BAND FREKWENSI RADIO

VLF < 30kHz > 10 km Glb. Myriametrik

LF 30 – 300 kHz 1 – 10 km Glb. Kilometer

MF 300 – 3000 kHz 100 – 1000 m Glb. Hektometer

HF 3 – 30 MHz 10 – 100 m Glb. Dekameter

VHF 30 – 300 MHz 1 – 10 m Glb. Meter

UHF 300 – 3000 MHz 10 – 100 cm Glb. Decimeter

SHF 3 – 30 GHz 1 – 10 cm Glb. Sentimeter

EHF 30 – 300 GHz 1 – 10 mm Glb. milimeter

Gelombang Radio pada ruang bebas

Untuk sumber isotropis, glb. TEM dipancarkan dengan

Densitas Power:

Pr 30Pr
PD  ; E
4d 2
d
Model Propagasi Gelombang
 Ground-Wave or Surface Propagation
 Baik digunakan untuk f<2 MHz
 Space-Wave or Direct wave Propagation
(Line of Sight)
 Digunakan untuk VHF dan di atasnya
 Sky-Wave Propagation
 Digunakan untuk HF signal
Propagasi Ground-wave
Ground-wave dimulai dengan E tegak lurus
terhadap bumi

Wavefront Direction of wave travel

Increasing
Tilt
Earth
Ground-wave (ljt)
 Glb. EM Yang berjalan sepanjang
permukaan disebut sebagai gelombang
permukaan (surface wave)
 Ground-wave terpolarisasi vertikal
 Digunakan untuk maritime mobile
communication, radio navigation
Ground-wave (ljt)
 Keuntungan:
 Power yang diberikan secukupnya dapat berjalan
mengikuti curva bumi
 Relatif tidak terpengaruh dengan kondisi
atmosferik
 Kerugian:
 Membutuhkan power transmisi yang tinggi

 Membutuhkan antena yang panjang/besar karena

frekwensinya rendah
 Ground losses bervariasi terhadap terrain
 Space-wave
 Energi yang diradiasikan berjalan dibawah beberapa
km dari atmosfer bumi
 Terdiri dari glb. Langsung, glb. Pantul, dan glb.
Refraksi
 Dibatasi oleh curva bumi (lengkung bumi)
 Intensitas medan pada Rx bergantung pada:
 Jarak Tx dan Rx
 Pergeseran fasa antara glb. Langsung glb. Refleksi
 Curvature bumi menggambarkan suatu radio horison
Space-wave Propagation
 Tx dan Rx harus berada pada LOS
 Komunikasi Satelit (signal diatas 30 MHz tidak
dipantulkan oleh ionosfer)
 Komunikasi Ground (antena dalam LOS yang
efektif)
 Jarak maksimum komunikasi :

d  17  hT  hR 
Kerugian Transmisi Wireless LOS
 Adanya atenuasi dan distorsi
 Free Space Loss
 Noise
 Absorpsi atmosfer
 Multipath
 Refraksi
 Termal noise
Atenuasi
 Kekuatan sinyal akan berkurang jauh
(merosot) sebanding dengan jarak medium
transmisi
 Faktor atenuasi untuk unguided media:
 Signal yang diterima harus kuat agar receiver
dapat menginterpretasikan signal
 Signal dijaga pada level lebih tinggi dari noise
 Atenuasi lebih besar pada frekuensi tinggi, ini
penyebab distorsi
Free Space Loss

Propagation in straight line without absorbtion or

reflection : L p = (4  D/)2 = (4  f D/c)2
Lp = free-space pathloss in km
f = frequency in Hz
 = wave length in m
c = 3 x 10 8 m/s
D=jarak propagasi antara antena
Applications of Line-of-Sight
Propagation
 FM and TV broadcast
 Cellular radio
 Short-range marine and aircraft
communication
 Microwave communications
 Utilities (police, fire etc)
 Wireless data
Ionospheric Propagation
 Useful mainly in HF range (3-30 MHz)
 Signals are refracted in ionosphere and
returned to earth
 Worldwide communication is possible
using multiple “hops”
Ionospheric Layers
 D layer: height approx. 60-90 km
 E layer: height approx. 90-150 km
 F1 layer: height approx. 150-250 km
 F2 layer: height approx. 250-400 km
 D, E layers disappear at night
 F layers combine into one at night
D Layer
 It disappears at night
 Reflects VLF, LF
 Lowest, located between 50 to 100 km,
little ionization
 Absorbs MF and HF
E Layer
 100 – 140 km: Kennelly-Heaviside layer
 Disappear at night
 Aids MF-surface wave
 Reflects HF waves somewhat during
day time
F Layer
 F1 and F2 layers
 location changes from day to night and
summer to winter
 F1: 140 to 250 km
 F2: 140 km-350
 Most HF waves pass through to F2
where they are refracted back to Earth
Daytime Propagation
 D and E layers absorb lower
frequencies, below about 8-10 MHz
 F layers return signals from about 10-30
MHz
Nighttime Propagation
 D, E layers disappear
 F layer returns signals from about 2-10
MHz
 Higher frequencies pass through
ionosphere into space
Important Frequencies in HF
Propagation
 Critical frequency
 Highest frequency that is returned to transmitter
 Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF)
 Highest frequency that is returned at a given point
 Optimum Working Frequency (OWF)
 85% of MUF for more reliable communication
Skip Zone
 Region between maximum ground-wave
distance and closest point where sky
waves are returned from the ionosphere
Applications of Ionospheric
Propagation
 Shortwave broadcasting
 Military
 Aircraft (long distance communication)
 Marine radio (long distances)
 Time and frequency standards
The Ionosphere
The Critical Frequency (fc)

When radio waves are

transmitted straight up
towards the ionosphere
(vertical incidence), the
radio wave will be
returned to earth at all
frequencies below the
critical frequency, (fc) .
The critical frequency
depends on the degree of
ionization of the
ionosphere, as shown in
the following equation: