Referat PJK Maria Supriyati Sinde Maria Supriyati Sinde
Referat PJK Maria Supriyati Sinde Maria Supriyati Sinde
PENYAKIT JANTUNG
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ARTERI
KORONA
RIA
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DEFENISI
Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) adalah
penyakit jantung yang terutama
disebabkan karena penyempitan arteri
koronaria akibat proses aterosklerosis atau
spasme atau kombinasi keduanya.
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EPIDEMIOLOGI
WHO lebih dari 7 juta orang meninggal akibat PJK di
seluruh dunia(2002) diperkirakan meningkat hingga 11
juta orang (2020)
Di Indonesia:
Data survei dari Badan Kesehatan Nasional (2001) 3 dari 1000
penduduk
2007 sekitar 400 ribu penderita PJK .
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RISK FACTORS
LDL
BP
Diabetes
Smoking
Oxidative Stress
Endothelial dysfunction and
Smooth muscle activation
NO Local Mediators Tissue ACE AII
Endothelin
Cathecholamines
Vasoconstriction
PAI-1,Platelet
Aggregation,
Tissue factor
Thrpmbosis
Inflammation
Plague Rupture
Growth factors
Cytokines
Matrix
Vascular lesion
And remodeling
Hipertensi
Hiperkolesterolemia
Desirable
Border line
High Risk
Total Cholesterol
< 200
200 240
> 240
LDL Cholesterol
100
100 150
> 150
HDL Cholesterol
> 40
30 - 40
< 30
Triglyceride
150
150 - 200
> 200
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30
Untreated Patients
25
55-57 years
20
50-54 years
15
45-49 years
10
40-44 years
35-39 years
5
0
Q1
(<182)
Q2
(182-202)
Q3
(203-220)
Q4
(221-244)
Q5
(>244)
Merokok
Timbulnya aterosklerosis.
Peningkatan trombogenesis dan
vasokonstriksi (termasuk spasme
arteri koroner)
Peningkatan tekanan darah dan
denyut jantung.
Provokasi aritmia jantung.
Peningkatan kebutuhan oksigen
miokard.
Penurunan kapasitas
pengangkutan oksigen.
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Diabetes Melitus
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Obesitas
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Stress
Stress
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PATOGENESIS
Pembentukan aterosklerosis
Stage
Stage
Stage
Stage
A: Endothelial injure
B: Fatty Streak Formation
C: Fibrosis Plaque Formation
D: Unstable Plaque Formation
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VULNERABLE
VS
STABLE ATHEROSCLEROTIC
PLAQUES
Vulnerable Plaque
Lumen
Fibrous Cap
Lipid
Core
Stable Plaque
Lumen
Fibrous Cap
Lipid
Core
MANISFESTASI KLINIK
ATHEROTHROMBOSIS
Ischemic
stroke
Myocardial
infarction
Transient
ischemic attack
Angina:
Stable
Unstable
Peripheral arterial
disease:
Intermittent claudication
Rest Pain
Gangrene
Necrosis
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Stroke
Arrhythmia &
loss of muscle
Silent
Angina
Hibernation
Remodelling
Ventricular
dilatation
CAD
Atherosclerosis
LVH
Risk factors
(CHOL, Hypertension, DM, smoking)
platelets, fibrinogen
Sudden death
Congestive
heart failure
Endstage
heart
disease
KLASIFIKASI
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DIAGNOSIS
Anamnesis
Lokasi nyeri di daerah
sternum atau di bawah
sternum (substernal) dada
sebelah kiri dan kadangkadang menjalar ke
lengan kiri, dapat
menjalar ke punggung,
rahang, leher, atau ke
lengan kanan. Nyeri dada
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ANGINA
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
ACCUMULATION OF LACTIC
ACID AND RELEASE OF
BRADYKININ, PROTEOLYTUC
ENZYME DUE TO TISSUE
DAMAGE
EXCITE NOCICEPTORS
PAIN
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CLASS 2
CLASS 3
CLASS 4
TYPES OF ANGINA
Stable:
Caused by specific amount of
activity
Predictable
Relieved with rest and nitrates
Prinzmetals (variant):
Has no identified cause
May occur at same time of day
May intensify or worsen over time
Is usually caused by coronary artery
spasm
UnStable:
Pain occurs with increasing frequency,
severity, and duration over time
Unpredictable
May occur at rest
High risk for MI
Angina decubitus
Occurs when a person is lying
down with no cause
Occurs because gravity
redistributes body fluids
CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPICAL
ANGINAL CHEST PAIN (ADAPTED
FROM
ROSENS, EMERGENCY
MEDICINE)
CHARACTERISTIC
SUGGESTIVE OF ANGINA
LESS SUGGESTIVE OF
ANGINA
TYPE OF PAIN
DULL
SHARP/STABBING
PRESSURE/CRUSHING PAIN
DURATION
SECONDSTO
HOURS/CONTINUOUS
ONSET
GRADUAL
RAPID
LOCATION/CHEST WALL
TENDERNESS
REPRODUCIBALITY
WITH EXERTION/ACTIVITY
WITH BREATHING/MOVING
AUTONOMIC SYMPTOMS
PRESENT USUALLY
ABSENT
Pemeriksaan fisik
Pasien tampak cemas, tidak dapat istirahat
(gelisah), sering kali ekstremitas pucat disertai
keringat dingin.
