6331 11850 1 SM
6331 11850 1 SM
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
There were only few studies about the affect of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) on information asymmetry. The majority of research topics preveously was
about the affect of CSR on financial performance. This study aimed to identify and to
prove the affect of level of CSR disclosure on information asymmetry. The level of
CSR disclosure was measured by using the criteria of the Global Reporting Initiative
(GRI). Information asymmetry was measured by using bid-ask spread. There were
two control variables used: leverage and negative earnings. This research was carried
on a public companies in Indonesia which published sustainability report and listed
in GRI’s database in 2008 – 2014 with a sample of 131 observations. The results
showed a significant positive correlation between the level of CSR disclosure with
bid-ask spread. The results also showed that leverage had significant positive affect
on the bid-ask spread, while negative earnings did have affect on bid-ask spread.
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2 Business Accounting Review, Vol. 5, No. 1, Januari 2017 (1-12)
(Cormier et al., 2011; Hapsoro & Zidni, 2015), 2014, 2015). Dapat dilihat bahwa secara
dapat dimuat dalam laporan tahunan teoritis, pengungkapan CSR dapat
perusahan atau dilaporkan secara terpisah mengurangi information asymmetry sehingga
(Hidayati & Murni, 2009; National Center for perlu dilakukan penelitian serupa untuk
Sustainability Report, 2011). Berdasarkan memberikan dukungan atas bukti empiris
data dari Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), yang sudah ada.
tren pengungkapan CSR di kawasan Asia
Tenggara, termasuk Indonesia semakin Stakeholder Theory
meningkat setiap tahunnya. Salah satu alasan
meningkatnya pengungkapan CSR Stakeholder Theory merupakan suatu
dikarenakan adanya information asymmetry teori yang menyatakan bahwa kelangsungan
antara internal perusahaan dengan investor hidup dan keberhasilan perusahaan
(Healy & Palepu, 2001; Martinez-Ferrero et bergantung pada pemenuhan tujuan ekonomi
al., 2015). Untuk mengurangi hal tersebut, dan non-ekonomi dengan melalui pemenuhan
akuntan mengadopsi kebijakan full disclosure kepentingan para stakeholders (Clarkson,
untuk memperluas informasi yang tersedia 1995; Mitchell et al., 1997; Pirsch et al., 2007;
bagi umum (Scott, 2003). Laplume, 2008). Freeman (1984) dalam
Meskipun terjadi peningkatan dalam Mainardes et al. (2011) mendefinisikan
pengungkapan CSR, penelitian mengenai stakeholders sebagai sebuah kelompok atau
pengaruh CSR terhadap information individu yang dapat mempengaruhi dan
asymmetry masih sedikit. Beberapa peneliti dipengaruhi oleh pencapaian tujuan
menemukan hubungan negatif signifikan perusahaan. Clarkson (1995) membagi
antara CSR dengan information asymmetry stakeholders menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu
(Cormier et al., 2011; Cui et al., 2012; Cho et primary stakeholders dan secondary
al., 2013; Hung et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2013; stakeholders. Tanpa primary stakeholders,
Lopatta et al., 2014, 2015; Hapsoro & Zidni, seperti investor, karyawan, pelanggan,
2015; Lu & Chueh, 2015; Martinez-Ferrero et pemasok, pemerintah, perusahaan tidak dapat
al., 2015; Semenescu & Curmei, 2015; Cui et menjalankan operasi dan bertahan hidup
al., 2016; Diebecker & Sommer, 2016). Disisi secara berkelanjutan,. Sedangkan secondary
lain, mayoritas topik yang lebih sering diteliti stakeholders adalah pihak yang tidak terlibat
adalah pengaruh CSR terhadap financial dalam transaksi perusahaan dan tidak
performance (Alexander & Buchholz, 1978; esensial dalam kelangsungan hidup
Aupperle et al., 1985; Hall & Rieck, 1998; perusahaan, seperti media.
