05.0 Environmental Assessment Tools Tranlate by Fa

5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Environmental Assessment
Tools
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5.2 Eco Design
5.3 Mass Flow Analysis
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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) atau Analisis Siklus Hidup. Berikutnya

akan diperkenalkan gagasan tentang
Eco-design, yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran

siklus hidup didalam disain produk.
Material Flow Analysis (MFA), yang merupakan suatu instrumen

untuk mengetahui aliran material/bahan dan energi. MFA
digunakan pada penelitian-penelitian pada tingkat global, regional
dan lokal, serta pengelolaan sampah (padat) regional, misalnya
untuk meganalisis zat-zat berbahaya.
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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools 5.1 Life Cycle Analysis
5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

Analysis of Environmental, Financial and
Social Impacts throughout the Life-cycle of
Products and Processes
• LCA merupakan suatu teknik yang

digunakan untuk mengukur aspek-aspek
lingkungan yang terkait dengan suatu
produk, suatu proses pembuatannya,
ataupun ‘layanan’ yang diberikan oleh
produk tersebut selama siklus hidupnya.
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• Aplikasi-aplikasi yang paling penting antara lain

• (1) analisis kontribusi tahapan-tahapan siklus hidup
terhadap beban lingkungan keseluruhan, biasanya
dengan tujuan untuk memprioritaskan pada perbaikan-
perbaikan produk atau proses dan
• (2) membandingkan antar produk untuk komunikasi
internal.
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Siklus Hidup Kapas
Saling Terkait satu

sama lain
Contoh dari Implementasi LCA didalam Industri.
Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap

proses lagi terhadap lini produknya. Industri tersebut
memiliki pilihan antara Mesin A ataukah Mesin B.
Kedua mesin memerlukan penambahan beberapa bahan
kimia dalam mendukung operasinya, masing-masing
menggunakan tenaga yang sama per unit waktu operasi.
Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika

didasarkan kepada pengaruh lingkungannya?
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source:
USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment:
Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio
report no. 45268
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Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan

dalam Eco-points. Unit-unit ini dibuat dengan analisis LCA
lingkungan untuk mengukur kategori-kategori dampak
lingkungan yang berbeda, seperti perubahan iklim,
toksisitas dan penipisan ozon.
Mesin A B
Dampak yang ditimbulkan selama konstruksi 210 185
(Ecopoints)
Dampak dari bahan kimia, penggunaan energi, 20 24
pemeliharaan (Ecopoints/year)
Dampak pembuangannya setelah digunakan 6 4
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source:
(Ecopoints.)
USEPA, 2006. Life Cycle Assessment:
Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio
Umur Penggunaannya (years)
report no. 45268 15 10
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The Concept of LCA (2)
• Some products have a dominating environmental

load in production, some in use, some in disposal:
80 80 90
70 70 80
60 60 70
50 50 60
40 50
40
30 40
30
30
20 20
20
10 10
10
0 0
0
Production Use Disposal Production Use Disposal
Production Use Disposal
Examples: Examples: Examples:

books, furniture, art etc. cars, television, airco etc. Ni-Cd batteries, household
chemicals, fireworks etc.
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Methodology of LCA (1)

Life cycle assessment framework
(1) Mendefinisikan tujuan dan Goal

and scope
ruang lingkup kajian; definition
(2) membuat model siklus hidup Direct applications:

produk dengan semua inflow - Product development
and improvement
dan outflow lingkungan. Tahap
- Strategic planning
ini sering diistilahkan sebagai Inventory
analysis Interpretation - Public policy making
tahap life cycle inventory (LCI); - Marketing
(3) memahami relevansi - Other
lingkungan dari semua inflow
dan outflow, tahap ini sering
Impact
disebut dengan tahap life cycle assessment
impact assessment (LCIA) dan

