PJM3106 ANATOMI & FISIOLOGI

Introduction

The skeletal system includes connective tissues such as bone,
cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

These tissues are combined with the various types of muscle
tissue to form the Musculo-Skeletal System.

1) Bone itself has five functions, including:
- Movement
- Support
- Calcium Storage
- Production of Red Blood Cells
- Protection
SISTEM TUBUH BADAN
I. INTEGUMENTARI
2. RANGKA
3. OTOT
4. SARAF
5. ENDOKRINA
6. KARDIOVASKULAR
7. LIMFATIK
8. RESPIRATORI
9. PENCERNAAN
10. URINARI
2) Cartilage serves as the fetal
template for bone formation, and
covers the ends of bone, most
especially at the joints, or points of
articulation.

3) Tendons connect muscles to bone

4) Ligaments connect bone to bone
PENGENALAN TULANG
206 Tulang dalam tubuh orang dewasa
Jumlah berat sistem rangka seorang dewasa
merupakan 14 % daripada jumlah berat
badannya
Meliputi tulang tengkorak, tulang badan, tulang
anggota
Bahan Asas : Protein & Mineral ( Kalsium &
Posforus )
Komponen : 50 % Air & 50 % Bahan Pejal
( Organan 2/3 , B. Organan 1/3 )

Tengkorak : 8 kranium
14 muka
Vertebra: 7 leher
12 thoraks
5 lumbar
9 koksil
Rusuk: 7 rusuk sebenar
5 rusuk palsu
JUMLAH:

Kandungan Tulang
Bahan Organik :
Sel-sel tulang, serat dan bahan dasar termasuk
glikoprotein glikosaminoglikin

Bahan Bukan Organik :
garam mineral seperti kalsium karbonat dan kalsium
fostat.

Kalsium dan fosfurus adalah
bahan-bahan mineral yang
membentuk struktur badan
manusia.

Gabungan kedua-dua bahan ini
menjadi tulang keras dan tegap.


Setiap tulang merupakan organ kepada
sistem rangka.

Pembentukan tulang adalah dari tisu-tisu
yang kuat dan aktif

Terbentuk dan bertindakbalas mengikut
fungsi.

Saiz & bentuk yang membezakan antara
tulang
II. Bone Biology

1) Bone is composed of organic material (mostly
collagen, a spongy protein), within an inorganic
matrix called hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium and
potassium).

2) Bone tissue consists of three specialized cell types,
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

a. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells, which line
the surface of a bones structure.
b. Osteocytes are bone cells and are found within
the bones structure.
c. Osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone trough a
degradation process.
3) Process of Bone Formation

At birth, most of the skeletal system is
composed of cartilage, which over time is
replaced by bone. By the early twenties,
most bone growth is complete, although
bone is remodeled throughout life.

Through the process of remodeling,
osteoclasts circulate throughout the bone
and look for old or damaged osteocytes to
break down, which are then replaced by
osteoblasts which lay down new bone tissue.
This breakdown and buildup occurs
throughout the bone, but is most visible at
the growth plates of the bone which form at
the junction of the epiphysis (bone ends),
and the diaphysis (bone shaft).

This junction is called the epiphyseal plate,
located towards the end of the bone shaft.

Finally, some growth occurs in the
periosteum, which is a thin sheaf of tissue
that covers the outside of the bone surface.
The periosteum also serves as an intake of
nutrition and gasses.
III. Bone Anatomy

1) There are approximately 206 bones in the human body

2) They can be classified into four main classes

a. Long bones:
main components of limbs, include the femur, humerus, radius
and ulna, tibia and fibula.

b. Short Bones:
include metacarpals of hands and metatarsals of feet

c. Flat Bones:
includes cranial bones, innominates and scapula, offer
protection and large muscle attachments

d. Irregular Bones:
includes vertebra, carpals (hand) and tarsals (feet), many of the
cranial bones. These bones are generally complex in design and
serve specialized purposes
3) The skeleton can also be divided into two parts, the axial skeleton
and the appendicular skeleton.

