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3. Anatomical record
Animals with different
structures on the surface
But when you look under
the skin…
It tells an evolutionary story
of common ancestors

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  Evolusi adalah proses penurunan dengan modifikasi
karekteristik yang ada pada organisme nenek
moyang berubah (melalui seleksi alam) pada
keturunan seiring waktu ketika organisme
berhadapan dengan kondisi lingkungan yang
berbeda-beda.
 Spesies yang berkerabat bisa memiliki karakteristik
dengan kesamaan yang mendasar walaupun
memiliki fungsi yang berbeda. Kesamaan yang
berasal dari nenek moyang bersama dikenal sebagai
homologi.

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 Compare the bones
 The same bones under the skin
 limbs that perform different functions
are built from the same bones

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  Tungkai depan semua mamalia,
termasuk manusia kucing, paus, dan
kelelawar, menunjukkan susunan
tulang yang sama dari bahu sampai
ujung jari, walaupun tungkai-tungkai
tersebut memiliki fungsi yang berbeda:
mengangkat, berjalan, berenang, dan
terbang.

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  Kerangka yang mendasari lengan, kaki
depan, sirip, dan sayap mamalia yang
berbeda merupakan struktur homolog.

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 Homologous structures
 Structures that come from the same origin
 homo- = same
 -logous = information
 Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats
 same structure
 on the inside
 same development in embryo
 different functions

 on the outside
 evidence of common ancestor
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 But don’t be fooled by these…
 Analogous structures
 look similar
 on the outside
 same function
 different structure & development

How is a bird
 on the inside
like a bug?
 different origin
 no evolutionary relationship

Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

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 Analogous structures
 Dolphins: aquatic mammal
 Fish: aquatic vertebrate
 both adapted to
life in the sea
 not closely related

Watch the tail!

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 Flight evolved 3
Convergent evolution separate times —
evolving similar
 3 groups with wings solutions to similar
 Does this mean they have a “problems”
recent common ancestor?

They just
came up
with the
NO!
same answer!

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 Convergent evolution led to mimicry
 Why do these pairs look so similar?

Monarch male Viceroy male

poisonous edible
Which is the moth vs. the bee?
fly vs. the bee?

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fly bee moth bee
 Vestigial organs
 Hind leg bones on whale fossils

Why would whales

have pelvis & leg
bones if they were
always sea creatures?

Because they
used to
walk on land!

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 Comparative embryology
 Development of embryo tells an
evolutionary story
 similar structures during development

all vertebrate embryos have a “gill

pouch” at one stage of development

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