(4) interpretasi penelitian. Diagram
berikut menunjukkan kerangka
The official LCA framework
kerja ini yang sesuai dengan according to the International
standar-standar LCA dari ISO. Standards: ISO 14040:2006 and
ISO 14044:2006
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Methodology of LCA (2), Goal and Scope

Suatu model LCA merupakan model sistem teknis kompleks
yang digunakan untuk memproduksi, memindahkan,
menggunakan, dan membuang suatu produk.
Suatu model adalah penyederhanaan dari suatu realitas, yang
mengimplikasikan bahwa realitas akan terdistorsi dalam
beberapa cara dan hasil-hasilnya tidak terpercaya.
Cara terbaik untuk menghindari salah paham atau akurasi
parsial adalah dengan mendefinisikan tujuan dan ruang
lingkup LCA anda secara hati-hati. Didalam tujuan dan
ruang lingkup, akan digambarkan tentang pilihan-pilihan
yang paling penting (yang seringkali bersifat subyektif).
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Methodology of LCA (3), Goal and Scope

• Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural
aspects
 Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent
function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000
litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles;
instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
 Functional unit is basis for comparison
“Compare
environmental
? impacts of
= packaging of 1000
litres milk in carton
packages or glass
bottles”
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Methodology of LCA (5), Inventory

Pengumpulan Data
Example of Product system and Inventory Table

LCI table with environmental
interventions
electricity incineration
Crude oil 40000 kg
from earth
steel production distribution use dump
CO2 to air 3500
SO2 to air 20 kg
plastic reuse
NOx to air 100 kg
recycling Cd to water 5g
PAH to 8 kg
water
Etc. …….
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Methodology of LCA (9), Impact assessment

Pengukuran Dampak
Category indicators are quantifiable representations of impact categories (ISO) and are
defined according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99, Impact 2002+ etc.)
Intervention Effect Damage
CO2 Greenhouse effect
P Eutrophication
Damage to
SO2
Acidification Eco-systems
NOx
Pesticides
DDT Indicator
Dust Winter smog
VOC Summer smog

Damage to
Cd Heavy metals human health
Carconogenics
PAH
CFC Ozone layer depl.
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Methodology of LCA (8), Impact assessment:

Pengukuran Dampak
• Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization:

 Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact category, e.g. CO2 and
CH4 to climate change
 Multiply environmental interventions (resources, emissions etc.) from LCI with a
characterisation factor to get indicator results
 Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the indicator results and to get
dimensionless score (useful for comparison)
Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)
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Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation

• “Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the
inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined
consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach
conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)
• To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope:

 Are the the general assumptions reasonable?
 Is the functional unit well chosen?
 Are ISO standards applied?
 Has a peer review been conducted?
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Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation

• Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of important
choices or assumptions
 What if other allocations are applied.
 What if other boundaries are applied.
 What if other impact assessment method is used.
• By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how

the conclusions connect with the assumptions.
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Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (1)
• LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but

scope can be extended to include economic and social
impacts.
• Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing (LCC);
• Analysis of life cycle costs
• Social LCA
• Social impacts throughout life cycle of products and
processes
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• What are the costs and revenues incured during the

life cycle of a product or process?
• R&D
• Production
• Marketing
• Sales
• Etc.
• Sometimes external costs included as well (costs that
are ‘imposed’ on society or the environment):
• Monetary valuation of environmental LCI and LCIA
results…but is it possible to monetise all environmental
services?
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• Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment

and health:
 Job quality
 Quality physical health
 Quality social health
 Earthly possessions
• Challenging to model social life cycle impacts, because
social conditions do change more rapidly
 impacts from changes in employment conditions may dissipate
 emotions resulting from changes disappear with time
 diseases get cured
 people who are laid off may find new jobs)
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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools 5.2 Eco-design
5.2 Eco-Design
Life Cycle Thinking within the Design of
Products and Processes
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Contents
• What is Eco-Design?
• Implications for the Design Process.
• Consequences for Composition and Amount of Solid
Waste.
• Related Concepts: Design for Environment, Sustainable
Product Design.
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What is Eco-Design?
Eco-design merupakan suatu instrumen
prosedural untuk pembuatan keputusan
lingkungan, yang secara khusus mengarah
kepada disain dari produk dan proses.
Eco-design ditujukan untuk memperbaiki kinerja
lingkungan dan bisnis didalam pengembangan
produk dan proses. Eco-design
menggabungkan pemikiran siklus hidup
didalam mengidentifikasi kemungkinan-
kemungkinan perbaikan lingkungan.
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What is Eco-Design?
Eco-design juga merupakan aplikasi logis dari eco-efficiency.
eco-efficiency didefinisikan sebagai kinerja fungsional dari
produk-produk pada siklus hidup yang dibagi kedalam
dampak-dampak lingkungan dari produk pada siklus
hidupnya.
Penurunan dampak lingkungan melalui efisiensi sumberdaya
dan penurunan tingkat penggunaan zat-zat berbahaya akan
menghasilkan rasio eco-efisiensi yang lebih baik. Aspek-
aspek penting dari eco-design yang berhubungan dengan
masalah sampah antara lain intensitas material yang
rendah, produk dengan penggunaan energi yang rendah
dan penggunaan bahan dengan dampak yang rendah.
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Studi kasus/Latihan: Cangkir Keramik ataukah Mug dari Kertas?
(Kementrian Lingkungkan Hidup Indonesia) Manakah yang lebih ramah
lingkungan, cangkir berbahan keramik ataukah mug berbahan styrofoam?
Untuk menemukan jawabannya, maka penelitian harus mengukur siklus hidup
cangkir keramik tersebut, yaitu dari proses produksinya yang berupa
pemrosesan bahan mentah hingga tidak terpakai lagi dan dibuang ke tempat
sampah. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penghitungan konsumsi bahan mentah,
penggunaan energi (untuk pengolahan, transportasi dan pembersihan), output
bahan-bahan berbahaya ke air dan udara serta volume kotoran yang dihasilkan.
Penghitungan ini mengabaikan beberapa dampak lingkungan lain yang biasanya

bersifat lokal, seperti kebisingan, bau dan bahaya terhadap bentang alam
(landscape).
Cangkir dan piring keramik memiliki satu kekurangan: cangkir dan piring jenis ini
harus dicuci. Untuk mencuci cangkir dan piring keramik didalam dishwasher
(mesin pencuci piring) tentu memiliki dampak yang lebih besar terhadap air
daripada jika kita menggunakan cangkir atau piring sekali pakai. Bahan
surfactant didalam deterjen, yang selalu kita pakai
24/57
Implications for the Design Process (2)

• The relative complex LCA procedure and the creative slightly chaotic design
process are not so easy to combine:
Problem Idea
Decision
25/57
Availability of
information on
the product
Freedom to
change the
design
Planning Idea generation Concept development Detailed design
Complexity of the Design Process
26/57

LCA information
Design phase Design activity LCA activity
generated
Product Target is defined as
planning product/market Assessment of strategy Strategic choices
combination
Refinement of target
Analysis LCA of reference Design guidelines and
and definition of
product eco-indicators
requirements
Idea Creativity techniques
Use of design rules
generation are used to generate Pre-selection of ideas
and eco-indicators
new solutions
Concept Best ideas are selected Short screenings and Support in concept
and elaborated what-if analysis choices
Detailed Best concept is

Specific questions and Support in detailed
design detailed; prototype and
issues design choices
CAD drawings
Application of LCA results in Design for Environment
27/57
Consequences for Composition and Amount of

Solid Waste (2)
• Eco-Design improves Eco-efficiency:
Functional performance provided by product over life cycle

Eco-efficiency =
Environmental Impacts of product over life cycle
resource- reduction haz.

eco-efficiency = +
efficiency substances
applying Eco-efficiency results in Eco-products…
28/57
Consequences for Composition and Amount of

