ 27
1. Data Analog dan Digital····························································· 28
2. Sinyal Analog dan Digital ··························································· 29
3. Periodik dan Non-periodik ························································ 30
B. Sinyal Digital ···················································································· 30
1. Bit Rate ······················································································ 31
2. Bit Length ·················································································· 31

v
 C. Gangguan pada Proses Transmisi ···················································· 32
1. Atenuasi ···················································································· 32
2. Desibel······················································································· 32
3. Distorsi ······················································································ 33
4. Derau/Noise ·············································································· 34
D. Data Rate Limits··············································································· 35
1. Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate ·········································· 36
2. Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity ············································· 36
3. Menggunakan Formula Nyquist dan Shannon ·························· 37
E. Transmisi Digital ·············································································· 38
1. Mode Transmisi········································································· 38
2. Transmisi Secara Paralel ··························································· 38
3. Transmisi Secara Serial······························································ 39
F. Media Transmisi ·············································································· 43
1. Guided Media atau Media Terpandu ········································ 44
2. Un-Guided Media atau Media Tidak Terpandu························· 45
G. Review Konsep Switching ································································ 47
1. Metode Switching Dasar ··························································· 48
a. Circuit Switching ································································· 49
b. Packet Switching ································································· 50
c. Virtual Circuit Switching ····················································· 52
Latihan Soal 3 ····························································································· 53
Tugas 3 ······································································································· 54
Rangkuman 3 ····························································································· 54
Daftar Pustaka 3 ························································································· 54
BAB 4 INFRASTRUKTUR DAN PERFORMANSI QOS ·································· 57
A. Perangkat Jaringan ·········································································· 58
1. Perangkat Hub/Repeater ·························································· 58
2. Link-Layer Switch······································································· 59
3. Perangkat Router ······································································ 60
B. Kabel dan Konektor ········································································· 61
1. Kabel Twisted-Pair ···································································· 62
2. Kabel Koaksial ··········································································· 63
3. Kabel Serat Optik······································································· 66

vi
 C. Performa Jaringan ··········································································· 69
1. Throughput················································································ 69
2. Packet Loss ················································································ 70
3. Latensi ······················································································· 70
4. Bandwidth Delay Product·························································· 73
5. Jitter ·························································································· 74
Latihan Soal 4 ····························································································· 75
Tugas 4 ······································································································· 75
Rangkuman 4 ····························································································· 76
Daftar Pustaka 4 ························································································· 77
BAB 5 DATA LINK LAYER ········································································ 79
A. Deteksi Kesalahan············································································ 80
1. Parity ························································································· 81
2. Cyclic Redudancy Check (CRC) ··················································· 82
3. Checksum ·················································································· 85
4. Backward Error Control (BEC) ··················································· 85
B. Error Correction dan FEC ································································· 89
1. Block Parity················································································ 89
2. Hamming ··················································································· 91
3. Forward Error Control (FEC) ······················································ 93
C. Protocol···························································································· 94
1. Simple Protocol ········································································· 94
2. Stop and Wait ··········································································· 95
3. Piggybacking ············································································· 95
D. High-level Data Link Control ···························································· 95
E. Protokol Point to Point (PPP) ··························································· 98
Latihan Soal 5 ····························································································· 98
Tugas 5 ····································································································· 103
Rangkuman 5 ··························································································· 103
Daftar Pustaka 5 ······················································································· 103
BAB 6 MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC)··············································105
A. Multiple Access Control ································································· 106
1. Random Access Protocols························································ 108
2. Controlled Access Protocol ······················································ 114
3. Channelization Protocol ·························································· 120

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 B. MAC Address·················································································· 122
1. Cara Kerja MAC Address·························································· 122
2. Struktur MAC Address ····························································· 123
Latihan Soal 6 ··························································································· 124
Tugas 6 ····································································································· 127
Rangkuman 6 ··························································································· 127
Daftar Pustaka 6 ······················································································· 128
BAB 7 NETWORK LAYER ·······································································129
A. Fungsi Lapis Network ····································································· 131
B. Pengalamatan Jaringan·································································· 132
1. Internet Protocol version4 (Ipv4) ············································ 133
a. Notasi IPv4 ········································································ 138
b. Classfull & Classless ·························································· 138
c. Subnetting ········································································ 142
d. Network Address Translation (NAT) ································· 145
2. Internet Protocol version6 (Ipv6) ············································ 148
a. Format IPv6 ······································································ 148
b. Notasi Alamat IPv6 ··························································· 151
c. Tipe Alamat IPv6 ······························································· 152
d. Transisi IPv4 ke IPv6 ························································· 153
Latihan Soal 7 ··························································································· 155
Tugas 7 ····································································································· 158
Rangkuman 7 ··························································································· 158
Referensi 7 ······························································································· 159
BAB 8 ROUTING ···················································································161
A. Teori Graph ···················································································· 161
B. Klasifikasi Routing ·········································································· 163
1. Routing Statis ·········································································· 163
2. Routing Dinamis ······································································ 164
3. Routing Intradomain ······························································· 164
4. Routing Interdomain ······························································· 165
C. Algoritma Routing·········································································· 165
1. Distance Vector ······································································· 165
2. Link State ················································································· 169

viii
 Latihan Soal 8 ··························································································· 170
Tugas 8 ····································································································· 171
Ringkasan 8 ······························································································ 171
Referensi 8 ······························································································· 171
BAB 9 TRANSPORT LAYER·····································································173
A. Pendahuluan ·················································································· 173
1. Komunikasi Proses ke Proses ·················································· 174
2. Pengalamatan Port·································································· 175
3. Multiplexing dan Demultiplexing ············································ 177
4. Enkapsulasi dan Dekapsulasi··················································· 177
5. Pembangunan Koneksi (Connection-oriented
atau Connectionless) ······························································· 178
6. Layanan Lapis Transport (Reliable atau Unreliable)················ 179
B. Protokol Lapis Transport································································ 179
1. Protokol UDP (User Datagram Protocol) ································ 180
a. User Datagram ································································· 181
b. Layanan UDP····································································· 181
c. Aplikasi UDP······································································ 183
2. Protokol TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ························ 185
a. Paket TCP ·········································································· 185
b. Layanan TCP······································································ 187
c. Fitur TCP ··········································································· 189
d. Koneksi TCP ······································································ 190
Latihan Soal 9 ··························································································· 194
Tugas 9 ····································································································· 196
Rangkuman 9 ··························································································· 196
Referensi 9 ······························································································· 197
BAB 10 FLOW DAN CONGESTION CONTROL PADA TCP ··························199
A. Kontrol Aliran (Flow Control) ························································· 199
B. Kontrol Kesalahan (Error Control)·················································· 200
C. Kontrol Kemacetan ········································································ 203
Latihan Soal 10 ························································································· 209
Tugas 10 ··································································································· 211
Rangkuman 10 ························································································· 211
Referensi 10 ····························································································· 212

