dr. Prihantono, M.Kes, Sp.

B
Penanggulangan Bencana

Penanggulangan bencana tidak hanya bersifat reaktif, baru

bertindak setelah terjadi bencana

Sebaiknya penanggulangan bencana bersifat antisipatif,

melakukan pengkajian, pencegahan dan persiapan untuk
meminimalisir akibat dari bencana
Penanggulangan bencana

Serangkaian upaya komprehensif yang

dilakukan pada pra-bencana, saat bencana dan
pasca bencana
Kegiatan dalam masa Pra Bencana ditujukan untuk mengurangi
resiko bencana, bersifat preventif seperti:
Pencegahan

Mitigasi atau penjinakan

Kesiapsiagaan meliputi peringatan dini dan perencanaan

Saat Bencana (tanggap darurat):

Peringatan atau tanda bahaya

Pengkajian darurat

Rencana operasional

Tanggap darurat
Setelah bencana:

Rehabilitasi

Rekonstruksi
 SIKLUS MANAJEMEN
PENANGGULANGAN BENCANA

KESIAPSIAGAAN

TANGGAP DARURAT
MITIGASI Pra Bencana Saat Bencana

PENCEGAHAN
Pasca Bencana

PEMULIHAN/REHABILITASI
REKONSTRUKSI

7
GAWAT DARURAT
Keadaan dimana diperlukan pertolongan untuk
mencegah kematian atau kecacatan

TANGGAP DARURAT
Upaya penangulangan dampak yang timbul
akibat bencana, terutama penyelamatan korban dan
harta benda, evakuasi dan pengungsian.

8
PENCEGAHAN ( PREVENTION )
Upaya pencegahan terjadinya bencana dan jika
mungkin meniadakan bencana.

MITIGASI ( MITIGATION )
Upaya untuk mengurangi dampak bencana,
baik fisik struktural melalui pembuatan bangunan
fisik maupun non fisik struktural melalui undang-
undang & pelatihan

9
KESIAPSIAGAAN (PREPAREDNESS)
Upaya mengantisipasi bencana, melalui
pengorganisasian langkah langkah tepat guna dan
berdaya guna.

10
Damage disaster
Potential

Poorer than
Society before

Elements at Risk

Disruption of
Huge Losses/ Normal life &
Damages Development
Suffers
 Damage HAZARD
Potential

Awareness- Effect
on Elements

Quicker
Society Recovery

Elements at Risk
Action
Communities
Plans More
Huge Losses/ Resilient
Damages

Reduced More Stable Society

Losses
 HAZARD / ANCAMAN

MODIFIKASI
RISK PENCEGAHAN

EVENT

Vulnerability
(provided by nature +
augmented by man)

DAMAGE
(The destruction and Absorbing Capacity
Injuries resulting from
The event

Buffering
Resilience
Capacity KETAHANAN

Response
DISASTER
 Suatu kondisi, secara alamiah maupun karena ulah

manusia, yang berpotensi menimbulkan kerusakan

atau kerugian dan kehilangan jiwa manusia.

Bahaya berpotensi menimbulkan bencana, tetapi tidak

semua bahaya selalu menjadi bencana.

 Sekumpulan kondisi dan atau suatu akibat
keadaan (faktor fisik, sosial, ekonomi dan
lingkungan) yang berpengaruh buruk terhadap
upaya-upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan
bencana.
Misalnya : penebangan hutan, penambangan batu,

membakar hutan. .
 Fisik:
kekuatan bangunan struktur (rumah, jalan, jembatan)
terhadap ancaman bencana

Sosial:
kondisi demografi (jenis kelamin, usia, kesehatan, gizi,
perilaku masyarakat) terhadap ancaman bencana

Ekonomi:
kemampuan finansial masyarakat dalam menghadapi
ancaman di wilayahnya

Lingkungan:
Tingkat ketersediaan / kelangkaan sumberdaya (lahan,
air, udara) serta kerusakan lingkungan yan terjadi.

