HEPAR :
- Alat tubuh paling besar
- Pusat metabolisme tubuh
Anatomi Hati :
- Lobus hati Lobulus hati sel endotel, sel
Kupfer (RES)
- Vena Porta
- Arteri hepatica
- Vena ( V. centralis, V. hepatica, V . Cava Inferior)
FUNGSI HATI :
1.Vaskuler
2.Ekskresi
3.Metabolik
4.Pertahanan Tubuh
FUNGSI VASKULER
- Untuk melakukan filtrasi Darah
FUNGSI EKSKRESI
- Ekskresi Bilirubin
Kolesterol
Asam empedu
FUNGSI METABOLIK
Karbohidrat
- Penyimpanan Glikogen
Gula dan residu karbon dari protein dan lemak
dikonversi menjadi glikogen
- Tempat glukoneogenesis
Test :
- Glukosa Toleransi Test
Lemak
- Asam Lemak asam aseto asetat >
- Pembentukan lipoprotein
- Pembentukan kolesterol dan fosfolipid
- Perubahan karbohidrat, protein lemak >
Kolesterol garam empedu (80%), lipoprotein darah
(20%)
Test :
- Kadar kolesterol
- Kadar lipoprotein
Protein
- Deaminasi asam amino
- Katabolisme asam amino : Terjadi pembentukan urea
untuk membersihkan cairan tubuh dari amoniak.
- Sintesa protein plasma :
- Albumin
- 1 dan2 globulin
- Fibrinogen dan faktor pembekuan lain
- Lipoprotein
- Protein carrier : haptoglobin, transferin,
seruloplasmin
- Sintesa enzim
ENZIM
Merupakan protein globuler yang
diproduksi oleh sel hidup
Mempunyai substrat spesifik sehingga
dapat menghasilkan reaksi yang spesifik
SUBSTRAT
Zat-zat yang dapat direaksikan oleh
enzim tertentu senyawa lain
ISOENZIM
* Mengkatalis reaksi yang sama
* Sifat fisik & kimia berbeda
* Contoh : LDH 1, LDH 2 s/d LDH 5
FUNGSI ENZIM
* Sebagai katalisator
mempercepat reaksi,
tidak ikut berubah
KINETIKA ENZIM :
E + S ES E + P
Konsentrasi enzim :
Permeabilitas membran
karena nekrosis & kerusakan sel
enzim intraseluler difusi ke kapiler
sirkulasi
Sintesis
ALKALI FOSFATASE
Diisolasi dari tulang, hepar , ginjal, limpa, usus,
placenta, usia, jenis kelamin
penyakit tulang (> osteoblastik)
ikterik obstruktif, sirhosis bilier, kolestasis
intrahepatik GGT
ALP puncak pada hamil trimester III (40 60%)
Specimen : 5 ml serum, puasa.
HEPATITIS
Hepatitis ok : virus ( terbanyak ), bakteri
( salmonella typhi ), obat-obatan racun
( hepatotoksik ), alkohol dll.
Bbrp virus : virus hepatitis A (VHA), virus
hepatitis B ( VHB), virus hepatitis C (VHC,
non A non B ), virus hepatitis D (VHD),
hepatitis virus E (VHE), dan virus hepatitis
G (VHG).
Hepatitis A Infection
Typical Serological Course
Total antiHAV
Symptom
s
Titre
ALT
Fecal
HAV
IgM anti-HAV
Months after
1
2
2
4
Diagnosis Hepatitis B
A battery of serological tests are used for the diagnosis of acute and
chronic hepatitis B infection.
HBsAg - used as a general marker of infection.
HBsAb - used to document recovery and/or immunity to HBV
infection.
anti-HBc IgM - marker of acute infection.
anti-HBcIgG - past or chronic infection.
HBeAg - indicates active replication of virus and therefore
infectiveness.
Anti-Hbe - virus no longer replicating. However, the patient can still
be positive for HBsAg which is made by integrated HBV.
HBV-DNA - indicates active replication of virus, more accurate than
HBeAg especially in cases of escape mutants. Used mainly for
monitoring response to therapy.
Protein Products:
HBsAg
HBeAg
HBcAg*
Polymerase
X
Protein
HBsAg, HBeAg,
HBcAg
Antibodi
Typical Serologic
Course
Symptoms
anti-HBe
HBeAg
Total anti-HBc
Titre
anti-HBs
IgM anti-HBc
HBsAg
12 16 20 24 28 32 36
Weeks after
52
100
Laboratory Diagnosis
hepatitis C
HCV antibody - generally used to diagnose hepatitis C
infection. Not useful in the acute phase as it takes at least 4
weeks after infection before antibody appears.
HCV-RNA - various techniques are available e.g. PCR and
branched DNA. May be used to diagnose HCV infection in
the acute phase. However, its main use is in monitoring the
response to antiviral therapy.
HCV-antigen - an EIA for HCV antigen is available. It is
used in the same capacity as HCV-RNA tests but is much
easier to carry out.
Symptom
s
Titr
e
ALT
Normal
0
1
2
3
Month
s
Time after
Exposure
2
3
Years