ix
BAB 11 APPLICATION LAYER, PRESENTATION, DAN SESSION ·················213
A. Pendahuluan ·················································································· 213
B. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ··············································· 215
C. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ··········································· 219
D. POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) ························································ 220
E. IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) ············································ 220
F. Domain Name Server (DNS)··························································· 221
G. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) dan Trivial File
Transfer Protocol (TFTP) ································································ 222
H. Dynamic Host Confirmation Protocol (DHCP) ································ 222
Latihan Soal 11 ························································································· 223
Tugas 11 ··································································································· 223
Rangkuman 11 ························································································· 224
Referensi 11 ····························································································· 225
BAB 12 SIMULASI JARINGAN DAN PEMROGRAMAN JARINGAN
BERBASIS PYTHON ···································································227
A. Simulasi Jaringan dan Konfigurasi Router Cisco ···························· 227
B. Pengantar Bahasa Pemrograman Python ······································ 234
C. Automasi Jaringan Menggunakan Python ····································· 234
D. Packet Crafting Menggunakan Python ·········································· 243
Latihan Soal 12 ························································································· 248
Tugas 12 ··································································································· 248
Rangkuman 12 ························································································· 249
Referensi 12 ····························································································· 250
INDEKS ································································································251
PROFIL PENULIS ···················································································254

x
 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1 Ilustrasi pengiriman pesan informasi pada jaringan ·················· 6

Gambar 1.2 Struktur jaringan yang hierarchical ············································ 7
Gambar 1.3 Pembedaan antrian paket untuk menjamin ada prioritas
saat komunikasi data ································································· 9
Gambar 2.1 Komponen dalam sistem komunikasi data ······························ 16
Gambar 2.2 Topologi mesh ·········································································· 17
Gambar 2.3 Topologi star············································································· 18
Gambar 2.4 Topologi bus ············································································· 18
Gambar 2.5 Topologi ring············································································· 18
Gambar 2.6 Model Lapis OSI yang terdiri dari 7 layer ································· 22
Gambar 2.7 Model OSI vs model TCP/IP ······················································ 23
Gambar 3.1 Komunikasi pada Layer Fisik ····················································· 28
Gambar 3.2 Model Komunikasi Data ··························································· 29
Gambar 3.3 Perbandingan Sinyal Analog dan Digital ··································· 30
Gambar 3.4 Sinyal digital dengan berbagai level ········································· 31
Gambar 3.5 Penyebab Gangguan pada Sinyal ············································· 32
Gambar 3.6 Ilustrasi atenuasi sinyal ···························································· 33
Gambar 3.7 Distorsi ······················································································ 34
Gambar 3.8 Derau ························································································ 34
Gambar 3.9 Dua Kasus SNR: High SNR dan Low SNR ··································· 35
Gambar 3.10 Mode Transmisi Data Digital ·················································· 38
Gambar 3.11 Transmisi Paralel ···································································· 39
Gambar 3.12 Transmisi Serial······································································· 40
Gambar 3.13 Transmisi Asinkron ································································· 42
Gambar 3.14 Transmisi Sinkron ··································································· 42
Gambar 3.15 Media Transmisi dan Layer Fisik············································· 44
Gambar 3.16 Klasifikasi media transmisi ····················································· 44
Gambar 3.17 Spektrum elektromagnetik untuk komunikasi nirkabel ········· 45
Gambar 3.18 Metode propagasi ·································································· 45
Gambar 3.19 Switched network ··································································· 48
Gambar 3.20 Taksonomi switched network ················································· 48

xi
Gambar 3.21 Jaringan Circuit-Switched ······················································· 49
Gambar 3.22 Jaringan Packet-Swiched ························································ 51
Gambar 3.23 Jaringan virtual circuit switch ················································· 52
Gambar 4.1 Tiga kategori perangkat penghubung ······································ 58
Gambar 4.2 Mekanisme pada sebuah hub ·················································· 59
Gambar 4.3 Link-layer switch ······································································· 60
Gambar 4.4 Penggunaan router pada jaringan ············································ 61
Gambar 4.5 Kabel Twisted-Pair ···································································· 62
Gambar 4.6 Konektor UTP············································································ 63
Gambar 4.7 Kabel Koaksial ··········································································· 64
Gambar 4.8 Jenis inti kabel ·········································································· 64
Gambar 4.9 Konektor kabel koaksial···························································· 65
Gambar 4.10 Pembelokan cahaya································································ 66
Gambar 4.11 Rambatan cahaya pada kabel serat optik ······························ 67
Gambar 4.12 Konstruksi kabel serat optik ··················································· 67
Gambar 4.13 Konektor kabel serat optik ····················································· 68
Gambar 4.14 Mengisi link dengan bit data contoh 1 ··································· 73
Gambar 4.15 Mengisi link dengan bit data contoh 2 ··································· 74
Gambar 5.1 Arsitektur umum implementasi rangkaian shift
register CRC untuk polinomial ················································· 84
Gambar 5.2 Mekanisme Backward Error Control (BEC) ······························· 85
Gambar 5.3 Mekanisme idle ARQ ································································ 86
Gambar 5.4 Ilustrasi frame rusak sampai dengan timeout ·························· 87
Gambar 5.5 Feedback saat frame rusak ······················································· 87
Gambar 5.6 Mekanisme selective repeat ····················································· 88
Gambar 5.7 Mekanisme Go Back N······························································ 89
Gambar 5.8 Ilustrasi Simple Protocols ·························································· 94
Gambar 5.9 Ilustrasi Piggybacking ······························································· 95
Gambar 5.10 Frame HDLC ············································································ 97
Gambar 5.11 Format frame PPP ·································································· 98
Gambar 6.1 Antrian penumpang pesawat ················································· 106
Gambar 6.2 Klasifikasi multiple access protocol ········································ 107
Gambar 6.3 Pelanggan sedang melakukan panggilan telepon ·················· 107
Gambar 6.4 Diagram alir Pure ALOHA························································ 109

xii
Gambar 6.5 Ilustrasi pengiriman paket dalam jaringan
dalam domain waktu ····························································· 110
Gambar 6.6 Diagram alir 1-persistent ························································ 111
Gambar 6.7 Perilaku pendekatan 1-persistent··········································· 111
Gambar 6.8 Diagram alir non persistent ···················································· 112
Gambar 6.9 Perilaku pendekatan nonpersistent········································ 112
Gambar 6.10 Diagram alir p-persistent ······················································ 113
Gambar 6.11 Perilaku pendekatan nonpersistent······································ 113
Gambar 6.12 Reservasi timeslot································································· 116
Gambar 6.13 Mekanisme Polling ······························································· 117
Gambar 6.14 Mekanisme Select································································· 118
Gambar 6.15 Skema Token Ring ································································ 120
Gambar 6.16 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)························· 121
Gambar 6.17 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) ································· 121
Gambar 6.18 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) ································· 122
Gambar 6.19 Ilustrasi MAC address ··························································· 124
Gambar 7.1 Pengiriman paket pada komunikasi client-server ·················· 130
Gambar 7.2 Enkapsulasi pada Lapis Network ············································ 131
Gambar 7.3 Susunan Header Protokol IPv4 ··············································· 133
Gambar 7.4 Service Type dan Differentiated Services ································ 134
Gambar 7.5 Definisi Penggunaan Bit ·························································· 136
Gambar 7.6 IPv4 Classfull ··········································································· 139
Gambar 7.7 Contoh Penyusunan Sebuah Blok Alamat Classless ··············· 140
Gambar 7.8 Contoh Sebuah Blok Alamat Classless dengan
Jumlah Alamat Maksimal ······················································· 141
Gambar 7.9 Contoh Sebuah Blok Alamat Classless dengan Jumlah
Alamat Maksimal, mask, network ID, dan broadcast ID ········ 141
Gambar 7.10 Hierarki alamat tanpa subneting ·········································· 142
Gambar 7.11 Hierarki alamat dengan subneting ······································· 144
Gambar 7.12 Skema Alamat Public dan Private ········································· 146
Gambar 7.13 Router NAT Sebagai Translator ············································ 147
Gambar 7.14 Mekanisme Translasi Alamat················································ 147
Gambar 7.15 Format IPv6 ·········································································· 149
Gambar 7.16 Header IPv6 ·········································································· 149
Gambar 7.17 Tipe Alamat IPv6 ··································································· 152

xiii
Gambar 7.18 Struktur alamat Global Unicast IPv6 ···································· 153
Gambar 7.19 Transisi IPv4-IPv6 ·································································· 154
Gambar 7.20 Tunneling ·············································································· 154
Gambar 7.21 Dual Stack ············································································· 155
Gambar 7.22 Translasi Header ··································································· 155
Gambar 8.1 Graph sebagai representasi jaringan······································ 162
Gambar 8.2 Klasifikasi Routing ··································································· 163
Gambar 8.3 Autonomous System ······························································· 165
Gambar 8.4 Tabel Routing pada Distance Vector ····································· 166
Gambar 8.5 Fase inisial distance vector ····················································· 167
Gambar 8.6 Pengiriman Tabel Routing ke Immediate Node ······················ 168
Gambar 8.7 Updating Tabel Routing·························································· 168
Gambar 8.8 Pembentukan Tabel Routing Link State ································· 169
Gambar 9.1 Ilustrasi komunikasi pada lapis transport,
jaringan, dan data link ···························································· 175
Gambar 9.2 Perbedaan Alamat Port dan IP ··············································· 176
Gambar 9.3 Multiplexing dan demultiplexing ············································ 177
Gambar 9.4 Enkapsulasi dan dekapsulasi ·················································· 178
Gambar 9.5 Protokol Lapis Transport pada TCP/IP ···································· 180
Gambar 9.6 Format Paket Datagram Pengguna ········································ 181
Gambar 9.7 Format Segmen TCP ······························································· 186
Gambar 9.8 Control Field············································································ 187
Gambar 9.9 Pengiriman Aliran Byte ··························································· 189
Gambar 9.10 Pembentukan Koneksi (Three-way handshaking) ················ 191
Gambar 9.11 Pemutusan Koneksi (Three-way handshaking) ···················· 193
Gambar 9.12 Pemutusan Koneksi (Half Closed) ········································· 194
Gambar 10.1 Ukuran Window di TCP ························································· 200
Gambar 10.2 Skenario Normal Pengiriman Segmen ·································· 201
Gambar 10.3 Skenario Terdapat Segmen Hilang ······································· 202
Gambar 10.4 Skenario Fast Retransmission Ketika
Terjadi 3 Duplikat ACK ·························································· 202
Gambar 10.5 Skenario Saat ACK Hilang ····················································· 203
Gambar 10.6 Kirim Ulang Segmen Saat ACK Hilang ··································· 203
Gambar 10.7 Mekanisme Slow Start: Exponential Increase ······················ 205
Gambar 10.8 Mekanisme Congestion Avoidance: Additive Increase ········· 206

xiv
Gambar 10.9 Tiga Duplikat ACK ································································· 208
Gambar 10.10 Contoh kasus kemacetan ··················································· 209
Gambar 11.1 Ilustrasi komunikasi peer to peer game online····················· 215
Gambar 11.2 Jenis message HTTP yaitu request dari client dan
respon dari server ································································ 216
Gambar 11.3 Ilustrasi system email ··························································· 221
Gambar 11.4 Proses untuk memperoleh alokasi IP dari DHCP server ······· 222
Gambar 12.1 Contoh topologi jaringan······················································ 228
Gambar 12.2 Perintah untuk konfigurasi router 1 ····································· 228
Gambar 12.3 Perintah untuk konfigurasi router 1 ····································· 229
Gambar 12.4 Perintah untuk konfigurasi router 1 ····································· 229
Gambar 12.5 Pemeriksaan koneksi Router 1 ············································· 230
Gambar 12.6 Pemeriksaan koneksi Router 2 ············································· 230
Gambar 12.7 Pemeriksaan koneksi Router 3 ············································· 231
Gambar 12.8 Konfigurasi routing dinamis router 1···································· 231
Gambar 12.9 Konfigurasi routing dinamis router 2···································· 232
Gambar 12.10 Konfigurasi routing dinamis router 3·································· 232
Gambar 12.11 Pemeriksaan table routing di router 1 ······························· 232
Gambar 12.12 Pemeriksaan table routing di router 2 ······························· 233
Gambar 12.13 Pemeriksaan table routing di router 3 ······························· 233
Gambar 12.14 Test ping end to end ··························································· 234
Gambar 12.15 Gambar topologi di PNet Lab ············································· 235
Gambar 12.16 Pengaturan IP address ························································ 236
Gambar 12.17 Masuk ke dalam mode konfigurasi router ························· 237
Gambar 12.18 Pemeriksaan kode automasi jaringan ································ 240
Gambar 12.19 Pemeriksaan koneksi jaringan ············································ 241
Gambar 12.20 Pemeriksaan table routing R1 untuk automasi jaringan ···· 243
Gambar 12.21 Instalasi Python ·································································· 244
Gambar 12.22 Scapy berhasil diinstal ························································ 245
Gambar 12.23 Menjalankan code python ·················································· 246
Gambar 12.24 Pemeriksaan isi paket ························································· 247
Gambar 12.25 Isi paket ICMP ····································································· 247

xv
 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 3.1 Pita frekuensi dan aplikasinya ······················································ 46