Solid Waste (3)
Improved
material and Reduced solid waste
energy content amount and
Eco-products (quantity and hazardousness
quality) in composition
products
Consequences for solid waste:

• Reduction of natural resource extractions (materials and energy)
• Reduction or elimination of hazardous materials within waste
• Reduction of toxic emissions during incineration
29/57
Related Concepts: Design for Environment,

Sustainable Product Design (1)
Design for Environment (DfE): “the systematic
consideration of design performance with respect to
Design for Environment
environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full

product and process life cycle” (Fiksel, 1996 in Wrisberg et al. 2002).
DfE…
• focuses on existing products and processes that fulfil
a specific function (function-oriented systems)
• expands the design scope towards environmental and
social implications of products and processes
30/57
Related Concepts: Design for Environment,

Sustainable Product Design (2)
Sustainable Product Design: investigates possibilities for
Sustainable Product Design
improvement on a broader scale.
Examples:
• Alternative Function Fulfilment (changes the way in
which a specific function or need is fulfilled)
• System innovation (redesigning of product production
systems, creating ‘closed-loop’ economies etc.)
31/57
5 – Environmental Assessment Tools 5.3 Material Flow Analysis
5.3 Material Flow Analysis

(MFA)
Analysis of Material Flows
in a Region
33/57
MFA
• suatu instrumen pengukuran yang menggabungkan
aspek-aspek sumberdaya dan polusi dari masalah-
masalah lingkungan didalam perekonomian kita. Material
Flow Analysis (MFA
• MFA adalah suatu pengukuran sistematis dari aliran-
aliran bahan di suatu kawasan.
• Ada dua jenis MFA yaitu bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang
difokuskan kepada aliran bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan
bangunan, produk sampah elektronik) dan yang kedua
adalah Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan
untuk menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat
(seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
34/57
Ada dua jenis MFA

• bulk-MFA atau b-MFA yang difokuskan kepada aliran
bahan (misalnya bahan-bahan bangunan, produk
sampah elektronik)
• Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk

menganalisis aliran zat tunggal atau kelompok zat
(seperti logam berat, nitrogen organik).
35/57
MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.

Definisi dan sasaran dari pengelolaan sampah terus
mengalami perubahan.
Pengelolaan sampah yang terorganisir muncul ketika manusia
mulai mengumpulkan sampah dan membuangnya. Apa yang
dilakukan ini merupakan langkah penting untuk menjaga
kebersihan dan membantu mencegah munculnya wabah
(epidemik) penyakit.
Masalah baru.
Pertama, (landfill) menyebabkan terjadi masalah polusi air
tanah dan menghasilkan gas-gas rumah kaca.
Kedua, lokasi landfill semakin langka pada kawasan-kawasan
berpenduduk padat. Bahkan Sanitary landfilling tidak bisa
memecahkan masalah-masalah ini dalam jangka panjang.
36/57
MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.
Saat ini, pengelolaan sampah merupakan suatu konsep
terpadu yang terdiri dari praktik-praktik yang berbeda dan
pilihan perlakuan yang terdiri dari strategi pencegahan dan
pengumpulan; langkah-langkah terpisah untuk memproduksi
barang yang bisa didaur ulang atau pemrosesan berikutnya
dengan menggunakan teknologi pengolahan secara biologis,
fisika, kimiawi, dan thermal; dan jenis-jenis landfill yang
berbeda.
Setiap orang saat ini memiliki kesempatan-kesempatan (dan
juga tanggungjawab) untuk memisahkan antara kertas, kaca,
logam, bahan yang bisa terurai, plastik, sampah berbahaya,
dan bahan-bahan lainnya kedalam kelompoknya sendiri-
sendiri. Tujuan dari pengelolaan sampah modern adalah
untuk:
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Why MFA? (1)