Tsoutsoura, 2004; Fauzi et al., 2007; Aras et Donaldson & Preston (1995)
al., 2010; Guidry & Patten, 2010; McWilliams mengemukakan bahwa terdapat tiga aspek
& Siegel, 2010; Moneva & Ortas, 2010; Lima dalam stakeholder theory, yaitu
Crisóstomo et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2012; Di descriptive/empirical, instrumental, dan
Donato & Izzo, 2012; Uadiale & Fagbemi, normative. Aspek normative merupakan inti
2012; Najah & Jarboui, 2013; Wuncharoen, dari stakeholder theory, disamping perusahaan
2013; Ahamed et al., 2014; Chih & Chih, 2014; bertanggungjawab untuk mencapai profit dan
Dewi et al., 2014; Hermawan & Mulyawan, menguntungkan investor, perusahaan harus
2014; Zaborek, 2014; Zaccheaus et al., 2014; mematuhi hukum dan etika, serta terlibat
Chen et al., 2015; Taskin, 2015; Firli & Akbar, dalam aktivitas filantropi. Aspek instrumental
2016). menunjukkan hubungan antara manajemen
Pengungkapan CSR digunakan sebagai stakeholders dengan kinerja perusahaan.
alat komunikasi perusahaan (Setyorini & Sedangkan aspek descriptive mendeskripsikan
Ishak, 2012) dan dapat digunakan sebagai apa yang sudah dilakukan oleh perusahaan
pelengkap dari pengungkapan keuangan atau menunjukkan apakah konsep yang
(Dhaliwal et al., 2011; Martinez-Ferrero et al., tertanam dalam stakeholder theory sesuai
2015). Semakin tinggi informasi yang dengan realita.
diungkapkan oleh perusahaan akan
menunjukkan semakin meningkatnya Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
transparansi informasi (Fung, 2014) dan
secara tidak langsung akan mengurangi Corporate social responsibility (CSR) yang
information asymmetry (Diamond & merupakan implementasi dari Stakeholder
Verrecchia, 1991; Reverte, 2011; Cui et al., Theory (Carroll, 1991; Branco & Rodrigues,
2012, 2016; Cho et al., 2013; Lopatta et al., 2007; Omran & Ramdhony, 2015)
Hardy: Pengaruh Tingkat Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility 3
1992; Harris, 1994; Iskandara-Datta & Jia, (2015), Hasporo & Zidni (2015), dan
2013). Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya Taskin (2015).
oleh Ertimur (2004) dan Wittenberg-
∑
Moerman (2008), dapat dihasilkan hipotesis
sebagai berikut: ∑
H3 : Negative earnings berpengaruh
Semakin tinggi skor TCSR
positif terhadap information asymmetry
menunjukkan semakin banyak
yang diukur dengan bid-ask spread.
pengungkapan atas aktivitas CSR
yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan
METODE PENELITIAN
melalui SR.
Penelitian ini menggunakan tingkat
3. Leverage
pengungkapan corporate social responsibility
(CSR) sebagai variabel independen dan bid- Leverage perusahaan dalam penelitian
ask spread sebagai variabel dependen. ini diukur dengan membagi total debt
Penelitian juga menggunakan dua variabel dengan total asset, seperti Ryan (1996),
kontrol, yaitu leverage dan negative earnings. Eng & Mak (2003), Cormier et al.
Berikut ini adalah definisi operasional dari (2011), Dhaliwal et al. (2011), Lopatta
masing-masing variabel diatas: et al. (2015), Habbash (2016).
1. Bid-Ask Spread
LEV =
Information asymmetry diukur dengan
menggunakan bid-ask spread, dimana 4. Negative Earnings
menunjukkan seberapa besar selisih
antara bid dan ask selama hari Negative earnings ditentukan ketika
perdagangan efektif. Pengukuran ini laba setelah pajak perusahaan
juga digunakan oleh Cormier et al. menunjukkan nilai yang negatif.
