Status dan roadmap pengendalian

Pencemaran Udara
di Indonesia
Ahmad Safrudin - KPBB
Diskusi Publik Environmental Outlook 2018: Menuju Keadilan Sosial dan Ekologi
Manggala Wanabhakti, Jakarta 15 Januari 2018

Sarinah Building 12th Floor, Jalan MH Thamrin # 11 Jakarta Indonesia 10350

Phone: +62-21-3190 6807 Fax: +62-21-315 3401
e-mail: puput@kpbb.org; kpbb@kpbb.org, www.kpbb.org
 Outline
1. Pencemaran udara
2. Sumber pencemaran udara
3. Dampak kesehatan
4. Solusi
5. Rekomendasi
Pencemaran Udara

Di Berbagai Kota
 60.00
PM2.5
Serpong
50.00
Bandung
DKI Jakarta
Semarang
40.00 Surabaya (Provinsi)
Surabaya kota
DIY Yogyakarta
Medan
µg/m3

30.00
Pekanbaru
Palangka Raya
Balikpapan

20.00 Menado
Ambon
Makasar
NAAQS
Mataram
10.00
Jayapura
Denpasar

0.00
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Tahun
Kualitas udara di berbagai kota
Sumber: PUSARPEDAL-KLHK diolah oleh KPBB
Kualitas udara di berbagai kota
DATA TH. 2012
PARAMETER
NO PROVINSI
PM2.5 PM10 BC Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Pb

(ug/m3) (ng/m3)
1 Serpong 12.58 28.80 2.11 121.5 20.5 39.0 90.6 533.1 140.9 38.6 3.0 0.5 0.9 3.8 33.9 0.3 1.8 91.7 166.6
2 Bandung 17.95 48.92 3.39 99.6 53.1 72.1 142.0 803.7 206.4 105.9 6.4 0.5 0.8 2.9 77.9 0.5 2.0 27.3 21.1
3 DKI Jakarta 20.72 53.89 3.57 174.2 33.7 105.5 222.8 899.9 182.3 182.2 9.9 0.6 1.7 9.6 114.3 0.4 0.5 7.1 168.1 59.1
4 Semarang 9.3 29.9 1.80 106.7 25.8 37.9 69.6 448.8 156.9 31.6 2.0 0.4 0.8 1.7 24.1 0.4 1.0 72.5 9.3
5 Surabaya (Provinsi) 19.61 49.45 3.78 291.6 61.3 69.0 149.7 604.7 264.0 95.5 6.7 0.3 1.7 11.3 140.7 0.5 0.4 4.6 339.4 559.8
6 DIY Yogyakarta 10.33 23.43 2.35 139.4 48.4 23.1 64.8 402.5 218.3 37.7 1.1 0.2 0.6 1.3 19.8 0.4 0.9 9.6 3.0
7 Pekanbaru 18.66 50.21 3.54 59.3 47.4 216.8 341.7 466.2 272.2 92.2 16.3 0.5 1.8 1.2 55.2 0.4 1.5 10.1 2.9
8 Palangka Raya 12.03 26.29 1.44 67.4 26.3 26.8 59.8 401.6 101.3 17.7 2.7 0.3 0.9 0.8 11.0 0.0 0.7 2.8 1.9
9 Makasar 9.84 23.75 1.58 94.1 34.8 57.5 130.3 336.2 106.0 75.8 4.4 0.8 0.9 3.2 42.1 0.3 0.6 1.0 7.6 13.3
10 Denpasar 15.31 43.65 2.56 324.4 90.6 51.3 154.4 682.5 343.8 115.4 3.0 0.7 0.5 1.5 41.1 0.2 1.1 6.3 3.9

DATA TH. 2013

PARAMETER
NO PROVINSI
PM2.5 PM10 BC Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Pb

(ug/m3) (ng/m3)
1 Serpong 12.67 28.83 2.30 120.7 27.8 48.2 98.4 470.3 126.4 37.4 3.2 0.4 2.0 3.7 37.8 0.2 2.2 75.7 214.8
2 Bandung 13.21 35.50 3.02 80.8 53.9 83.7 143.9 639.9 154.3 122.4 6.5 0.4 1.7 3.0 75.7 0.6 3.1 30.0 24.4
3 DKI Jakarta 16.21 41.22 3.20 150.7 34.7 124.6 269.6 553.2 146.0 234.9 11.9 0.6 2.7 8.1 134.6 0.3 0.5 7.1 140.8 43.5
4 Semarang 16.11 30.36 3.42 174.1 30.5 56.5 165.1 607.7 239.5 81.5 3.6 0.4 1.2 3.8 52.3 0.4 0.4 1.7 101.4 17.5
5 Prov Surabaya 15.22 29.81 3.19 257.0 52.2 51.1 138.4 526.1 196.1 68.5 4.7 0.3 1.4 11.1 118.0 0.4 0.5 4.2 346.4 339.2
6 DIY Yogyakarta 11.04 21.48 2.61 130.0 38.9 37.0 152.0 380.2 199.5 43.1 1.2 0.3 1.7 1.5 24.9 0.4 1.3 9.1 3.6
7 Pekanbaru 17.48 53.18 3.12 44.8 20.0 118.5 213.8 525.2 277.6 60.6 9.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 34.6 0.3 0.3 1.6 8.6 3.4
8 Palangka Raya 6.87 17.31 1.27 55.4 38.1 38.9 91.2 220.1 74.4 24.9 4.0 0.3 1.4 0.9 16.3 0.3 0.8 2.3 1.7
9 Balikpapan 8.75 25.19 1.40 210.0 55.4 32.4 44.3 519.7 154.8 23.9 1.4 0.9 0.5 12.4 0.2 0.7 2.3 0.9
10 Menado 5.97 18.52 1.21 72.2 44.1 30.4 98.8 165.8 135.7 24.7 3.0 0.8 0.2 1.3 16.6 0.1 1.3 2.6 4.8
11 Ambon 7.05 16.96 1.59 105.3 32.1 0.6 26.8 246.1 114.6 36.3 0.5 0.8 1.4 1.8 16.8 0.3 1.9 7.5 6.0
12 Makasar 4.50 20.22 0.90 59.2 17.7 24.9 53.9 154.3 46.4 36.9 2.4 0.2 1.7 1.3 18.6 0.2 0.6 7.5 9.0
13 Jayapura 3.23 9.72 0.60 58.3 13.8 15.9 12.7 153.7 18.7 28.1 0.4 0.1 0.8 0.8 5.0 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.4
14 Denpasar 10.38 23.47 2.37 218.9 97.1 40.2 112.5 494.3 284.8 87.9 5.3 1.2 1.5 1.3 29.8 0.3 4.3 25.2 7.7
Sumber: PUSARPEDAL-KLHK
 Kualitas udara di berbagai kota
DATA TH. 2014
PARAMETER
NO PROVINSI
PM2.5 PM10 BC Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Pb

