BIOLOGI MOLEKULER

I. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler

II. Materi Genetik
Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat
Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA
III. Ekspresi

Gena

Transkripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi

IV. Pertumbuhan

Sel Eukariot

Sel Signaling dan Siklus Sel

V. Transformasi

Genetik

Rekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus

III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, A.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J., 2000,
Molecular cell Biology, 4th ed., Freeman and Company, New York.
Alberts,B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, JD., 1994, Molecular
Biology of the Cell, 3th ed.,Garland Publishing, Inc, New York.
Devlin T.M., 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., wiley-Liss,
New York.
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer.,2002, Biochemistry, 5th ed.,W.H. Freeman and
Company, New York.
Freifelder, D.,1987, Molecular Biology, 2th ed., Jones and Bartlett Publisher,
Boston.
Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J., 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and
Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC.
Brown, T.A., 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4th ed.,
Blackwell Science, UK

SISTEM EVALUASI

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER

UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER

A
B
C
D
E

> 75
65 74
55 64
35 54
<34

MENGULANG BISA MEMPEROLEH A

Human 2.9x109 bp

46
(Berg JM et al, 2002)

REKAYASA
GENETIK
TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK

PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT

Prokariot

Eukariot

Organisme

Bakteria dan
sianobakteria

Fungi, hewan, manusia

Ukuran sel

1 - 10 m

5 - 100 m

Organel

Beberapa / tidak ada

Inti, mitokondria,
kloroplast

GENOM

Sirkuler dalam
sitoplasma,
Satu molekul
kromosom

Linier panjang, dipak rapi

dgn protein histon dalam
inti.
Manusia mempunyai 46
cromosom

RNA dan
protein

Disintesis dalam
sitoplasma

RNA : dalam inti, Protein:

dalam sitoplasma

Organisasi

Unisel

Multisel

DNA

mRNA

mRNA

RNAses

IFs, EF, RF

Translation

Regulatory factors

Proteins

Decay
Turnover
Localization

Interactions
Modification

Pre-mRNA
Capping
Polyadenylation

Splicing

mRNA

Storage

mRNA

RNAses

eIFs, eEF, eRF

Translation

Regulatory factors

Proteins

Decay
Turnover
Localization

Interactions
Modification
(PO4/dPO4, glycosylation)

II. MATERI GENETIK

Mahluk hidup tersusun dari SEL
yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan
INFORMASI GENETIK nya
Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan
rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida
Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit
keturunan Gena
Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di
paking membentuk CHROMOSOM

Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan

dalam kromosom GENOM

What Is Cloning?

A clone is a genetically identical

copy of a living organism, such as
the famous sheep Dolly

Similar to an identical twin

The Making of Dolly

Cloning depends on DNA
Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg
Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother

Empty
DNA

DNA

Sheep Egg

Mothers Egg

Hello Dolly

July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the

Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
She was cloned using a cell taken from a
healthy six-year-old sheep

Cloning and the Cell

Nucleus

Its all about DNA

Cloning Depends on
DNA
Nucleus

Chromosome

Good-Bye
Dolly
At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature

aging.
Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive
lung disease (symptom of old age)
Dollys DNA was already 6 years old
when she was born - WHY?

Its all about DNA

Telomeres
Telomeres
TTAGGG

Gene 1
Gene 2

Chromosome

DNA

Telomere Length
Declines8,000
Telomere length
in base pairs
(human white
blood cells)

3,000
1,500

0 35 65
Age (years)

More on Dolly and

Cloning
Dollys
experimenters used 277 cloned
embryos to produce one sheep,
meaning 276 failed.
Question
How many failures will it
take to produce a human

Other Cloned Animals

July 1998
cloned calves

Cloned
mouse

Cloned
mule

Future Experiments

ButterCat

CatCow

Future Experiments

SparrowBoxer

TigerOwl

JUMLAH BASA VS
KOMPLEKS MAKHLUK

Chromosomes

16

24

Chromosomes

78

40

46

Maps of the genome

Cytogenetic

For humans, known as a karyotype

Banding patterns are useful for identifying general
regions of chromosome which might be altered in
specific individuals
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) improves
this resolution in some instances

Linkage
Principal: genes or markers which are physically
close to one another tend to travel together
through meiosis
Linkage maps are recombination maps, and thus
are relative, not absolute
Units of measurement: 1 cM = 1% recombination
1 cM 1 Mb = 1000 kB = 106 bp

Banded chromosomes

Maps of the genome

Physical

Based on the actual physical location (in base pairs)

of genes and markers
The initial physical maps were based on the analysis
of somatic cell hybrids, in which human and animal
cells were fused, then expressed genes were
correlated with specific chromosomes which were
retained in the hybrid as human chromsomes began
to be extruded
The next phase involved construction of radiation
hybrids, in which chromosomes are fragmented by
radiation, then hybrids developed and analyzed as
above
Current tools are cosmids, YACs, & BACs, which are
interrogated with probes, then sequenced
Units of measurement: base pairs, kb, Mb; 3300 Mb
total

Relationship of physical &

genetic maps

Maps of the genome

Homology
Comparison between species: to date, a humanmouse homology map has been completed, and
the human-rat homology map is in process
Genomic resources for many other mammals
now being constructed
Extremely useful for studies of gene function
and for fine-grained study of regulatory
sequences, both conserved and not

Sequence map: the ultimate physical map

Approximately 85% of human genome now annotated

HUMAN GENOME

NUCLEAR GENOME
* 23 pairs of chromosomes 2 X (
3 X 109 b.p) 2 meters DNA /
Cell
* 2 X ( 3 X 1012 ) meters DNA in
human body 8,000 X (earth to
moon)

MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME

Human Genome

Genome inti
23 pasang kromosome 2x
(4x109 bp)
2m
DNA/sel

Genome mitokondria

Some organisms are diploid - that

is, they have paired homologous
chromosomes in their somatic
cells, and thus contain two copies
of each gene.
An organism in which both copies
of the gene are identical - that is,
have the same allele - is said to be
homozygous for that gene. An
organism which has two different
alleles of the gene is said to be
heterozygous

Human 4 x 109
22 autosom yang berbeda
2 sex kromosom
Masing2 single linier DNA

E. Coli 4.7 x 106 1 Chromosom

40 50 loop superkoil

Kromosom
tanpa histon

DNA

CHROMOSOME

KROMOSOM
CENTROMER
region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk
pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis
TELOMER

fragmen di ujung chromosom linier

replikasi secara khusus
untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom
ORIGIN REPLIKASI
tempat awal replikasi berlangsung

Introduction

The Central Dogma

of Molecular Biology
Cell
Transcription
Translation

Reverse
DNA
tanscription

mRNA
Ribosome

Polypeptide
(protein)

KOMPOSISI GENA
FUNGSIONAL
PROMOTER
OPERATOR
ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE
STRUKTURAL GEN : mRNA
TERMINATOR