Budi Raharjo
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
• Heart Failure
• Aritmia
• Acute Coronary Syndrome
– UAP (Unstable Angina Pectoris)
– Non STEMI
– STEMI
• PAH (Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension)
Hubungan Faktor Risiko dg Penyakit Kardiovaskular
Heart Failure
Cardiac Failure (Gagal Jantung)
• Bukan diagnosis penyakit...tapi kumpulan gejala dg berbagai
etiologi dan patogenesis yg kompleks
• Kegagalan jantung dalam memenuhi kebutuhan perfusi
darah (oksigen) ke seluruh tubuh (EF < 40%)
• 2/3 karena CAD (coronary arterial disease)
• 1/3 karena Non Iskhemik Kardiomiopati (HT, Tirotoksikosis,
Penyakit Katup Jantung, Miokarditis, Kardiotoksin: alkohol &
kemoterapi)
• Gejala Klinik : Takhikardia, Sesak Nafas, Penurunan Toleransi
Gerak, Oedema Perifer dan Oedema Paru, Cardiomegali
Foto Thorax
Konfirmasi Heart Failure
People at high risk for developing heart failure but who do not have
A
heart failure or damage to the heart
People with damage to the heart but who have never had symptoms
B
of heart failure; for example, those who have had heart attack
•Functional
•Anatomic
Pathogenesis and Inducement
of Arrhythmia
• Some physical condition
• Pathological heart disease
• Other system disease
• Electrolyte disturbance and acid-base
imbalance
• Physical and chemical factors or
toxicosis
Classification of Arrhythmia
Abnormal heart pulse formation
1. Sinus arrhythmia
2. Atrial arrhythmia
3. Atrioventricular junctional arrhythmia
4. Ventricular arrhythmia
Abnormal heart pulse conduction
1. Sinus-atrial block
2. Intra-atrial block
3. Atrio-ventricular block
4. Intra-ventricular block
Abnormal heart pulse formation and
conduction
Diagnosis of Arrhythmia
• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Laboratory test
Therapy Principal
• Pathogenesis therapy
• Stop the arrhythmia immediately if the
hemodynamic was unstable
• Individual therapy
Anti-arrhythmia Agents
• Anti-tachycardia agents
• Anti-bradycardia agents
Anti-tachycardia agents
Modified Vaugham Williams classification
1. I class: Natrium channel blocker
2. II class: ß-receptor blocker
3. III class: Potassium channel blocker
4. IV class: Calcium channel blocker
5. Others: Adenosine, Digital
Anti-bradycardia agents
1. ß-adrenic receptor activator
2. M-cholinergic receptor blocker
3. Non-specific activator
Clinical usage
Anti-tachycardia agents:
• Ia class: Less use in clinic
1. Quinidine
2. Procainamide
3. Disopyramide: Side effect: like M-cholinergic
receptor blocker
Anti-tachycardia agents:
Ib class: Perfect to ventricular
tachyarrhythmia
1. Lidocaine
2. Mexiletine
Anti-tachycardia agents:
Ic class: Can be used in ventricular and/or
supra-ventricular tachycardia and
extrasystole.
1. Moricizine
2. Propafenone
Anti-tachycardia agents:
II class: ß-receptor blocker
1. Propranolol: Non-selective
2. Metoprolol: Selective ß1-receptor
blocker, Perfect to hypertension and
coronary artery disease patients
associated with tachyarrhythmia.
Anti-tachycardia agents:
III class: Potassium channel blocker, extend-
spectrum anti-arrhythmia agent.
• Amiodarone: Perfect to coronary artery
disease and heart failure patients
• Sotalol: Has ß-blocker effect
• Bretylium
Anti-tachycardia agents:
IV class: be used in supraventricular tachycardia
1. Verapamil
2. Diltiazem
• Others:
Adenosine: be used in supraventricular
tachycardia
CLAS IV-CCB (Verapamil)
Anti-bradycardia agents
• Isoprenaline
• Epinephrine
• Atropine
• Aminophylline
Proarrhythmia effect of antiarrhythmia
agents
• Ia, Ic class: Prolong QT interval, will cause VT
or VF in coronary artery disease and heart
failure patients
• III class: Like Ia, Ic class agents
• II, IV class: Bradycardia
Non-drug therapy
• Cardioversion: For tachycardia especially
hemodynamic unstable patient
• Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA):
For those tachycardia patients (SVT, VT, AF,
AFL)
• Artificial cardiac pacing: For bradycardia,
heart failure and malignant ventricular
arrhythmia patients.
Class Basic Mechanism
I-Sodium Channel Blockade Reduce phase 0 slope and peak of action potential
IA Moderate reduction in phase 0 slope; increase APD; increase ERP
IB Small reduction in phase 0 slope; reduce APD; decrease ERP
IC Pronounced reduction in phase 0 slope; no effect on APD or ERP
II-Beta-blockade Delay repolarization (phase 3) and thereby increase action potential duration and
effective refractory period.
IV-Calcium channel blockade Block L-type calcium-channels; most effective at SA and AV nodes; reduce rate and
conduction.
• Class I: retards conduction
enough so that beat still gets
through normal cardiac
tissue but not through any
weakened tissue
Pasien yang intoleran terhadap B-blocker dapat diberikan CCB (diltiazem, verapamil).
Efek pleiotropik statin
• Antiinflamasi
• Antioksidan
• Immunomodulator
• Perbaikan disfungsi endotel
• Stabilisasi plak atherosklerosis
• Perbaiki proses koagulasi
• Normalisasi outflow simpatetik
• Efek pada peripheral arterial disease (PAD
EFEK SAMPING OBAT STATIN
• Kram abdomen, diare/konstipasi, upset stomach
• Mialgia, Miositis, miopati, rhabdomiolisis, polineuropati
• Gangguan ginjal, gangguan hepar
• Px ggn renal miopati meningkat
• Peningkatan SGPT > 3 x hentikan penggunaan
• Kombinasi dengan –fibrat, gemfibrozil, as. nikotinat
meningkatkan efek miopati
INHIBITOR RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERON
• ACE-I Diberikan atau dilanjutkan jika LVEF < 40%,
hipertensi, DM, stable CKD.
• Bila pasien intoleran terhadap ACEI, dapat diberikan ARB.
• Aldosterone blokade Direkomendasikan untuk pasien MI
tanpa disfungsi renal yang signifikan ( kreatinin pria , 2,5
mg/dl dan wanita < 2,0 mg/dl)atau hiperkalemia (K > 5
mEq/L) yang mendapat terapi ACEI atau Beta bloker
dengan LVEF ≤ 40%, DM atau HF.
KESIMPULAN
• Acute Coronary Syndrome meliputi UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI •
• Management guideline focus :
Immediate assessment/intervention (MONA+BAH)
Risk stratification (UA/NSTEMI vs. STEMI)
RAPID reperfusion for STEMI (PCI vs. Thrombolytics)
Conservative vs Invasive therapy for UA/NSTEMI
• Aggressive attention to secondary prevention initiatives for ACS
patients
Beta blocker, ASA, ACE-I, Statin
Stable
Angina
•I
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Product A Product B
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