(2011), Cho et al. (2013), Hung et al. Penilaian negative earnings pada
(2013), Hasporo &Zidni (2015), Lu & penelitian ini menggunakan variabel
Chueh. (2015), Cui et al. (2016), dummy, jika perusahaan mengalami
Diebecker & Sommer (2016). kerugian diberi nilai 1, dan jika tidak
∑ mengalami kerugian diberi nilai 0
McInish & Wood, 1992; Harris, 1994; social responsibility lead to improve in
Iskandara-Datta & Jia, 2013). firm financial performance? Evidence
Terakhir, hasil penelitian menunjukan from Malaysia. International Journal of
bahwa hipotesis H3 ditolak karena negative Economics and Finance, 6(3), 126-138.
earnings ditemukan tidak memiliki pengaruh Ahmed, S. U., Islam, Z. M., & Hasan, I. (2012).
terhadap information asymmetry yang diukur Corporate social responsibility and
dengan bid-ask spread. Hal ini tidak sejalan financial performance linkage: Evidence
dengan penelitian sebelumnya oleh Ertimur from the banking sector of Bangladesh.
(2004) dan Wittenberg-Moerman (2008). Journal of Organizational Management,
Verdiyana (2006) menemukan bahwa earnings 1(1), 14-21.
tidak mempengaruhi luas pengungkapan Akerlof, G. (1970). The market for “lemons”:
perusahaan. Perusahaan yang dari awal Quality uncertainty and the market
memiliki niat untuk memberikan mechanism. The Quarterly Journal of
pengungkapan seluas-luasnya tidak akan Economics, 84(3), 488-500.
mempertimbangkan apakah mereka laba Alexander, G. J., & Buchholz, R. A. (1978).
ataupun rugi (Othman et al., 2009). Sehingga Corporate social responsibility and stock
besar kecilnya earnings yang dihasilkan market performance. Academy of
perusahaan tidak mempengaruhi information Management journal, 21(3), 479-486.
asymmetry. Alkhatib, K. (2012). The determinants of
leverage of listed companies.
SARAN DAN KETERBATASAN International Journal of Business and
PENELITIAN Social Science, 3(24), 78-83.
Aras, G., Aybars, A., & Kutlu, O. (2010).
Berikut adalah saran yang dapat diberikan: Managing corporate performance:
(1) Bagi manajemen, diharapkan tetap Investigating the relationship between
melaksanakan dan mengungkapan aktivitas corporate social responsibility and
CSR, karena merupakan sesuatu yang financial performance in emerging
diwajibkan dalam Undang-Undang dan markets. International Journal of
sebagai bentuk pertanggungjawaban Productivity and Performance
perusahaan atas dampak dari operasi Management, 59(3), 229-254.
bisnisnya kepada stakeholders; (2) Bagi Aupperle, K. E., Carroll, A. B., & Hatfield, J.
investor, diharapkan untuk tidak hanya D. (1985). An empirical examination of
melihat perusahaan yang memiliki TCSR yang the relationship between corporate social
tinggi karena masih terdapat faktor lain yang responsibility and profitability. Academy
dapat dijadikan pertimbangan dalam of Management Journal, 28(2), 446-463.
mengambil keputusan berinvestasi. Babiak, K., & Trendafilova, S. (2011). CSR and
Penelitian ini memiliki keterbatasan environmental responsibility: Motives
yaitu: (1) Penelitian ini hanya menggunakan and pressures to adopt green
perusahaan-perusahaan go public yang telah management practices. Corporate Social
menerbitkan sustainability report dan tercatat Responsibility and Environmental
dalam database GRI sebagai sampel Management, 18(1), 11-24.
penelitian, sehingga hasil penelitian tidak Bakhshi, M., Bazrafshan, E., Rezaei, M., &
dapat digeneralisasikan pada seluruh Fereidouni, H. G. (2011). The impact of
perusahaan go public di Indonesia yang tidak corporate governance on the bid-ask
menerbitkan sustainability report; (2) Untuk spread: Evidence from an emerging
GRI versi 4.0, penelitian hanya menggunakan market. In International Conference on
acuan yang core option sehingga hasil perhitungan Sociality and Economics Development
TCSR tidak fair bagi perusahaan yang IPEDR, 10, 515-520.
menggunakan acuan GRI versi 4.0 yang Bhardwaj, R. K., & Brooks, L. D. (1992). The
comprehensive option. January anomaly: Effects of low share
price, transaction costs, and bid‐ask
bias. The Journal of Finance, 47(2), 553-
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