Tabel 4.1 Kabel koaksial dan penggunaannya·············································· 64
Tabel 5.1 Generator polinomial standar Internasional ································ 82
Tabel 5.2 Pembentukan block check character ············································ 90
Tabel 5.3 Penentuan Posisi Bit Hamming ···················································· 91
Tabel 5.4 Penentuan Nilai Bit-bit Hamming················································· 91
Tabel 5.5 Deteksi Kesalahan di Stasiun Penerima ········································ 92
Tabel 5.6 Deteksi dan Koreksi Kesalahan ····················································· 93
Tabel 6.1 Perbandingan Pure ALOHA dan Slotted ALOHA ························· 109
Tabel 6.2 Contoh Penomoran pada MAC Address ····································· 123
Tabel 7.1 Bit-Bit Type of Service ································································· 135
Tabel 7.2 Differentiated Services Code Point ············································· 135
Tabel 7.3 Nilai Bit untuk Field Protokol ······················································ 137
Tabel 7.4 Tabel Alamat Sub Network, Host, dan Broadcast Address ········· 145
Tabel 7.5 Tabel Alokasi IP Private······························································· 146
Tabel 7.6 Bit-Bit pada Field Next Header···················································· 150
Tabel 11.1 Methode HTTP message ··························································· 217
Tabel 11.2 Kode Respon informasi ····························································· 217
Tabel 11.3 Kode respon sukses ·································································· 218
Tabel 11.4 Kode respon pengalihan ··························································· 218
Tabel 11.5 Kode respon client error ··························································· 219
Tabel 11.6 Kode respon server error ·························································· 219

xvi
 BAB
1

DASAR KOMUNIKASI DATA

DAN PROTOKOL KOMUNIKASI

Bab 1 ini membahas tentang dasar dari komunikasi data serta

pentingnya teknologi terkait komunikasi data dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Jaringan komunikasi data memiliki karakter yang khusus untuk dapat
memastikan komunikasi dapat berjalan dengan lancar. Komunikasi data
melalui jaringan telekomunikasi memberikan banyak dampak pada
berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia.
Dengan mempelajari Bab 1 ini, maka diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Mengetahui dasar dari komunikasi data.
2. Mengetahui pentingnya teknologi terkait komunikasi data dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari.
3. Mengetahui karakteristik dari jaringan komunikasi data.

A. BAGAIMANA JARINGAN TELEKOMUNIKASI MEMPENGARUHI

KEHIDUPAN MANUSIA
Saat ini jaringan telekomunikasi menjadi hal yang umum digunakan
dan sangat dibutuhkan oleh manusia. Lebih lanjut, pengguna jaringan
internet terus meningkat tahun ke tahunnya Perkembangan jaringan ini
diiringi dengan perkembangan berbagai aplikasi meliputi aplikasi video,
social media, web access, gaming, file sharing, cloud, dan lain sebagainya.
Berdasarkan the Global Internet Phenomena Report January 2022 yang
4. Security mencakup confidentiality, authentikasi, availability, integrity
dan non-repudiaton

DAFTAR PUSTAKA 1

1. Global, T. H. E., Phenomena, I., & January, R. (2022). Growing app

complexity : Paving the way for digital lifestyles and immersive
experiences A word from Sandvine CEO Lyn Cantor (Issue January).
2. Frouzan, B., “TCP-IP Protocol Suite: 4th Edition’, Mc-Graw-Hill, 2010
3. “Internet Service Provider hierarchy”,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/internet-service-provider-isp-
hierarchy/ , diakses pada 19 Oktober 2022
4. ISP 3- tier Model,
ttps://www.thousandeyes.com/learning/techtorials/isp-tiers, diakses
pada 19 oktober 2022.
5. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/standard-organizations-for-data-
communications/ , diakses pada 19 Oktober 2022.
6. https://www.itu.int, diakses pada 19 Oktober 2022.

Dasar Komunikasi Data dan Protokol Komunikasi | 13

 BAB
2

PENGANTAR JARINGAN
KOMUNIKASI DATA

Bab 2 ini membahas tentang komponen sistem komunikasi, topologi

jaringan, serta model layer pada jaringan komunikasi data.
Dengan mempelajari Bab ini, maka diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Memahami komponen dari system komunikasi
2. Mengetahui bermacam topologi jaringan
3. Memahami model layer pada jaringan dan fungsi setiap layer.

A. KOMPONEN SISTEM KOMUNIKASI DATA

Istilah komunikasi data berarti pertukaran data antara dua perangkat
atau lebih melalui berbagai media transmisi. Sesuai dengan Gambar 2.1,
secara umum, komponen dalam sistem komunikasi data terdiri dari:
a. Pengirim, dapat berupa laptop, smart phone, komputer, server, dan
lain sebagainya.
b. Penerima, sepertinya halnya perangkat pengirim, dapat berupa
berbagai jenis perangkat.
c. Media transmisi, berupa kabel, fiber optic, wireless, dan lain
sebagainya.
d. Informasi atau pesan yang dikirimkan, dengan berbagai format.
e. Rules/aturan berdasarkan protocol komunikasi.
6. Model TCP/IP mendefinisikan layer-layer menjadi 4 layer software
yang berdiri di atas hardware jaringan.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA 2

1. Forouzan, B., “TCP-IP Protocol Suite: 4th Edition’, Mc-Graw-Hill, 2010

2. Kurose, J. F., Nyu, K. W. R., Shanghai, N., Columbus, B., New, I., San, Y.,
Hoboken, F., Cape, A., Dubai, T., Madrid, L., Munich, M., Montréal, P.,
Delhi, T., São, M. C., Sydney, P., Kong, H., Singapore, S., Tokyo, T.,
Manning, J., … Zaldivar-Garcia, M. (2017). Computer Networking A
Top-Down Approach Seventh Edition.
www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.

26 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya

 BAB
3

LAYER FISIK DAN KOMUNIKASI DATA

Pada Bab 3 ini akan dijelaskan mengenai fungsi utama dari layer fisik,
yaitu untuk memindahkan data dalam bentuk sinyal-sinyal listrik melintasi
media transmisi. Data yang kita kirimkan melalui layer fisik dapat berupa
surat menyurat, video streaming dari komputer kita, atau informasi sensor
yang harus dikumpulkan ke sebuah platform IoT, semua kegiatan tersebut
berhubungan dengan aktivitas pengiriman data melintasi jaringan.
Pada umumnya, sebelum data dikirimkan melalui jaringan, data-data
tersebut harus melalui proses konversi terlebih dahulu. Misalnya, sebuah
video harus terlebih dahulu diubah menjadi bentuk yang dapat diterima
oleh media transmisi. Media transmisi bekerja dengan mengirimkan
energi di sepanjang jalur fisik. Untuk dapat ditransmisikan, data harus
diubah menjadi sinyal-sinyal listrik.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Memahami konsep layer fisik.
2. Memahami prinsip kerja komunikasi data dalam arsitektur protokol
OSI dan TCP/IP.