Manifestasi hiperaktivitas saraf simpatis
( takikardia dan/atau hipotensi)
Hiperaktivitas saraf parasimpatis (bradikardia
dan/atau hipotensi)
Disfungsi ventrikular dijumpai S4 dan S3
gallop, penurunan intensitas bunyi jantung
pertama, split paradoksikal bunyi jantung kedua.
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GAMBARANN EKG
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10
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EKG
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Ekokardiografi Istirahat
Monitoring EKG Ambulatoar
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OBAT
KERJA CEPAT EFEK
SINGKAT
Nitrogliserin (SL)
Nitrogliserin (IV)
ISDN (SL)
ISDN (IV)
KERJA SEDANG
Nitrogliserin (oral)
ISDN (oral)
KERJA LAMA
ISMN
Nitrogliserin (topical/patch)
NAMA DAGANG
DOSIS
LAMA KERJA
0,15-1,2 mg
5-10g/min (titrasi dosis)
10-30 menit
2,5-5 mg (sesuai
kebutuhan)
10-60 menit
1-5 mg/jam
Nitrokaf R F (5mg)
Cedocard (10mg)
Fasorbit (10mg)
Isoket (10mg)
Isorbit (5mg)
Vaskardin (10mg)
5-10mg 3-4x/hari
10-60mg 3-4x/hari
6-8 jam
4-6 jam
Cardismo (20mg)
ISMO (20mg)
Ismonit (20mg
Pentocard (20 mg
Monecto (20 mg)
20mg 2x/hari
6-10 jam
2,5-15mg
16 jam
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TINDAKAN
Percutaneus Transluminal Coronary
Angioplasty (PTCA)
Coronary Artery Bypass (cABGs)
Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP)
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Tindak lajut
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GELOMBANG
Q/ ELEVASI ST
Anteroseptal
Anterior
Lateral
Anterior
ekstensif
High-lateral
Posterior
Inferior
Right ventrikel
V1 dan V2
V3 dan V4
V5 dan V6
I, aVL, V1-V6
I, aVL, V5 dan
V6
V7-V9
II, III dan aVF
V2R-V4R
a.KORONER
LAD
LAD
LCX
LAD, LCX
LCX
LCX PL
PDA
RCA
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TATALAKSANA IMA
Atasi nyeri dada dan perasaan takut
Stabilkan hemodinamik -blockers, CCB,
ACE-inhibior
Reperfusi miokard
Stabilkan plak
Mencegah komplikasi
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The
The Four
Four Ds
Ds
ED Time Point 4:
DRUG
ED Time Point 3:
DECISION
ED Time Point 2:
DATA
ED Time Point 1:
DOOR
DOOR
Time Interval II
ECG to decision to treat
Time Interval I
Door to ECG
Time of Onset
NHAAP Reco mmend atio ns. U.S. Depa rtment of Health NIH Pub lica tion : 1997:97-3 787.
KOMPLIKASI
Aritmia supraventrikular
Gagal jantung
Sistole prematur ventrikel
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PROGNOSIS
Prognosis pada penyakit jantung koroner
tergantung dari beberapa hal yaitu:
Wilayah yang terkena oklusi
Sirkulasi kolateral
Durasi atau waktu oklusi
Oklusi total atau parsial
Kebutuhan oksigen miokard
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TERIMA
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