16
Kekuatan dan potensi yang dimiliki oleh
perorangan, keluarga dan masyarakat yang
membuat mereka mampu mencegah, mengurangi,
siap-siaga, menanggapi dengan cepat atau segera
pulih dari suatu kedaruratan dan bencana.
 Besarnya kerugian atau kemungkinan terjadi korban

manusia, kerusakan dan kerugian ekonomi yg

disebabkan oleh bahaya tertentu di suatu daerah
pada suatu waktu tertentu.
Resiko biasanya dihitung secara matematis,

merupakan probabilitas dari dampak atau

konsekwesi suatu bahaya.
 ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS OF
OF RISK
RISK

HAZARDS
HAZARDS EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE

RISK
RISK

VULNERABILITY
VULNERABILITY LOCATION
LOCATION
Merupakan strategi komprehensif untuk menurunkan bahaya
dan akibat bencana
1.Pencegahan paparan terhadap bahaya/hazard

2.Menurunkan tingkat kerentanan

3.Membangun kapasitas, kemampuan respon dan kapasitas

pemulihan
1. MENGURANGI BENCANA/HAZARD

2. MENURUNKAN KERENTANAN

3. MEMBANGUN KAPASITAS
MEMBANGUN KAPASITAS.
PENYUSUNAN PEDOMAN, PROTAP,
PERATURAN.
PENILAIAN RISIKO.

PERENCANAAN KESIAPSIAGAAN

PERENCANAAN OPERASI.

PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS SDM.

HAZARD (Ancaman) di Indonesia
1. Gempa & Tsunami.

2. Gunung Berapi.

3. Banjir &Badai.

4. Longsor.

5. Kebakaran.

6. Huru Hara (Demo, Etnik, Agama, Politik

7. Transportasi

8. Teror & Perang HAZMAT / NUBIKA Techno

Industri

9. Penyakit Menular & Epidemi (DBD, Flu Burung).

 RISK ASSESSMENT
ACCEPTABLE RISK
NATURAL HAZARDS
INVENTORY RISK
VULNERABILITY UNACCEPTABLE RISK
LOCATION

GOAL: DISASTER
RESILIENCE
DATA
DATA BASES
AND
BASES
AND INFORMATION
INFORMATION CITY

FOUR PILLARS OF
RESILIENCE
HAZARDS: PREPAREDNESS
GROUND SHAKING
GROUND FAILURE PROTECTION
SURFACE FAULTING EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
TSUNAMI RUN UP RECOVERY IENCE
AFTERSHOCKS
RESILIENCE (Ketahanan)

1. Absorbing Capacity Bangunan RS >< HAZARD

(Gempa, Banjir, Api )

2. Buffering Capacity DISASTER PLAN (RS, Kota,

Kabupaten, Propinsi, Nasional & Polisi Pemadam
Kebakaran)

3. RESPONSE Grand Design Depkes

(SAFE COMMUNITY, Sistim Penanggulangan Gawat
Darurat Terpadu (SPGDT)
AGD 118 / Ambulans Gawat Darurat Terpadu 118
 CAUSES
CAUSESOF
OF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
DAMAGE/DISASTER

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE
FAULTING )

IRREGULARITIES IN MASS,
EARTHQUAKES STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS
EARTHQUAKES

FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE

CASE
CASEHISTORIES
HISTORIES RUNUP AND SEICHE

POOR DETAILING OF
STRUCTURALSYSTEM

FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
 MODIFIKASI : Kode RESPONSE :
Bangunan o UGD RS Surge
PENCEGAHAN : (-) / Capacity ? : Fraktur,
RS jng di Pantai Trauma Tumpul,
Vulnerability : (+/-) Syok, Aspirasi air
KETAHANAN : (+) laut & Lumpur, Luka
Bakar, Kacamata, O2
Absorbing Capacity :
o AGD 118, Security,
Kode Bangunan Rescue :
Structural Collapse?,
Lokasi RS, Dry / Wet Day to Day Response
Proofing 10 Min., 3S
Buffering Capacity : Perlu Bantuan ?
Disaster Plan, MOU Rapid Assessment
dng Suplier, COOP (Health & Needs)
Incident Commander
 CAUSES
CAUSESOFOF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
DAMAGE/DISASTER

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF

INCOMING WAVES

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE

RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE

RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF
TSUNAMIS
TSUNAMIS BUILDINGS

