Residen Jaga :
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STATUS GENERALIS
Status oftalmologiKUs
VOD : 6/6 VOS : 6/6
TIOD : 15,6 mmHg TIOS: 15,6 mmHg
• KBM Orthophoria
• GBM o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
Palpebra Tenang Tenang
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Segmen Posterior
RFODS (+)
FODS:
Papil : Bulat , batas tegas, warna merah (N), c/d 0,3 a/v
2:3
Makula : RF (+), normal
Retina : kontur pembuluh darah baik, eksudat (-),
perdarahan (-), copper wire (-), silver wire (-),
elschnig’s spot (-), siegrist streak (-).
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Thank You
Thank you
Retinal Drawing
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Retinal Drawing
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Definisi :
1. Lepasnya lapisan sensoris retina dari lapisan pigmen
epitelium retina yang melekat erat pada koroid.
2. Separasi lapisan sensorik retina dari retinal pigmen
epitelial.
3. Terlepasnya retina dari tempatnya melekat.
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Tanda klinisnya:
• Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO)
• Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
• Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)
• Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)
• Nonarteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION)
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Management
• Appropriate treatment of the underlying hypertension
• If the patient is previously undiagnosed the patient needs
referral to their general practitioner for assessment
• A grade I or grade II hypertensive retinopathy
• nonurgent referral
• A grade III hypertensive retinopathy
• more urgent referral to the GP
• A grade IV hypertensive retinopathy
• Px is in medical crisis. This patient needs immediate referral to a
hospital eye casualty department
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Pathophysiology
• Arteriosclerotic changes persist after Tx
• Hypertensive retinopathy changes resolve over time
following Tx
• Cotton wool spots develop in 24 to 48 hours with the elevation of
blood pressure, and resolve in 2 to 10 weeks
• A macular star develops within several weeks of the development of
elevated blood pressure and resolves within months to years
• Papilloedema develops within days to weeks of increased blood
pressure and resolves within weeks to months
• Visual recovery is limited if the macula or optic nerve have been
affected
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Pathophysiology
• Flame shaped haemorrhages are ruptures of the superficial capillary
bed
• the blood disperses within the retinal nerve fibre layer
• Either capillary rupture or capillary closure gives:
• RGC oxygen starvation
• RGC waste removal failure
• Axoplasmic transport failure
• accumulation of waste material at the boundary between perfused and nonperfused retina
• clinically visible as cotton wool spots (CWS)
• In extreme cases, disc oedema
• a hypertensionrelated increase in intracranial pressure
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Pathophysiology
• Dot haemorrhages are ruptures of the deep capillary
bed
• leakage of blood into the outer plexiform layer
• their depth leads to a round, small area of blood
• Phagocytosis of the red and white blood cells leaves hard
exudates
• the hard exudates are at a similar depth and have a similar
size (slightly larger) and shape to the dot haemorrhages
• hard exudates will last for more than 12 months, even
following successful treatment.
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Pathophysiology
• A disease of the retinal microvasculature
• Cholesterol deposition in the tunica intima of medium
and large arteries
• reduction in the lumen size of these vessels
• Arteriolosclerosis causes a breakdown in
autoregulation
• the high pressures in the arterioles are transmitted to the
retinal capillaries
• capillary closure or haemorrhage occurs
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Choroidopathy
• Hypertensive choroidopathy frequently occurs with grade
IV Hypertensive Retinopathy
• yellow spots (Elshnig Nodules) are visible at the level of the retinal
pigment epithelium
• hyperfluorescent on fluorescein angiography
• secondary to arteriosclerosis within the choriocapillaris
• in severe cases they cause serous retinal detachment
• resolve to become pigmented or depigmented
• linear groups of spots occur they are referred to as Siegrist's streaks
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification
• HR grades I and II are typically chronic
• HR grades III and IV are typically acute
• diastolic blood pressure >= 110 correlates with grade III
• diastolic blood pressure >= 130 correlates with grade IV
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 4
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 2
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Classification Grade 3
Hypertensive Retinopathy Classification
Alternative A:V
Grade Description
description ratio
I minimal narrowing of the retinal arteries Nonmalignant
50%
narrowing of the retinal arteries in conjunction Nonmalignant
33%
II with regions of focal narrowing and arterio
venous nipping
abnormalities seen in Grades I and II, as well as Malignant
25%
III retinal haemorrhages, hard exudation, and
cottonwool spots
abnormalities encountered in Grades I through Malignant
<20%
IV III, as well as swelling of the optic nerve head
and macular star
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Advanced malignant
Macular star
Pailloedema
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques &
Signs
Early malignant
Dot and blot haemorrhages
Hard and soft exudates
Diffuse arteriolar
narrowing
Arteriovenous crossing
defects
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques &
Signs
• Malignant Hypertensive Retinopathy
• A:V ratio of 25% & arterial reflex ratio of 60%
• “copper wiring”
• A:V ratio of <20% & arterial reflex ratio of 100%
• “silver wiring”
• cotton wool spots
• hard exudates
• dot and flame shaped haemorrhages
• if advanced – retinal or macula oedema or papilloedema
• all nonadvanced changes due to focal hypoperfusion
• note presence, number, size, position (photograph!)
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques &
Signs
Gunn’s sign,
rightangled
crossing &
Bonnet’s sign
Salus’ sign?
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques &
Signs
Gunn’s sign & Bonnet’s sign
rightangled crossing
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques &
Signs
Focal narrowing of the retinal arterioles –
Copper and Silver Wiring
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques &
Signs
Generalised narrowing of the retinal arterioles
Hypertensive Retinopathy – Diagnostic Techniques &
Signs
• Arteriolar Narrowing
• Young patients, autoregulation causes uniform narrowing of
retinal arterioles
• Older patients, arteriosclerosis and autoregulation cause focal
arteriolar narrowing
• Assess the arteriovenous calibre ratio as a percentage
• adjacent arteries and veins
• equivalent numbers of bifurcations
• between 1 and 3 DD from optic disc
Hypertensive Retinopathy Prevalence
• The second most common retinal vascular disease
• Systemic hypertension (>160/90mmHg)
1015% in the UK >40 age group
• Malignant hypertension (240/140mmhg)
0.50.75%
• Hypertensive retinopathy 410%