The Endocrine System

and
NEUROHORMONAL
Figure 18.1
 Anatomi Kelenjar Endokrin

A. Glandula exocrin
– Ductus
– Lumen and
surfaces

B. Glandula endocrin
– Chemical
messengers
– Blood stream
Sekresi pengeluaran hormon
- Sekresi hormon oleh kelenjar endokrin
distimulasi atau dihambat oleh kadar sejenis
hormon dalam darah

- distimulasi oleh impuls saraf yang menjalar

di sepanjang serabut saraf

- Mekanisme kontrol umpan balik, stimulasi

atau inhibisi sekresi hormon
Figure 25.2a–c
 Hypophysis

• Mengeluarkan 9 peptide penting

• Semuanya akan mengikat membran
receptor melalui cyclic AMP sebagai
second messengger
 Embryonic Development of Some
Major Endocrine Organs

Copyright © 2008
Pearson Education, Inc., Figure 25.13a, b
 Embryonic Development of Some Major
Endocrine Organs

Copyright © 2008
Pearson Education, Inc., Figure 25.13c, d
Hypophysis

Figure 18.6a, b
The Hypophyseal Portal System

Figure 18.7
Glandula Pituitary

Figure 25.3a–c
 Lobus Anterior
(adenohypophysis)
• hormon pertumbuhan (growth hormone [GH]) atau
hormon somatotropik (STH)
• Hormon perangsang-tiroid (thyroid-sytimulating
hotrmone [TSH])
• Hormon adrenokortikotropik (adenocorticotropic
hormone [ACTH]) juga disebut kortikotropin
• Gonadotropin. Hormon perangsang folikel (follicle-
stimulating hormone [FSH]) dan luteinzing hormone (LH)
• Prolaktin (PRL) disekresi selama masa kehamilan dan saat
menyusui setelah melairkan
Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Figure 18.8a
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

– Hypothalamus –

Releasing
hormone
(Hormone 1) Secretory
cells
+

– Anterior pituitary

Anterior pituitary
hormone
(Hormone 2)
+

Peripheral endocrine gland © Michael Ross/Photo Researchers, Inc.

(Hormone 3)
Stimulation

+ Inhibition
Target cells

14
Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Figure 18.8b
16
17
Lobus posterior neurohypophysis
• Structurally part of
the brain
• Secretes two
hormones
– Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)
– Oxytocin

Figure 25.5
Table 25.1
The Thyroid Gland

Figure 18.11a
23
 The Thyroid Gland
– Hormon tiroid meningkatkan laju metabolik
hampir semua sel tubuh. Hormon ini
menstimulasi konsumsi konsumsi dan
memperbesar pengeluaran energi, terutama
dalam bentuk panas.
– Pertumbuhan dan maturasi normal tulang, gigi,
jaringan ikat, dan jaringan saraf tergantung
pada hormon-hormon tiroid.
– Parathyroid mengendalikan keseimbangan kalsium dan
fostat dalam tubuh melalui peningkatan kadar kalsium
darah dan penurunan kadar fosfat darah.
The Thyroid Follicles

Figure 18.12b
 HORMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND

TRIIODOTHYRONINE
(T3) TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4) CALCITONIN
THYROXINE

(GENERAL) (BONE TISSUE)

Increase rate of Increase calcium
metabolism (GENERAL)
storage in
Increase rate of metabolism
bone
 General Hyperthyroidism
• high metabolic rate
•weight loss
• protruding eyes

Grave’s disease
• overstimulation of gland
Cretinism by antibodies
•leads to small stature • hyperthyroidism
and mental retardation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

© Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited

27
 The Parathyroid Glands

Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations

Figure 18.14
29
Effects of Parathyroid Hormone

Figure 16.11
HORMONE OF THE PARATHYROID
GLAND

PARATHYROID HORMONE

(BONE TISSUE & KIDNEY)

Increase calcium removal from storage in bone
Produces active form of vitamin D in kidneys
Increase absorption of calcium by intestines
Increase blood calcium level
 Adrenal cortex
• Bagian pembatan hormon steroid
(corticosteroids)
• Cortex divided into three layers
– Zona glomerulosa (produces mineralocorticoids)
– Zona fasciculate (produces glucocorticoids)
– Zona reticularis (produces androgens)
 The Adrenal Gland

Produces epinephrine (~75 - 80%)

Produces norepinephrine (~25-30%)

Figure 18.16
 The pancreatic islets
• Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called Islets of
Langerhans or pancreatic islets
– Alpha cells secrete glucagons
– Beta cells secrete insulin
– Delta cells secrete GH-IH
– F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide
 The kidneys
• Produce calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO)
and the enzyme rennin
– Calcitriol = stimulates calcium and phosphate ion
absorption along the digestive tract
– EPO stimulates red blood cell production by bone
marrow
– Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys

Figure 18.20a
Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys

Figure 18.20b
 Hormones and growth
• Pertumbuhan normal diatur melalui
interaksi organ endokrin
• Enam hormon penting untuk
pertumbuhan
– GH
– Thyroid hormones
– Insulin
– PTH
– Calcitriol
– Reproductive hormones
Hormones and stress

Figure 16.15