(ug/m3) (ng/m3)
1 Serpong 19.13 39.72 3.56 456.7 28.6 124.2 145.9 995.3 213.0 159.4 5.5 0.5 8.9 6.2 93.1 1.6 5.0 76.1 187.1
2 Bandung 19.45 43.33 3.61 430.6 33.4 129.9 171.2 1455.7 200.2 225.4 8.3 0.8 0.8 5.3 137.4 0.1 0.9 2.4 51.4 52.9
3 DKI Jakarta 19.95 52.19 2.52 607.7 33.2 124.5 218.5 991.0 197.6 255.3 9.3 0.9 1.0 11.2 130.1 0.1 0.8 8.8 99.4 5.0
4 Semarang 15.60 29.70 2.69 468.2 24.0 69.4 95.3 902.6 253.1 161.7 3.3 0.7 0.3 2.7 60.3 0.0 0.9 0.8 89.1 1.4
5 Surabaya (Provinsi) 16.69 36.09 3.74 832.2 15.8 96.9 142.4 930.8 246.6 176.7 3.8 0.6 0.5 9.1 113.8 0.8 4.1 272.1 413.1
6 DIY Yogyakarta 14.09 28.72 2.39 375.5 16.8 115.1 133.0 581.4 215.8 171.0 2.6 0.4 0.1 1.1 32.0 0.2 0.7 10.9 4.6
7 Medan 10.40 30.67 1.03 237.5 10.3 54.8 74.3 323.6 120.2 128.5 2.6 0.7 1.7 1.9 23.6 0.1 1.5 0.9 10.3 5.1
8 Pekanbaru (Jan-Maret 2014) 28.03 71.91 2.03 177.4 24.3 85.9 101.5 800.9 169.1 144.9 6.0 0.8 0.4 1.3 33.8 0.0 1.1 4.5 14.0 7.6
9 Palangka Raya 7.34 19.89 1.31 177.3 19.7 101.9 28.4 58.2 15.8 141.6 2.8 0.4 4.6 2.0 15.3 0.3 2.1 4.6 6.5 2.1
10 Balikpapan 5.42 13.83 1.31 178.5 14.4 13.5 30.4 427.1 67.5 109.9 1.7 2.4 0.5 1.5 19.1 0.0 2.3 1.6 9.9 2.6
11 Menado 5.67 11.97 0.9 233.5 33.3 69.0 54.5 139.5 139.5 106.5 3.0 0.6 3.3 2.0 25.6 0.1 1.2 4.0 8.1 6.3
12 Ambon 6.65 12.56 1.44 437.1 16.6 23.6 27.0 295.1 68.4 107.5 0.7 0.4 0.1 1.6 10.0 0.0 1.1 3.1 6.9 6.3
13 Makasar 11.44 17.25 2.42 388.5 24.8 78.4 102.5 460.1 226.2 158.7 5.0 0.6 0.3 2.4 56.8 0.1 0.9 2.5 19.3 26.9
14 Mataram 12.42 34.65 2.42 405.4 19.0 45.8 109.7 388.3 255.1 155.6 3.6 0.9 0.2 2.2 43.6 0.0 1.5 0.3 7.4 2.8
15 Jayapura 6.56 16.35 0.83 180.1 31.4 54.3 28.0 197.3 31.8 121.8 2.1 0.2 3.8 1.9 14.8 0.3 1.4 1.0 6.7 1.5
16 Denpasar 14.21 30.86 3.04 705.7 42.3 72.8 168.4 617.4 302.2 232.6 6.8 1.4 0.8 3.4 78.4 0.1 1.5 3.8 14.2 5.8

DATA TH. 2015

PARAMETER
NO PROVINSI
PM2.5 PM10 BC Na Mg Al Si S K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Pb

