Klasifikasi

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TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN

1.Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan

tentang pengertian klasifikasi
2.Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan
tujuan dan manfaat klasifikasi
3.Mahasiswa dapat membuat pohon
klasifikasi sederhana
4.Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan tata
cara pemberian nama ilmiah yang
tepat
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Species of Organisms
Ada 13 miliar spesies
organisme
yang dikenal
Ini hanya 5% dari semua
organisme
yang pernah

hidup!!!!!
Organisme baru masih terus
ditemukan dan diidentifikasi
Bagaimana cara kita
mempelajarinya??????

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Apa itu KLASIFIKASI ?

Klasifikasi adalah

pengelompokan organisme ke
dalam kelompok-kelompok
tertentu berdasarkan
persamaan-persamaan
ciri,
persamaancara hidup, tempat hidup,
daerah penyebaran, dll.

Misalnya?????

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Klasifikasi dikenal juga dengan istilah

taksonomi

Orang yang kerjanya mengelompokkan

dan memberi nama pada organisme
disebut Taxonomists

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MANFAAT KLASIFIKASI
mempermudah dalam
Untuk
mempelajari organisme yang
beraneka ragam

melihat hubungan kekerabatan

Untuk
antar makhluk hidup yang satu
dengan yang lain

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Macam klasifikasi

1.Klasifikasi Sistem Alami

2.Klasifikasi Sistem Buatan

3.Klasifikasi Filogenetik

Klasifikasi Sistem Alami

berdasar pada ciri morfologi yang nampak

Makhluk Hidup

Tumbuhan

Herba

Hewan

Semak

Pohon

Kelompok-kelompok

Klasifikasi Sistem Buatan

Dikenalkan oleh orang Swedia
bernama Carl Von Linne (Carolus
Linnaeus)
Dasar yang digunakan adalah
struktur morfologi.
Sistem klasifikasinya disebut
Binomial Nomenklatur
Menetapkan nama makhluk hidup
dengan dua kata saja

Klasifikasi Sistem Filogenetik

Bertolak dari teori evolusi Darwin

sistem klasifikasi modern
Muncul
berdasarkan filogeni
klasifikasi yang disusun dgn
Yaitu
melihat keturunan dan hubungan
kekerabatan

Early Taxonomists
2000 years ago,
Aristotle
was the first

taxonomist
Aristotle divided
organisms into plants &
animals
He subdivided them
by their habitat
---land, sea, or air
dwellers

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Early Taxonomists

Ray, a
John
botanist, was

the first to use

Latin for naming
His names were
very long
descriptions
telling
everything
about the plant

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Carolus Linnaeus

1707 1778

18th century
taxonomist
Classified
organisms by
their structure
/ morfologi
Developed
naming system
still used
today
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Carolus Linnaeus

Called the Father of

Taxonomy / Bapak
Klasifikasi
Developed the modern
system of naming known as
binomial nomenclature
Two-word name (Genus &
species)

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Confusion in Using Different

Languages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood by

all Taxonomists

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Standardized Naming

Binomial
nomenclature used
Genus species
Latin or Greek
Italicized in print
Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
Underline when
writing

Turdus migratorius

American Robin
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Binomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?

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Rules for Naming Organisms

The International Code for

Binomial Nomenclature contains
the rules for naming organisms
All names must be approved by
International Naming Congresses
(International Zoological
Congress)
This prevents duplicated names

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Classification Groups
( taxa-plural) is a
Taxon
category into which related

organisms are placed

There is a hierarchy of groups
(taxa) from broadest to most
specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division used for plants)
Class
Order
Family

Genus
Species
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Most
Specific

21

Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
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Domains

Broadest, most inclusive taxon

Three domains
Archaea
and
Eubacteria
are
unicellular prokaryotes (no

nucleus or membrane-bound
organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and
have a nucleus and membranebound organelles
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ARCHAEA
Probably the 1st cells to evolve
Live in HARSH environments
Found in:

Sewage Treatment Plants

Thermal or Volcanic Vents
Hot Springs or Geysers that are
acid
Very salty water (Dead Sea;
Great
Salt Lake)
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ARCHAEAN

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EUBACTERIA
Some may cause DISEASE
Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones
Important decomposers for
environment
Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.

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Live in the intestines of animals

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Domain Eukarya is Divided

into Kingdoms

Protista (protozoans, algae)

Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts )
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular animals)

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Protista

Most are unicellular

Some are
multicellular
Some are
autotrophic
, while
others are
heterotrophic
Aquatic

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Fungi
Multicellular,
except yeast
Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
Cell walls
made of chitin
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Plantae

Multicellular
Autotrophic
Absorb sunlight to
make glucose
Photosynthesis

Cell walls made of

cellulose

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Animalia

Multicellular
Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
Feed on plants
or animals

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Taxons

Most genera contain a

number of similar species
The genus Homo is an
exception (only contains
modern humans)
Classification is based on
evolutionary relationships

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Basis for Modern Taxonomy

Homologous structures (same

structure, different
function)
Similar embryo development
Molecular Similarity in DNA,
RNA, or amino acid sequence
of Proteins

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows

Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate
Embryos

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Dichotomous Keying

Used to identify organisms

Characteristics given in
pairs
Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism

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Example of Dichotomous Key

1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b

Tentacles present Go to 2
Tentacles absent Go to 3
Eight Tentacles Octopus
More than 8 tentacles 3
Tentacles hang down go to 4
Tentacles uprightSea Anemone
Balloon-shaped bodyJellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

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TUGAS 1
Carilah sejarah perkembangan
klasifikasi
mulai dari 2 kingdom hingga
perkembangan hingga saat ini, beserta
dasar klasifikasinya!
Dikumpulkan pada hari Kamis, 11
September 2014

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THANK YOU

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