…hence, material flows and stocks from the economy are crucial
to the understanding of environmental problems
Material flows and

accumulations
Throughput Hazard
Throughput Hazard
potential
potential
Quantity- Quality-
aspect aspect
38/57
Why MFA? (2)

… and eventually solutions are based on an analysis of
environmental problems in material/physical terms (Van der Voet,
1996)
Natural Waste
Resource Absorption
Depletion
Environment: Environment:
resource base resource base
Environment: Environment:
Pollution
resource base waste sink
Quantitatively: lower materials throughput

Extractions of
materials
Qualitatively: less hazardous materials
39/57
What is MFA? (1)

MFA is a tool for systematic research of flows and stocks of
materials from ‘cradle to grave’ (LCA!) in a region:
MFA is useful for:

•Identification of sources of environmental
pollution
•Identification of accumulations of
hazardous substances
•Identification of potential control points,
useful for environmental management
40/57
What is MFA? (2)

• MFA describes the industrial ‘metabolism’ of a region: the transfer,
storage and transformation of substances within an anthropogenic
(=human controlled) system and the exchange of these
substances with the environment (Brunner and Rechberger 2004).
• Examples:
 Sources, pathways and sinks for mercury in a watershed
 Nitrogen flows and stocks in the Malang area
• Sometimes MFA is applied on systems of smaller scale; for
example the flows and stocks of heavy metals in a waste
incineration plant
41/57
Systematic analysis of regional material flows and

stocks
• Systematic description of
Flows and Stocks of materials
in a region where activities in
the anthroposhere are taking
place
• There is an exchange of
materials between and within
anthropogenic (economic)
and environmental
subsystems
Systematic overview of material flows in

a region
42/57
Rationale of MFA: The Mass Balance Principle (1)

• Mass balance: the law of conservation of mass
• Mass output = Mass input + Mass accumulation
Xp-q: Material Flow from process ‘p’ to process ‘q’

• X0-1 = X1-2 + X1-3
• X1-2 = X2-0
• X1-3 = X3-0
• X0-1 = X2-0+ X3-0
43/57
Advantages of applying Mass Balance Principle
1. Mass balances can be applied at different system levels:

• Single processes
• Complex combinations of processes at smaller and larger
scales:
 Household
 Country
 World
2. Valuable tool to calculate regional streams that are hardly
measurable, like in waste residual outputs (Ayres 1989).
3. Efficient way to obtain accurate results even when some data
are missing
44/57
Framework of MFA (1)

Problem
1 Goal and system

definition
2 Quantification of flows
and stocks
3 Interpretation
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Goal definition = selection of substance or material to be
1
investigated: single element (Substance Flow Analysis) or group
of substances (Material Flow Analysis)
System definition = definition of system boundaries and relevant

processes
a. Spatial boundary: Geographical or administrative boundary

(e.g. watershed or country)
b. Temporal boundary: Flows per hour or month or year. Often
1 year because of data availabillity
c. Selection of relevant processes: Only processes that are
significant to the substance(s) under investigation
46/57
2
Quantification of stocks and flows:
 Calculate mass flows of goods that enter and leave
processes (measurements or applying mass balance)
 Calculate substance flows within these flows (multiplying
mass flows of goods with element concentrations)
 Calculate stocks: is there any type of accumulation
occuring?
Example of mass flow of goods and a substance (Cadmium) in a municipal

waste incinerator
47/57

• Interpretation of results:
3
 What is the relative contribution of processes to certain flows?

