First Degree Burns: First degree burns affect only the skin surface, also known as the epidermis. The burn site often is red, painful and dry. Sunburn is a good example of a first degree burn
Second Degree Burns: Second Degree Burns penetrate the skin surface and involve the next lawyer of skin tissue known as the dermis. The urn site is often red, blistered, swollen and painful. These burns are frequently caused by scalding injuries from hot fluids, flames and brief skin contact with a hot object.
Third Degree Burns: Third Degree Burns are deep burns that destroy the outer and inner skin protections. In these burns the epidermis and dermis tissue is destroyed. Often times in a third degree burn in addition to skin damage, bones, tendons and muscles are also injured. The skin appears to be white or charred. In a third degree burn nerve tissue is also damaged causing varying amounts of pain. Like second degree burns, third degree burns are frequently caused by a scalding liquid, skin that comes into contact with a hot object, flames and electrical or chemical contact.
Reproduksi parasit menghasilkan berjuta-juta oocyst yang tidak infeksius, yang akan diekskresikan bersama feses. Di luar tubuh kucing, oocyst mengalami sporulasi (sporogony) yang terjadi paling lama 21 hari, dan menghasilkan oocyst infeksius.
Pada daerah dengan suhu panas dan kelembaban tinggi, oocyst dapat tahan hidup sampai satu tahun. Fase ekstraintestinal dapat terjadi pada semua hewan atau manusia yang terinfeksi. Pada fase ini, bentuk tachyzoite (trophozoite) dapat menyebar ke berbagai organ melalui sirkulasi. Dalam jaringan akan berubah menjadi zoithocyste (bradyzoite) yang dapat menjadi persisten selama hidup, menjadi bentuk infeksi khornik atau laten.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Insulin Dependent Diabetes (Tipe I)
Kurangnya insulin dalam jumlah besar karena hancurnya sel beta. Sela beta tidak menghasilkan cukup insulin / insulin yang dihasilkan menjadi kurang Perkembangannya cepat. efektif. Biasanya terjadi pada usia 35 tahun& kebanyakan terjadi antara usia 10-16 Perkembangan secara berangsur-angsur. tahun.(oleh karena juvenile diabetes). Catatan laporan diabetik sekitar 10%.
Biasanya terjadi pada usia > 40 tahun (oleh karena faktor usia) Catatan laporan diabetik sekitar 90%.
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3. ANALOG MEGLITINID Bekerja dengan cara mengikat reseptor sulfonilurea & menutup ATP-sensitive potassium chanal Contoh : Repaglinid 4. ALFA GLUKOSIDASE INHIBITOR obat ini bekerja dengan cara inhibisi enzim alfa glukosidase di mukosa duodenum sehingga penguraian di/polisakarida menjadi monosakarida dihambat. contoh : akarbose, miglitol 5. THIAZOLIDINDION obat ini bekerja dengan cara meningkatkan sensitivitas jaringan perifer terhadap insulin, sehingga mendorong pankreas untuk meningkatkan pelepasan insulin. contoh : rosiglitazon, pioglitazon
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Metformin reduces macrovascular risk in patients who are obese[ Vigorous blood pressure control reduces microvascular and macrovascular events; beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors appear to be equally effective in this regard
Conventional oral hypoglycemic agents, such as sulfonylurea (SU), are not suitable due to the risk of prolonged hypoglycemia; furthermore, metformin is contraindicated for moderate to advanced CKD The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines recommended that alpha-glucosidase inhibitors should be avoided in patients with advanced stage CKD and on dialysis
Cardioversion
The most common indications for synchronized cardioversion are unstable atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, and supraventricular tachycardias.