A. SINYAL DAN DATA

Seorang mahasiswi bernama Andin yang sedang bersekolah di Telkom
University, ingin memesan buku yang terkait dengan Tugas Akhirnya dari
penjual buku online yang bernama Bian. Komunikasi Andin dengan Bian
yang menggunakan jaringan Internet, memerlukan lima tingkat
 TUGAS 3

1. Berapa kapasitas kanal jika diketahui SNR = 36 dB dan kanal tersebut

memiliki bandwidth 2 MHz.
2. Sebuah kanal komunikasi memiliki bandwidth 1-MHz. SNR untuk
saluran ini adalah 63. Berapa bit rate dan level sinyal yang sesuai?
3. Jelaskan perbedaan circuit switching dengan packet switching
4. Jelaskan beberapa gangguan transmisi yang dapat dialami sinyal
5. Sebuah sinyal menembus amplifier sehingga mengalami peningkatan 4
kali lipat dari sebelumnya. Tentukan berapa besar gain atau
penguatan sinyal dalam decibel.

RANGKUMAN 3

1. Sinyal dapat mengalami tiga gangguan, yaitu: atenuasi, distorsi, dan

derau (noise)
2. Formula Shannon digunakan untuk menentukan kapasitas maksimum
kanal, sedangkan formula Nyquist memberi tahu kita berapa banyak
level sinyal yang kita butuhkan.
3. Terdapat 3 teknik switching: circuit switching, packet switching, dan
message switching.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA 3

“Difference between Serial and Parallel Transmisiion”,

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-serial-and-
parallel-transmission/, diakses pada 12 Desember 2022
“transmission impairment in data communication”,
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/transmission-impairment-in-data-
communication/
“Unbounded or Unguided Transmission Media”,
https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/unbounded-
transmission-media, diakses pada 12 Desember 2022
Forouzan, Behrouz A. Data communications and networking. Huga Media,
2013.

54 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya

Lithmee, “What is the different between Synchronous and Asynchronous
Data Transfer”, https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-
between-synchronous-and-asynchronous-data-transfer/, diakses
pada 12 Desember 2022
Samsun, Arthur, “Signal to Noise Ratio: high vs low”,
https://anasounds.com/the-true-bypass-is-that-really-good/snr-2/,
diakses pada 12 Desember 2022
Stallings, William. Data and computer communications. Pearson Education
India, 2007.

Layer Fisik dan Komunikasi Data | 55

 BAB
4

INFRASTRUKTUR DAN
PERFORMANSI QOS

Pada Bab 4 dibahas mengenai Infrastruktur jaringan komputer yang

dibangun oleh 3 komponen utama: perangkat jaringan, media transmisi,
perangkat penghubung. Perangkat jaringan berfungsi untuk
membangkitkan data, memproses data, dan menerima data. Media
transmisi berfungsi untuk membawa data secara bertahap dari satu
perangkat ke perangkat jaringan yang lain, sedangkan perangkat
penghubung berfungsi menjadi antarmuka bagi perangkat jaringan dengan
media transmisi.
Setelah data dapat dikirimkan melalui jaringan, maka kita memerlukan
sejumlah parameter untuk menunjukkan kinerja dari infrastruktur jaringan
yang kita gunakan. Tiga parameter utama yang digunakan untuk
mengukur kinerja jaringan, yaitu: throughput, delay, dan jitter. Serta satu
parameter yang penting agar efektivitas penggunaan jaringan menjadi
tinggi yaitu parameter bandwidth-delay.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Memahami komponen-komponen penyusun infrastruktur jaringan
2. Mengetahui cara mengukur kinerja jaringan yang digunakan.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 4

1. Forouzan, Behrouz A. Data communications and networking. Huga

Media, 2013.
2. Stallings, William. Data and computer communications. Pearson
Education India, 2007.

Infrastruktur dan Performansi Qos | 77

 BAB
5

DATA LINK LAYER

Bab 5 menjelaskan Data Link Layer yang memiliki dua sub layer, yaitu
Logical Link Control (LLC) dan Medium Access Control (MAC) serta tugas
masing-masing. Salah satu tugas dari protokol data link adalah mengatur
kelancaran komunikasi. Agar lebih yakin bahwa data akan diterima dengan
lengkap, perlu dilakukan deteksi dan koreksi kesalahan. Syarat mutlak
untuk melakukan deteksi kesalahan adalah penerapan mekanisme deteksi
kesalahan. Selain itu layer ini merupakan pengatur lalu lintas dalam
jaringan agar tidak terjadi tabrakan dan hilangnya data yang akan di
transmisikan.
Setelah membaca dan mempelajari BAB V ini, diharapkan pembaca
dapat:
1. Memahami prinsip pada lapis Data Link
2. Memahami Error Detection, meliputi: Pariti, Cyclic Redudancy Check
(CRC), Checksum dan Backward Error Control (BEC)
3. Memahami Error Correction, meliputi: Block Parity, Hamming dan
Forward Error Control (FEC)
4. Memahami Simple protocol (services, stop and wait, piggybacking),
HDLC
5. Memahami point to point protocol
 TUGAS 5

1. Jelaskan apa yang kamu ketahui tentang HDLC!

2. Sebutkan macam-macam error detection!
3. Jelaskan minimal 2 macam error correction!
4. Jika data yang dikirim adalah 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0, Tentukan
kode hamming yang disisipkan pada data tersebut!
5. Diketahui: Pesan (D) = 11101010111 dan pola pembagi (P) = 11011.
Tentukan frame yang ditransmisikan?

RANGKUMAN 5

1. Terdapat dua sublayer pada layer data link, yaitu LLC dan MAC.
Keduanya memiliki fungsi yang berbeda.
2. Salah satu tugas dari protokol data link LLC adalah mengatur agar
komunikasi di link tersebut berjalan benar dan lancar. Untuk
meyakinkan bahwa data yang dikirim akan diterima dengan lengkap
dan utuh di sisi penerima, maka perlu dilakukan deteksi dan koreksi
kesalahan.
3. Error Detection : Pariti, CRC, Checksum, and BEC
Error Correction : Block Parity, Hamming, and FEC

DAFTAR PUSTAKA 5

1. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, Tenth Edition, 2013

2. Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, 5th
Edition, McGraw Hill, 2013
3. James F. Kurose & Keith W. Ross, Computer Networking: A Top Down
Approach, 7th Global Edition, , Pearson Education, 2017

Data Link Layer | 103

 BAB
6

MEDIUM ACCESS CONTROL (MAC)

Bab 6 menjelaskan tentang sub layer 2, yaitu Medium Access Control,

metode untuk mentransmisikan sinyal yang dimiliki oleh node-node yang
terhubung ke jaringan tanpa terjadi konflik. Macam-macam metode untuk
mengakses saluran akan dijelaskan secara terperinci.
Setelah mempelajari Bab ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. memahami tentang fungsi utama Medium Access Control
2. memahami tentang berbagai multiple access protocol

Medium access control (MAC) merupakan metode mentransmisikan

sinyal pada node-node yang terhubung ke jaringan. Apabila pada suatu
jaringan terjadi collison atau tabrakan, mengakibatkan data yang akan
ditransmisikan hilang. Solusinya adalah menyediakan ‘pengatur’ yang
mengatur aliran dalam data sehingga menghindari kondisi collision.
Fungsi utama MAC adalah sebagai berikut:
 Multiple access control
 Deteksi error
 Pengalamatan stasiun

Fungsi-fungsi utama ini akan dijelaskan secara lebih rinci lagi.

