DATA

PENDAHULUAN
Data bentuk jamak dari datum
Data adlah keterangan tentang suatu hal
(sesuatu yang diketahui/dianggap)

SIFAT-SIFAT DATA

Akurat
Up to date
Komprehensif
Relevan
Presisi

Pembagian Data menurut sifatnya

Data dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi
numerik
nonnumerik.
Istilah yang biasa digunakan adalah:
Data Qualitative adalah data nonnumerik.
Bentuk tubuh, Warna kulit, jenis ruam kulit.

Jenis Data
Data Quantitatif adalah data numeric.
Data Quantitatif dikelompokkan menjadi data deskrit
dan kontinu.
Data diskrit adalah data yang selalu memiliki nilai bulat
dalam bilangan asli, tidak berbentuk pecahan. Contoh:
Jumlah anak dalam sebuah keluarga

Data Quantitatif
Data kontinu adalah data yang memiliki nilai
sembarang, dan tidak terputus.
Contoh: tinggi badan, berat badan

Pembagian Data menurut

Waktu Pengumpulannya
1. Data berkala
Data yang terkumpul dari waktu ke waktu
untuk memberikan perkembangan suatu
kegiatan
2. Data cross section
Data yang terkumpul pada suatu waktu
tertentu untuk memberikan perkembangn
kegiatan pada waktu tersebut
7

Pembagian data menurut

sumber Pengambilannya
1. Data primer (data yang dikumpulkan oleh
orang yang melakukan penelitian)
2. Data sekunder (data yang diperoleh atau
dikumpulkan dari sumber-sumber yang
telah ada)

Pembagian data menurut

Susunannya
1. Data acak/tunggal (data yang belum
tersusun atas kelas-kelas interval)
2. Data berkelompok adalah data yang
sudah tersusun atau dikelompokkan ke
dalam kelas-kelas interval)

Pembagian Data Menurut Skala

Pengukurannya
Skala Pengukuran adalah peraturan
penggunaan notasi bilangan dalam
pengukuran
Berdasarkan skalanya data dibagi menjadi:
a. Data nominal
b. Data ordinal
c. Data interval
d. Data rasio
10

Data Nominal
Data yang diberikan pada objek atau
kategori yang tidak menggambarkan
kedudukan objek/kategori tersebut
terhadap objek/kategori lainnya
Ciri:
1.Bersifat saling lepas
2.Tidak tersusun secara logis
Contoh : jenis kelamin
11

Data Ordinal
Data yang penomoran objek/kategorinya
disusun menurut besarnya dengan rentang
yang tidak harus sama
Ciri
1.Idem nominal
2.Data disusun berdasarkan urutan logis dan
sesuai dengan besarnya karakteristik yang
dimiliki
Contoh : Nilai ujiannilai prestasi
12

Data Interval
Data dimana objek/kategori dapat
diurutkan berdasarkan suatu atribut yang
memberikan informasi tentang interval
antara objek sama
Ciri:
1.Idem ordinal
2.Urutan kategori data mempunyai jarak
yang sama
13

Cont
Contoh:
ABCDE
12 34 5
Interval A sd C adalah 2
Interval C sd D adalah 1
Jumlah interval tersebut adalah 3
Pada skala data ini yang dijumlahkan bukanlah
kuantitas tapi interval dan tidak mempunyai titik
nol absolut
14

Data rasio
Data yang memiliki sifat-sifat data nominal,
ordinal dan interval dilengkapi dengan titik
nol absolut dengan makna empiris.
Contoh
A dan B adalah mahasiswa yang nilai blok
5 masing-masing 60 dan 90. Ukuran
rasionya dapat dinyatakan bahwa nilai B
adalah 1,5 kali nilai A.
15

Cont
Data nominal dan ordinal disebut juga
data nonparametrik
Data interval dan rasio disebut juga data
parametrik

16

Sumber-sumber Data

Kepustakaan
Penelitian eksperimental
Survey
Penelitian Observational

17

PENYAJIAN DATA

The Stem-and-leaf Diagram

The Frequency Tables:
Standard, Relative, and Cumulative

Histograms
The Box Plot
Time Sequence Plots

Lecture notes 03

18

Graphical Displays
The distribution of a variable describes what
values the variable takes and how often
each value occurs.
The frequency of any value of a variable is
the number of times that value occurs in the
data.
The relative frequency of any value is the
proportion (fraction or percent) of all
observations that have that value.