FLOODING
CASE
CASEHISTORIES
HISTORIES

NO WARNING, OR
INADEQUATE WARNING

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF
TSUNAMI
 CAUSES
CAUSESOFOF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
DAMAGE/DISASTER

PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST

IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC
FLOWS

IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS

(TEPHRA)

VOLCANIC IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH

VOLCANIC
(AVIATION)
ERUPTIONS
ERUPTIONS
IN PATH OF LAVA AND
CASE
CASEHISTORIES
HISTORIES PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

IN PATH OF LAHARS

IGNORING WARNING TO
EVACUATE
 MODIFIKASI : Jalur Response :
Lahar, KOde o UGD RS : Surge
Bangunan Capacity, Luka
PENCEGAHAN : Bakar, Fraktur,
Turunkan Tekanan Aspirasi abu,
dlm Kawah Kacamata
Vulerability : (+/-) o AGD 118, Security,
KETAHANAN Rescue : 3S
Absorbing Capacity : Perlu Bantuan ?
Jalur Lahar Rapid Assssment
Buffering Capacity : (Health & Needs)
Disaster Plan, Incident Commander
Evakuasi, MOU dng
Suplier, COOP
 CAUSES
CAUSESOFOF
DAMAGE AND
DAMAGE AND
DISASTER
DISASTER
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS
FLOODS DAMAGE FROM WATER
FLOODS
WATER BORNE DISEASES
CASE
CASEHISTORIES
HISTORIES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)

EROSION AND MUDFLOWS

CONTAMINATION OF GROUND
WATER
 MODIFIKASI : Dry / Response
Wet Proofing o UGD RS : Surge
PENCEGAHAN : Capacity,Tenggelam,
Tembok & Parit Aspirasi, Hipotermi,
sekeliling RS Diarhae, ISPA, DHF,
Vulerability : (+/-)
Leptospirosis,
Kacamata, O2
KETAHANAN : o AGD 118, Security,
Absorbing Capacity : Rescue (Dpt tembus,
Kode Bangunan banjir 4x4), Perahu
Karet, Amphibi, 3S
Buffering Capacity :
Disaster Plan, Perlu Bantuan ?
Rapid Assessment
Evakuasi, MOU dng (Health & Needs)
Suplier, COOP Incident Commander
 CAUSES
CAUSESOFOF
DAMAGE/DISASTER
DAMAGE/DISASTER
WIND AND WATER PENETRATE
BUILDING ENVELOPE

UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM

FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES

WINDOWS

SEVERE STORM SURGE AND HEAVY

SEVERE
PRECIPITATION
WINDSTORMS
WINDSTORMS
IRREGULARITIES IN
CASE
CASEHISTORIES
HISTORIES ELEVATION AND PLAN

POOR WORKMANSHIP

FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
 MODIFIKASI : Kode RESPONSE :
Bangunan o UGD RS : Surge
PENCEGAHAN : (+/-) Capacity, Fraktur,
Vulerability : (+/-) Cedera Kepala,
KETAHANAN : Hipotermi,Kacamata
Absorbing Capacity : o AGD 118, Security,
Kode Bangunan Rescue : 4x4,
Buffering Capacity : Amphibi, 3S
Disaster Plan, Perlu Bantuan ?
Evakuasi, MOU dng Rapid Assessment
Suplier, COOP (Health & Needs)
Incident Commander
 MODIFIKASI : RESPONSE :
Reforestration o UGD RS : , Surge
PENCEGAHAN : Capacity, Aspirasi
Deforestration (-) lumpur, Hipotermi,
Vulerability : (+/-) Mati Semua
KETAHANAN : o AGD 118, Security,
Absorbing Capacity : Rescue : 4x4, 3S,
Kode Bangunan Gedek / Bilik Bambu
Buffering Capacity : Perlu Bantuan ?
Disaster Plan, Rapid Assessment
Evakuasi, MOU, (Health & Needs)
COOP Incident Commander
 CAUSES
CAUSESOFOF
DAMAGE AND
DAMAGE AND
DISASTER
DISASTER
LIGHTNING STRIKES

MANMADE FIRES

PROXIMITY OF URBAN AREA TO

THE WILDLAND FIRE

WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION

WILDFIRES
WILDFIRES (DAY/NIGHT)