 DAFTAR PUSTAKA 6

1. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, Tenth Edition, 2013

2. Alasdair Allan, List of MAC addresses with vendors identities,
https://gist.github.com/aallan/b4bb86db86079509e6159810ae9bd3e
4 , diakses pada 21 November 2022
3. Random Access Protocols- ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CA and CSMA/CD.
https://www.studytonight.com/post/random-access-protocols-aloha-
csma-csmaca-and-csmacd

128 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya

 BAB
7

NETWORK LAYER

Pada Bab 7 ini dibahas mengenai Lapis Network dan fungsinya. Lapis
Network adalah salah satu lapis yang memegang peranan cukup penting
dalam komunikasi data. Lapis network bertanggung jawab untuk
memberikan alamat terhadap interface setiap node yang terhubung ke
jaringan, memastikan alamat tersebut dapat teridentifikasi secara global.
Dalam rangka hal tersebut maka muncullah tipe pengalamatan IPv4, IPv6
dan teknik Network Address Translator
Dengan mempelajari Bab ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Memahami fungsi lapis network
2. Memahami konsep pengalamatan
3. Memahami konsep transisi IPv4 ke IPv6

Lapis Network merupakan lapis ke-3 dari standar lapis OSI. Lapis
Network merupakan lapis tertinggi dimana perangkat jaringan bekerja,
dan bertugas untuk memastikan sebuah paket dapat sampai ke tujuan.
Paket data dikirimkan dengan sebelumnya telah ditentukan jalur terbaik
oleh protokol routing. Dalam memberikan identitas terhadap perangkat,
lapis network memberikan alamat IP ke setiap antar muka dari perangkat
yang terhubung ke jaringan.
 REFERENSI 7

B. A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking Overview 5th

edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
J. Postel, “Internet Protocol,” no. 791. RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, Sep.
1981, doi: 10.17487/RFC0791.
J. Touch, “Updated Specification of the IPv4 ID Field,” no. 6864. RFC Editor,
Fremont, CA, USA, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.17487/RFC6864.
R. Graziani, IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to
Understanding IPv6 Second Edition. Cisco Press, 2017.
R. Hinden and S. Deering, “Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing
Architecture,” no. 3513. RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, Apr. 2003,
doi: 10.17487/RFC3513
S. Kawamura and M. Kawashima, “A Recommendation for IPv6 Address
Text Representation,” no. 5952. RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, Aug.
2010, doi: 10.17487/RFC5952.
Y. Rekhter, B. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. J. de Groot, and E. Lear,
“Address Allocation for Private Internets,” no. 1918. RFC Editor,
Fremont, CA, USA, Feb. 1996, doi: 10.17487/RFC1918.

Network Layer | 159

 BAB
8

ROUTING

Bab 8 menjelaskan mengenai konsep routing, mulai dari teori graph,

klasifikasi routing, dan beberapa jenis algoritma routing.
Setelah mempelajari Bab ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Memahami graph sebagai representasi jaringan
2. Memahami konsep dan mekanisme algoritma routing

Proses selanjutnya yang juga berjalan di lapis Network adalah routing.

Routing merupakan mekanisme yang sangat krusial pada jaringan dalam
perannya mengirimkan sebuah paket dari sumber ke tujuan. Mekanisme
routing bertanggung jawab untuk menentukan jalur mana yang
merupakan jalur terbaik untuk dilewati oleh paket dimana pemilihannya
melibatkan protokol routing. Algoritma protokol routing dalam mencari
jalur terbaik bisa saja berbeda-beda dengan penekanan terhadap
parameter dijaringan (metric) yang berbeda-beda juga. Sehingga karena
mekanisme yang berbeda, antar protokol routing bisa saja memberikan
pilihan jalur yang berbeda.

A. TEORI GRAPH
Jika berbicara tentang routing maka kita tidak akan bisa lepas dari
teori graph sebagai dasar dari algoritma pencarian jalur terbaik. Graph
sendiri adalah kumpulan dari titik (node) dan garis (link) dimana
 TUGAS 8

1. Buatlah tabel routing dari node-node dibawah ini dengan

menggunakan mekanisme distance vector dan link State
A 2 D
4
F

3 3
6
5

B E
3 2
C

RINGKASAN 8

1. Secara umum mekanisme routing dapat dibagi menjadi 2 (dua) yaitu,

statis dan dinamis routing
2. Routing dinamis diharapkan dapat selalu mengikuti perubahan yang
terjadi di jaringan dan terdapat 3 (tiga) jenis yang digunakan saat ini
yaitu distance vector, link state, dan path vector.

REFERENSI 8

B. A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking Overview 5th

edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.

Routing | 171
 BAB
9

TRANSPORT LAYER

Pada Bab 9 menjelaskan terkait fungsi lapis transport, protokol pada

lapis transport, dan juga layanan-layanan yang disediakan pada lapis
transport.
Setelah membaca dan mempelajari bab ini, diharapkan pembaca
dapat:
1. Memahami fungsi dan layanan pada lapis transport
2. Mengetahui dan memahami protokol pada lapis transport beserta
karakteristiknya masing-masing
3. Mengetahui dan memahami layanan pada TCP dan UDP
4. Memahami perbedaan paket data di TCP dan UDP

A. PENDAHULUAN
Pada Bab ini kita akan mengupas lebih jelas mengenai lapis transport.
Pada model OSI layer, lapis transport berada pada lapis keempat (diantara
lapis jaringan dan lapis sesi). Sedangkan, lapis transport berada pada lapis
ketiga dari TCP/IP model, yakni berada diantara lapis jaringan dan lapis
aplikasi. Lapis transport menyediakan layanan kearah lapis aplikasi dan
menerima layanan dari lapis jaringan.
Secara umum, lapis transport bertanggung jawab terhadap
pengiriman seluruh pesan secara proses ke proses[1]. Proses disini adalah
program aplikasi yang berjalan pada sebuah host. Oleh karena itu pada
2. Protokol yang bekerja pada lapis transport yaitu TCP dan UDP. TCP
merupakan protokol yang andal dan berorientasi koneksi, sedangkan
UDP merupakan protokol yang kurang andal dan tidak berorientasi
koneksi.
3. TCP mendefinisikan pembentukan koneksi, transfer data, dan fase
pemutusan koneksi. Pembentukan koneksi dilakukan dengan three-
ways handsaking, sedangkan pemutusan koneksi dengan three-ways
handsaking atau half close.
4. UDP tidak berorientasi koneksi, sehingga sebelum terjadi pengiriman
datagram tidak perlu pembentukan koneksi terlebih dahulu. UDP juga
tidak andal, karena kurangnya pengontrolan kemacetan dan kesalahan.
5. Segmen UDP memiliki ukuran header tetap 8 byte, terdiri dari empat
bidang (field) masing-masing berukuran 2 byte (16 bit). Bidang
pertama menunjukkan nomor port sumber dan tujuan. Bidang lainnya
menunjukkan panjang total datagram, header ditambah data, dan
checksum (bersifat opsional).
6. Segmen TCP terdiri dari header yang ukurannya 20 sampai 60 byte,
diikuti oleh data dari program aplikasi. Ukuran header 20 byte bila
tidak ada bagian opsi dan mencapai 60 byte bila berisi opsi.