 Where are hotspots and potential control points?
 Is there a possibility of problem shifting when certain flows will
be restricted?
48/57

• MFA is a cyclical process: start with provisional data and rough
estimations; refine and improve system until required data quality
is achieved
Systematic overview of MFA procedures
49/57
Applications of MFA: resource management
• Analysis and planning of resources

• Identification of depletion and accumulation of
materials in society; forecasting of resource scarcities
and ‘secondary’ sources (recycling, landfills)
Example: natural resources are transformed to

‘anthropogenic’ resources; stocks in landfills
become important for future mining of
substances
50/57
Applications of MFA; resource management

• Resource study: Copper cycle in Asia
Copper cycle in Asia The units are Gg

Cu/year; Lith=Lithosphere
51/57
Applications of MFA; environmental management
• Identification of existence, size and fate of

hazardous substances in a region
• Identification of hotspots and control points
• Identification of problem shifts
Example (hypothetical): “A Material Flow Account of a harbour

substance watershed shows a large flow of mercury in wastewater.
Laboratories are relatively the largest contributors. In wastewater
source treatment plants, absorption and deposition to sludge are a major
removal mechanism for mercury. When mercury flows in wastewater
are restricted by means of imposing advanced treatment technology
problem shift to wastewater treatment plants in the region, then mercury outflows
to landfills are likely to increase.”
52/57
Applications of MFA in soil management
53/57
Applications of MFA; solid waste management

• MFA discerns between flows of ‘goods’ and ‘substances’
 Important because substances cause environmental
problems, while flows of substances can only be controlled
indirectly via flows of the goods that contain the substances.
 “It is not the good leachate of a landfill that imposes danger
to the groundwater. The danger resides in the cocktail of
hazardous substances in the leachate of the landfill.” (Brunner
and Rechberger 2004)
• MFA can identify appropriate recycling options
 Elemental composition of materials determine whether a
material is appropriate for recycling
• MFA identifies side-effects of recycling
 Accumulation of heavy metals in soils when sewage sludge
is used as agricultural fertilizer
54/57

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5 – Environmental Assessment Tools

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) atau Analisis Siklus Hidup. Berikutnya

Eco-design, yang merupakan suatu aplikasi praktis dari pemikiran

Material Flow Analysis (MFA), yang merupakan suatu instrumen

5.1 Life Cycle Analysis

• LCA merupakan suatu teknik yang

• Aplikasi-aplikasi yang paling penting antara lain

Saling Terkait satu

Contoh dari Implementasi LCA didalam Industri.

Suatu industri mempertimbangkan penambahan satu tahap

Mesin manakah yang sebaiknya dipilih untuk industri ini jika

Tabel dampak lingkungan dari kedua mesin, yang disajikan

The Concept of LCA (2)

• Some products have a dominating environmental

Examples: Examples: Examples:

Methodology of LCA (1)

(1) Mendefinisikan tujuan dan Goal

(2) membuat model siklus hidup Direct applications:

impact assessment (LCIA) dan

Methodology of LCA (2), Goal and Scope

Methodology of LCA (3), Goal and Scope

Methodology of LCA (5), Inventory

Example of Product system and Inventory Table

Methodology of LCA (9), Impact assessment

VOC Summer smog

Methodology of LCA (8), Impact assessment:

• Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization:

Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)

Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation

• To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope:

Methodology of LCA (10), Interpretation

• By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how

Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (1)

• LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but

Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (2)

• What are the costs and revenues incured during the

Extending the scope of Environmental LCA (3)

• Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment

Penghitungan ini mengabaikan beberapa dampak lingkungan lain yang biasanya

Implications for the Design Process (2)

Implications for the Design Process (3)

Planning Idea generation Concept development Detailed design

Complexity of the Design Process

Implications for the Design Process (4)

Detailed Best concept is

Application of LCA results in Design for Environment

Consequences for Composition and Amount of

Functional performance provided by product over life cycle

resource- reduction haz.

applying Eco-efficiency results in Eco-products…

Consequences for Composition and Amount of

Consequences for solid waste:

Related Concepts: Design for Environment,

environmental, health, and safety objectives over the full

Related Concepts: Design for Environment,

improvement on a broader scale.

5.3 Material Flow Analysis

Ada dua jenis MFA

• Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) yang bertujuan untuk

MFA dan Pengelolaan Sampah Modern.

Why MFA? (1)

Material flows and

Why MFA? (2)