DISASTER
DISASTER DRYNESS
LABORATORIES
LABORATORIES

HIGH TEMPERATURES

LOCAL FUEL SUPPLY

 MODIFIKASI : Kode RESPONSE :
Bangunan, Bahan o UGD RS : Surge
tahan Api, Bahan Capacity, Luka
Mudah terbakar Bakar, Inhalasi, O2 ?
PENCEGAHAN : (+/-)
o AGD 118, Security,
Vulnerability : (+/-) Rescue : 3 S (Safe
KETAHANAN : Self, Safe Scnce,
Absorbing Capacity : Safe Survivor)
Kode Bangunan Perlu Bantuan ?
Buffering Capacity : Rapid Assessment
Disaster Plan, (Health & Needs)
Evakuasi, MOU, Incident Commander
COOP
 MODIFIKASI : Polisi RESPONSE :
Anti Huru Hara o UGD RS : Surge
PENCEGAHAN : Capacity, Luka
Intelegensia Tembak, Tusuk
Vulerability : (+/-) Tumpul
KETAHANAN : o AGD 118, Security,
Absorbing Capacity : Rescue : 3S
Security Perlu Bantuan ?
Buffering Capacity : Rapid Assessment
Disaster Plan, (Health & Needs)
Satpam Tdk ada tg Incident Commander
boleh pulang / antar
jemput, Sandi
 MODIFIKASI : Design Response :
Transportasi Darat, UGD : Surge
Udara, Air & Laut Capacity, Mobile
PENCEGAHAN : Team, Fraktur,
Safety Trauma Tumpul /
KETAHANAN :
Tajam Luka Bakar,
Tenggelam,
Absorbing Capacity : Hipotermi,
Design UGD Decontamination
Buffering Capacity : Area
AGD 118, Security,
Disaster Plan / Mass
Casualty Rescue: 3S, Hazmat,
Perlu Bantuan ?
Rapid Assessment
(Health & Needs)
Incident Commander
MODIFIKASI : (-) o UGD RS : Surge
PENCEGAHAN : Capacity, Blast
Intelegensia Injury, Mata &
Vulerability : (+/-) Telinga
KETAHANAN : o AGD 118, Security,
Absorbing Capacity Rescue : 3 Bom, 3S
: (-) Perlu Bantuan ?
Buffering Rapid Assessment
Capacity : Disaster (Health & Needs)
Plan, Security, Incident Commander
MOU, COOP
 MODIFIKASI : RS jng RESPONSE :
dekat pabrik o UGD RS : Surge
PENCEGAHAN : Capacity,
Konsep Zero Decontamination
Accident Area, AC terpisah,
Vulerability : o AGD 118, Security,
KETAHANAN : Rescue : 3S, On Site
Absorbing Capacity : Decontamination
(-) Perlu Bantuan ?
Buffering Capacity : Rapid assessment
Disaster Plan, (Health & Needs)
Dekontaminasi, Anti Incident Commander
dotum, MOU
 MODIFIKASI : Daerah RESPONSE :
ISOLASI o UGD :
PENCEGAHAN :(-) Decontamination
Vulerability : (+/-) Area, Isolasi ?, AC
Absorbing Capacity : terpisah
Daerah Isolasi, o AGD 118 (Ambulans
Asepsis & Anti dpt di Dekontaminasi
Sepsis & Desinfeksi),
Buffering Capacity : Security, Rescue
Disaster Plan, MOU Perlu Bantuan ?
Rapid Assessment
Epidemi ?
Incident Commander
WELL
WELL PREPARED
PREPARED FOR
FOR ALL
ALL
NATURAL
NATURAL HAZARDS
HAZARDS
(E.G.,
(E.G., FLOODS,
FLOODS, SEVERE
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS,
WINDSTORMS,
EARTHQUAKES,
EARTHQUAKES, ETC.)
ETC.)
KNOW
KNOW YOUR
YOUR CITY
CITY
KNOW
KNOW YOUR
YOUR HAZARDS
HAZARDS
KNOW
KNOW WHAT
WHAT TO
TO DO
DO
KNOW
KNOW HOW
HOW TO
TO DO
DO IT
IT
terimakasih