REFERENSI 9

B. A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking Overview 5th

edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
J. Postel, “Internet Protocol,” no. 791. RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, Sep.
1981, doi: 10.17487/RFC0791.
J. Touch, “Updated Specification of the IPv4 ID Field,” no. 6864. RFC Editor,
Fremont, CA, USA, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.17487/RFC6864.
R. Graziani, IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to
Understanding IPv6 Second Edition. Cisco Press, 2017.
R. Hinden and S. Deering, “Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Addressing
Architecture,” no. 3513. RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, Apr. 2003,
doi: 10.17487/RFC3513

Transport Layer | 197

S. Kawamura and M. Kawashima, “A Recommendation for IPv6 Address
Text Representation,” no. 5952. RFC Editor, Fremont, CA, USA, Aug.
2010, doi: 10.17487/RFC5952.
Y. Rekhter, B. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. J. de Groot, and E. Lear,
“Address Allocation for Private Internets,” no. 1918. RFC Editor,
Fremont, CA, USA, Feb. 1996, doi: 10.17487/RFC1918.

198 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya

 BAB
10

FLOW DAN CONGESTION

CONTROL PADA TCP

Pada Bab 10 menjelaskan terkait mekanisme pengontrolan aliran,

kesalahan, dan kemacetan pada TCP, serta contoh penerapan kebijakan
dalam kontrol kemacetan.
Setelah membaca dan mempelajari bab ini diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Memahami mekanisme pengontrolan aliran di TCP
2. Memahami mekanisme pengontrolan kesalahan di TCP
3. Memahami mekanisme pengontrolan kemacetan di TCP
4. Mengetahui dan memahami penggunaan masing-masing kebijakan
kontrol kemacetan di TCP.

Seperti yang telah dijelaskan pada sub-bab sebelumnya bahwa terdapat

beberapa layanan pada protocol TCP. Layanan tersebut mendukung
keandalan protocol TCP. Selanjutnya, beberapa layanan TCP yang
mendukung keandalan akan dipaparkan, yakni kontrol aliran, kesalahan,
dan kemacetan.

A. KONTROL ALIRAN (FLOW CONTROL)

TCP menggunakan jendela geser (sliding window) untuk menangani
kontrol aliran. Jendela geser digunakan untuk membuat transmisi lebih
efisien dengan mengontrol aliran data sehingga penerima tidak menjadi
4. Kontrol kesalahan pada TCP mencakup mekanisme untuk mendeteksi
segmen yang rusak, segmen yang hilang, atau segmen yang duplikat,
dan juga mekanisme untuk memperbaiki kesalahan setelah terdeteksi.
5. Kemacetan di jaringan dapat dideteksi dengan adanya RTO
(Retransmission time-out) dan tiga duplikat ACK diterima oleh
pengirim.

REFERENSI 10

Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and Networking, Fourth

Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007.
Stallings, William. Data and computer communications. Pearson Education
India, 2007

212 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya

 BAB
11

APPLICATION LAYER,
PRESENTATION, DAN SESSION

Pada bab 11 dibahas mengenai fungsi dari lapis aplikasi, presentasi,

dan sesi. Pada bab ini juga dibahas berbagai protocol lapis aplikasi
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Memahami fungsi lapis aplikasi, presentasi, dan sesi
2. Mengetahui berbagai macam protocol lapis aplikasi
3. Mengetahui mekanisme berbagai aplikasi

A. PENDAHULUAN
Session layer berperan sebagai pengendali dialog dalam proses
komunikasi. Peran ini meliputi pembentukan hubungan, maintainance
hubungan, dan juga sinkronisasi dalam system komunikasi. Pada sebuah
sesi komunikasi, dialog antara aplikasi pengirim dan penerima dapat
bersifat half-duplex atau full duplex. Lapis ini menjaga agar dialog tetap
aktif dan melakukan restart session jika terganggu atau idle dalam waktu
yang lama. Terkait sinkronisasi, layer session dapat menambah point
sinkronisasi saat streaming data, sehingga jika terjadi kegagalan dalam
pengiriman data, pengiriman ulang tidak harus dimulai dari awal lagi,
tetapi dimulai dari titik sinkronisasi yang telah ditetapkan.
 REFERENSI 11

1. Kurose, J. F., Nyu, K. W. R., Shanghai, N., Columbus, B., New, I., San, Y.,
Hoboken, F., Cape, A., Dubai, T., Madrid, L., Munich, M., Montréal, P.,
Delhi, T., São, M. C., Sydney, P., Kong, H., Singapore, S., Tokyo, T.,
Manning, J., … Zaldivar-Garcia, M. (2017). Computer Networking A
Top-Down Approach Seventh Edition.
www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
2. Forouzan, B. (2007). Data Communication and Networking (4th ed.).
McGraw-Hill. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1921353
3. Forouzan, B. (2006). TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4th Edition (4th ed.). Higher
Education.
4. Internet Growth Statistic.
https://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm. Diakses 10
Oktober 2022

Application Layer, Presentation, dan Session | 225

 BAB
12

SIMULASI JARINGAN DAN PEMROGRAMAN

JARINGAN BERBASIS PYTHON

Pada Bab 12 ini, bahasa pemrograman python serta beberapa library

pendukung akan digunakan untuk automasi jaringan dan packet crafting.
Setelah mempelajari Bab ini, diharapkan pembaca dapat:
1. Merancang simulasi untuk menguji performansi jaringan
2. Memahami penggunaan Bahasa pemrograman untuk setting jaringan

Penggunaan aplikasi simulasi jaringan dapat digunakan untuk media

pembelajaran karena mudah digunakan dan murah. Selain itu, aplikasi
simulasi jaringan dapat digunakan oleh administrator jaringan untuk
melakukan validasi sebelum implementasi pada jaringan riil. Beberapa
aplikasi simulasi jaringan yang dapat digunakan secara gratis.
Python merupakan bahasa tingkat tinggi yang populer digunakan. Hal
tersebut dikarenakan Python memiliki desain code readability serta library
pendukung pada berbagai bidang termasuk bidang jaringan.