Lecture notes 03

19

DATA SUMMARY AND PRESENTATION

Frequency Tables: Standard, Relative, and

Cumulative
Histograms, Ogive, Pareto Diagrams,
Pie Charts
Exploratory Data Analysis
Stem-and-Leaf Diagram
Boxplots
Lecture notes 03

20

Graphical Displays
The distribution of a variable describes what
values the variable takes and how often
each value occurs.
The frequency of any value of a variable is
the number of times that value occurs in the
data.
The relative frequency of any value is the
proportion (fraction or percent) of all
observations that have that value.

Lecture notes 03

21

Types of Variables
Categorical variable: Places an individual into
one of several categories.
Examples: Gender, race, political party, zip code

Quantitative variable: Takes numerical values for

which arithmetic operations make sense.
Examples: OYS score, number of vote, cost of
textbooks

Lecture notes 03

22

Graphs for categorical variables

Pie charts require relative frequencies since they
display percentages and not raw data. The
relative frequency of each category corresponds
to the percent of the pie that is occupied by that
category.
Bar graphs display data where the categories
are on the horizontal axis and the frequencies
(or relative frequencies) are on the vertical axis.

Lecture notes 03

23

Graphs for quantitative variables

Histograms:
The data are divided into classes of equal
width and the number (or percentage) of
observations in each class is counted.
Data scale is on the horizontal axis.
Frequency (or relative frequency) scale is on
the vertical axis.
Bars are draw where base of each bar covers
the class, height of each bar covers the
frequency (or relative frequency).
Lecture notes 03

24

Stem-plots or Stem and Leaf Displays:

Separate each observation in a stem
unit (all but the final rightmost digit of
(rounded) data) and a leaf unit (the final
digit of (rounded) data).
Write the stems in a vertical column,
smallest to largest from top to bottom.
Write each leaf in the row to the right of
its stem, in increasing order.
Lecture notes 03

25

Histograms vs. Stem plots

Both are used to describe the
distribution of data.
Stemplots display actual data values.
Stemplots are used for small data sets
(less than 100 values).
Histogram can be constructed for larger
data sets.
Lecture notes 03

26

Common Distributional Shapes:

A symmetric distribution is one where both sides
about the center line are approximately mirror
images of each other.
A skewed distribution is one where one side of
the center line contains more data than the
other.
Skewed to the right: The right side of the
histogram extends much farther than the left
side.
Skewed to the left: The left side of the
histogram extends much farther than the right
side.
Lecture notes 03

27

Common Distributional Shapes:

A bimodal distribution has two humps
where much of the data lies.
All classes occur with approximately the
same frequency in a uniform distribution.
An outlier in any graph of data is an
individual observation that falls outside the
overall pattern of the graph.

Lecture notes 03

28

DATA SUMMARY AND PRESENTATION

THE STEM-AND-LEAF DIAGRAM
A stem-and-leaf diagram is a good way to obtain an
informative visual display of a data set
x1, x2, ..., xn,
where each number xi consists of at least two digits.
To construct a stem-and-leaf diagram, we divide each
number xi into two parts:
a stem, consisting of one or more of the leading digits,
and
a leaf, consisting of the remaining digits.
Lecture notes 03

29

 Write the stems in a vertical column,

smallest to largest from top to bottom.
Write each leaf in the row to the right of its
stem, in increasing order.

Lecture notes 03

30

THE STEM-AND-LEAF DIAGRAM

EXAMPLE
Construct a
stem-and-leaf
display for the
following data:

105 221 183 186 121 181 180 143

97 154 153 174 120 168 167 141
245 228 174 199 181 158 176
163 131 154

110

115 160 208 158 133

207 180 190 193 194 133 156 123

134 178

76 167 184 135 229 146

218 157 101 171 165 172 158 169

199 151 142 163 145 171 148 158
150 175 149

87 160 237 150 135

196 201 200 176 150 170

Lecture notes 03

118 149
31

THE STEM-AND-LEAF DIAGRAM

SOLUTION
We will select as stem values the numbers
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, , 24.
The resulting stem-and-leaf diagram is
presented in the following figure.