a. The axial skeleton
- includes the skull or cranium, the vertebral column, and the
ribs.

b. The appendicular skeleton
includes the pelvic and pectoral girdles, as well as the upper
and lower limb bones.

i. The pectoral girdle includes the scapula and clavicle, and
forms the shoulder

ii. The pelvic girdle includes innominate or hip bones.

iii. The upper limbs include the humerus, radius, ulna,
carpals, metacarpals, and hand phalanges.

iv. The lower limbs include the femur, tibia, fibula, patella,
tarsals, metatarsals, and foot phalanges.
KLASIFIKASI TULANG
Tulang-tulang yg mbentuk rangka trdiri drp
pelbagai bntuk dan saiz.Tulang ini bleh
diklasifikasikan brdasarkan bentuknya
iaitu;

1.Tulang panjang
2.Tulang leper
3.Tulang tak sama bentuk
4.Tulang pendek

Tulang Panjang
Tulang Pendek
Tulang Leper
tulang Ribs, ileum, sternum, skapula dan kranium
Tulang Tak sama Bentuk
Vetebra dan sfenoid

atlas cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
Pelvis
Femur Fibula
Kaki
Tangan
humerus
Lutut
Scapula
Ulna
Radius
Rawan

Pejal tetapi elastik.
Cth. : cuping telinga, hujung hidung, hujung
tulang

Peranan :- Rangka penyokong dalam peringkat
embrio- menyerap hentakan
Ligamen

Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih atau
kuning pucat
Tisu ini adalah liat dan kuat
Ligamen menghubungkan tulang-tulang yang bersendi
Ia merupakan tisu yang menghubung satu tulang dengan
tulang yang lain
TENDON
Merupakan tisu bergentian yang berwarna putih
Ia adalah jalur tisu yang kuat
Tendon melekatkan otot pada tendon
Tendon bersifat tidak kenyal tetapi tidak boleh
melentur
Cth. : melekatkan bisep pada tulang radius
melekatkan otot tisep pada tulang ulna
Sistem Sendi
Sendi adalah tempat dua atau lebih
tulang bertemu. Permukaan tulang yang
bertemu dengan tulang lain dikenali
sebagai permukaan artikular.
Pengelasan Sendi
Synarthrosis (sendi berserat tanpa
bergerak)

Amphiarthrosis ( sendi separa
bergerak)

Diarthrosis ( sendi sinovial bergerak)
J enis-jenis Sendi
Sendi Bahu - Sendi Lesung
Sendi Siku Sendi Engsel
Sendi Tapak Tangan & J ari Sendi Pelana
Sendi Pergelangan Tangan Sendi Bonggol
Sendi Antara Atlas Sendi Paksi
Sendi Pergelangan kaki Sendi Telangsar
Fungsi Sendi
Sinarthrosis Dua tulang akan rapat tetapi
tiada pergerakan .
contoh : tengkorak (skull)

Diarthrosis Pergerakan pelbagai arah
contoh : sendi lutut, sendi bahu

Amphiarthrosis Pergerakan yang sedikit
contoh : vetebra (tulang belakang)

Gerakan Sendi
Sendi Bahu Ekstensi , Fleksi , rotasi, hiperekstensi

Sendi Siku Ekstensi , Fleksi

Sendi Pelana Fleksi , Ekstensi

Sendi Bonggo Fleksi , Ekstensi , Hiperekstensi

Sendi Paksi Fleksi , Ekstensi , Hiperekstensi

Sendi Telangsa Dorsi Fleksi , Plantar Fleksi.
Contoh Pergerakan Sendi : (Pada Pergerakan Sendi Siku)
Pergerakan Fleksi Ekstensi
Jenis sendi Engsel Engsel
Satah pergerakan Frontal Frontal
Aksis Medial lateral Medial axis
axis(elbow joint) (elbow joint)