A. SIMULASI JARINGAN DAN KONFIGURASI ROUTER CISCO

Selain mengimplementasikan jaringan pada perangkat asli, kita dapat
menggunakan aplikasi simulasi jaringan. Simulasi jaringan memiliki
beberapa kelebihan seperti murah karena tidak memerlukan perangkat
 instalasi dan dijalankan. Hal ini akan membuat pengujian firewall
semakin rumit. Dengan menggunakan packet crafting kita dapat
mensimulasikan packet dari aplikasi tersebut tanpa harus instalasi
terlebih dahulu.

REFERENSI 12

https://ktbyers.github.io/netmiko/docs/netmiko/index.html (web
dokumentasi)
https://pyneng.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html (web dokumentasi)
https://scapy.net/ (web dokumentasi)
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/automation/network-
automation.html#~why-automate
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security-vpn/secure-shell-
ssh/4145-ssh.html (web dokumentasi cisco)
https://www.cs.ryerson.ca/~zereneh/cn8001/CN8001-
PacketCraftingUsingScapy-WilliamZereneh.pdf (paper)
https://www.networkstraining.com/network-simulation-software-
tools/Session layer berperan
The Python Book 3rd Edition ISBN 978 1785 463 396

250 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya

 PROFIL PENULIS

Dr. Leanna Vidya Yovita, S.T., M.T.

Penulis menyelesaikan Pendidikan S1 pada program
studi Teknik Telekomunikasi dan S2-nya pada program
studi Teknik Elektro Telekomunikasi di Universitas
Telkom. Leanna meraih gelar Doktor di Institut
Teknologi Bandung (ITB) pada program studi Teknik
Elektro dan Informatika pada tahun 2021. Sejak tahun
2008, Leanna bekerja sebagai dosen di Universitas
Telkom dan memiliki bidang riset terkait Information-centric Network,
Named-data Network, Delay Tolerant Network, Jaringan Komputer, dan
Adhoc Network. Saat ini Leanna telah mempublikasikan banyak hasil
penelitiannya di bidang terkait, dan aktif dalam Riset Grup Named Data
Networking. Leanna juga aktif berkontribusi sebagai Editor dan Reviewer
dalam beberapa jurnal internasional, konferensi internasional, dan IEEE
transaction. Leanna juga telah membimbing banyak mahasiswa terkait
bidang risetnya untuk penyelesaian tugas akhir maupun thesis.

Tody Ariefianto Wibowo, S.T., M.T.

Penulis menyelesaikan Pendidikan S1 pada program
study Teknik Telekomunikasi di Telkom University dan
melanjutkan study S2-nya pada program studi Teknik
Elektro dan Informatika di Institut Teknologi Bandung
(ITB). Saat ini, Tody sedang menempuh Pendidikan
S3nya di Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Institut
Teknologi Bandung dengan riset terkait teknologi
routing pada Named Data Networking sebagai kandidat Future Internet.
Tody menjalankan tugasnya sebagai dosen di Universitas Telkom sejak
tahun 2010. Tody secara aktif melaksanakan risetnya di Named Data
Network Research Group yang ada di Kelompok Keahlian Networking,
Cybernetics, and Engineering Management, Fakultas Teknik Elektro,

254 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya

Universitas Telkom. Banyak publikasi telah dihasilkan di bidang jaringan,
baik yang ditampilkan pada international conference, maupun jurnal-jurnal
internasional.

Dr. Indrarini Dyah Irawati, S.T., M.T.

Penulis saat ini bekerja sebagai dosen di Fakultas Ilmu
Terapan, Telkom University-Bandung. Penulis aktif
menulis artikel ilmiah dalam bidang Internet of Things,
Software Define Network, Compressive Sensing, Artifial
Intelligent, dan biomedis. Penulis telah menerbitkan
buku jaringan antara lain “Jaringan Komputer dan
Data”, dan “Jaringan Komputer dan Data Lanjut”,
Keamanan Jaringan serta book chapter “End to End Internet Traffic
Measurement Model Based on Compressive Sensing”.

Dr. Iman Hedi Santoso, S.T., M.T.

Penulis adalah seorang dosen tetap di Telkom
University pada Program Studi Teknik Telekomunikasi.
Setelah lulus dari SMAN 3 Bandung, Penulis
melanjutkan studi S1 di ITB Jurusan Teknik Elektro
pada program studi Teknik Telekomunikasi. Studi S2
Penulis menyelesaikannya di ITB, sedangkan jenjang
Doktor Penulis dapatkan di Jurusan Teknik Elektro
Universitas Indonesia. Disamping mengajar, Penulis saat ini melaksanakan
penelitian pada bidang Internet of Things (IoT) beserta segala hal yang
berkaitannya dengannya, seperti: Rekayasa Protokol, Mikrokontroler,
Sensor dan Aktuator, dan Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak untuk IoT.
Dalam melaksanakan penelitian ini, Penulis telah bekerja sama dengan
berbagai instansi, baik negeri maupun swasta. Hasil penelitian telah
Penulis publikasikan dalam beberapa artikel ilmiah pada jurnal-jurnal
terakreditasi. Melalui dunia tulis-menulis, Penulis berharap dapat
berkontribusi bagi kemajuan IT dan teknologi di Indonesia.

Profil Penulis | 255

Sri Astuti, S.T., M.T.
Penulis lulus S-1 di Program Studi Teknik
Telekomunikasi, Fakultas Teknik Elektro, Institut
Teknologi Telkom, tahun 2009. Lulus S-2 di Program
Studi Magister Teknik Elektro-Telekomunikasi, Fakultas
Teknik Elektro, Universitas Telkom, tahun 2014. Saat ini
merupakan Dosen tetap Program Studi S-1 Teknik
Telekomunikasi, Universitas Telkom. Mengampu mata
kuliah Probabilitas dan Statistika, Jaringan komunikasi Data, Jaringan dan
Teknik Penyambungan Telekomunikasi dan Sistem Antrian. Bidang riset
yang ditekuni saat ini, Machine Learning in Network dan saat ini
bergabung sebagai anggota aktif di kelompok riset Named Data
Networking, kelompok keahlian Networking, Cybernetics, and Engineering
Management (NCM), Universitas Telkom.

Ade Aditya Ramadha, S.T.

Penulis menempuh dan menyelesaikan pendidikan S1
pada program studi Teknik Telekomunikasi di Telkom
University. Ade memiliki bidang riset terkait
Infomation-centric Network, Named Data Network,
dan Jaringan Komputer. Saat ini Ade sedang
melanjutkan Pendidikan S2 pada program studi Teknik
Elektro di Telkom University dan aktif sebagai asisten
riset dalam Riset Grup Named Data Networking.

256 | Jaringan Komunikasi Data dan Perkembangannya