Lecture notes 03

32

THE STEM-ANDLEAF DIAGRAM

Lecture notes 03

Stem
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Leaf

6
7
7
5
5
1
4
2
4
3
8
0
9
7
8
1
7
5

Frequency
1
1
1
1
2
8 0
3
0 3
3
1 3 5 3 5
6
9 5 8 3 1 6 9
8
7 1 3 4 0 8 8 6 808
12
0 7 3 0 5 0 8 7 9
10
5 4 4 1 6 2 1 0 6
10
3 6 1 4 1 0
7
6 0 9 3 4
6
1 0 8
4
1
8 9
3
1
1
33

Stem

THE STEM-ANDLEAF DIAGRAM

Stem is sorted in
decreasing order,
leaf ordered in
increasing order

Lecture notes 03

24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7

Leaf
5
7
1
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
7
7
6

Frequency

8 9
1
3
0
1
0
0
2
3
1
5
5

7
4
1
1
0
1
3
3
3
8

8
6
1
2
3
1
5
4

9
3
4
3
3
6
5

9
4
4
5
4
8
5

6
5
7
4
9

6 6 8
7 8 9
6 7 8 8 8
9

1
1
3
1
4
6
7
10
10
12
8
6
3
3
2
1
1
1
34

THE STEM-AND-LEAF DIAGRAM

Inspection of this display immediately reveals
that most of the data lie between 110 and 200
and that a central value is somewhere between
150 and 160. Furthermore, the data are
distributed approximately symmetrically about
the central value.
The stem-and-leaf diagram enables us to
determine quickly some important feature of the
data that were not immediately obvious in the
original display in original table.
Lecture notes 03

35

THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLES

Frequency Tables
Frequency refers to the number of times each
category occurs in the original data

A frequency table lists in one column the

data categories or classes and in another
column the corresponding frequencies.
A common way to summarize or present
data is with a standard frequency table.
Lecture notes 03

36

Frequency Tables
Often, the category column will have continuous
data and hence be presented via a range of
values. In such a case, terms used to identify
the class limits, class boundaries, class widths,
and class marks must be well understood.
Class limits are the largest or smallest numbers
which can actually belong to each class. Each
class has a lower class limit and an upper
class limit.
Class boundaries are the numbers which
separate classes. They are equally spaced
halfway between neighboring class limits.
Lecture notes 03

37

Frequency Tables
Class marks are the midpoints of the
classes. It may be necessary to utilize
class marks to find the mean and
standard deviation, etc. of data
summarized in a frequency table.
Class width is the difference between
two class boundaries (or corresponding
class limits).
Lecture notes 03

38

Frequency Tables

Following are guidelines for constructing

frequency tables.
The classes must be "mutually exclusive"no
element can belong to more than one class.
Even if the frequency is zero, include each and
every class.
Make all classes the same width. (However, open
ended classes may be inevitable.)
Target between 5 and 20 classes, depending on
the range and number of data points.
Keep the limits as simple and as convenient as
possible.

Lecture notes 03

39

Frequency Tables
Relative freqency tables contain the relative
frequency instead of absolute frequency.
Relative frequencies can be expressed either
as percentages or their decimal fraction
equivalents.
Cumulative frequency tables contain
frequencies which are cumulative for
subsequent classes. In a cumulative frequency
table, the words less than usually also appear in
the left column.
Lecture notes 03

40

Frequency Tables
The frequency distribution
A frequency distribution is a more compact
summary of data than a stem-and-leaf
diagram.
To construct a frequency distribution, we
must divide the range of the data into
intervals, which are usually called class
intervals, cells, or bins.
Lecture notes 03

41

Frequency Distrubion Tables

EXAMPLE
Construct the
frequency
distribution
table for the
following data:

105 221 183 186 121 181 180 143

97 154 153 174 120 168 167 141
245 228 174 199 181 158 176
163 131 154

110

115 160 208 158 133

207 180 190 193 194 133 156 123

134 178

76 167 184 135 229 146

218 157 101 171 165 172 158 169

199 151 142 163 145 171 148 158
150 175 149

87 160 237 150 135

196 201 200 176 150 170

Lecture notes 03

118 149
42

THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLES

SOLUTION

Class relative
frequency

ni
fi
n

Cumulative
frequency

Fi Fi 1 f i
F0 0
Lecture notes 03

Class
Interval

Frequency

Relative
Frequency (%)

Cumulative
Frequency

70 to 90

2,50

2,50

90 to 110

3,75

6,25

110 to 130

7,50

13,75

130 to 150

14

17,50

31,25

150 to 170

22

27,50

58,75

170 to 190

17

21,25

80,00

190 to 210

10

12,50

92,50

210 to 230

5,00

97,50

230 to 250

2,50

100,00

Total

80

100

43

Frequency Distrubion Tables

Another example containing student distributions as follows:

Grade

Lecture notes 03

Frequency

9(freshmen)

29

10(sophomores)

27

11(juniors)

28

12(seniors)

27

44