(ug/m3) (ng/m3)
1 Serpong 13.20 28.04 2.71 301.7 29.2 42.8 97.2 760.7 140.8 41.8 4.4 0.4 0.4 3.1 47.6 0.02 1.3 1.5 46.4 266.6
2 Bandung 18.85 42.50 3.52 412.4 9.7 73.7 162.8 1291.0 255.1 112.7 8.8 0.5 0.8 3.3 123.5 0.04 1.1 3.4 31.9 17.7
3 DKI Jakarta 16.15 53.19 3.82 614.2 20.6 124.5 221.1 1190.8 243.0 150.9 11.0 0.6 0.9 9.7 141.5 0.05 1.8 6.5 92.9 31.8
4 Semarang 18.30 28.83 3.55 443.0 23.0 44.7 80.8 1097.7 324.4 159.8 4.3 0.6 0.5 3.3 49.5 0.05 1.1 1.6 73.2 14.3
5 Surabaya (Provinsi) 15.88 37.32 3.28 775.5 23.3 46.0 111.6 752.7 260.2 173.3 5.6 0.6 0.7 5.4 119.2 0.07 1.2 2.3 172.7 501.0
6 Surabaya kota 19.02 29.20 3.19 961.4 30.7 44.8 126.3 1032.0 413.3 61.7 6.2 0.5 1.8 3.9 77.8 0.07 0.7 3.0 305.7 208.2
7 DIY Yogyakarta 11.96 28.20 2.63 380.0 15.6 37.1 78.5 548.7 222.3 188.1 3.2 0.6 1.1 1.7 41.2 0.04 0.9 1.8 16.3 4.5
8 Medan off in 2015
9 Pekanbaru 24.75 51.99 3.02 178.4 22.7 87.4 138.1 812.3 415.9 161.6 7.4 1.7 1.0 1.4 55.5 0.04 0.9 2.3 17.8 5.0
Palangka Raya (rerata
10 termasuk data saat terjadinya 52.75 102.08 2.04 285.3 47.9 90.8 43.2 1390.2 114.4 378.2 7.6 0.4 1.6 7.2 17.1 0.22 2.9 0.9 28.7 6.3
kebakaran hutan)
11 Balikpapan 11.40 28.44 2.23 398.0 38.7 32.5 102.2 875.5 191.7 47.3 3.8 1.0 0.8 1.1 46.9 0.06 1.4 5.0 9.8 4.2
12 Menado 6.05 19.23 0.80 329.1 23.5 66.3 105.5 308.4 110.1 155.6 3.8 0.4 0.9 3.2 46.6 0.03 0.9 0.3 8.2 2.1
13 Ambon 7.86 13.79 1.10 383.5 34.1 46.5 32.1 378.3 61.3 119.2 1.2 0.7 2.1 1.9 18.3 0.06 1.6 4.8 11.4 5.9
14 Makasar 13.77 19.95 3.05 416.0 53.6 92.7 158.1 686.9 417.7 210.9 7.0 1.2 0.8 4.5 83.9 0.04 0.9 9.4 15.4 7.3
15 Mataram 9.78 20.98 1.86 435.2 82.1 269.7 603.6 143.1 121.7 326.8 17.3 0.5 1.3 6.6 228.2 0.05 1.1 3.0 11.0 2.4
16 Jayapura 5.27 11.25 0.69 133.6 21.4 28.2 34.4 280.8 46.3 61.2 1.5 0.3 0.9 1.1 22.3 0.02 0.8 0.5 7.9 2.6
17 Denpasar 14.68 31.41 2.52 383.0 9.1 64.8 118.8 595.1 211.9 196.2 4.9 1.2 1.9 3.4 67.5 0.05 0.8 1.9 12.4 5.1

Sumber: PUSARPEDAL-KLHK
 Sumber: Dinas Provinsi DKI Jakarta

ISPU, Trend Kualitas Udara DKI Jakarta

Sumber Pencemaran
Volcanoes

© Anthony
Dust storms
http://pakettourbromomurah.com/pasir-berb
Decomposition of plants and animals
 Sea spray (aerosols)

© cornwallcam.co.uk
Traffic
Fossil fuel burning

© Getty Images
Fossil fuel burning (industry)

© Dirmawan Kirono
Manufacturing industry (iron/steel)

© azom.com
Waste

© Dani Hamdan
Forest fires

© dihutan.blogspot
 Dampak Kesehatan
Health Effect - Jakarta Case, 2016:
• Total population of Jakarta is 9,983,281
• 58.3% of the Jakarta population were suffered by
various air pollution-related diseases.
• Total direct medical cost, IDR 51.2 trillions ~ USD 3.9
billions

• WHO released the report

(Release WHO/06, 25 March
2014) that 1/8 death
worldwide (2012) or ~ 7
millions people die due to air
pollution exposure:
• 68.000 people died in
Indonesia.

Pollutant Standard Index

Jakarta air
polltuion
estimation
Base year = 2001-
2010 => Projected to
2030
HAP dan eco-genocide
• HAP (Hazardous Air Pollutant) atau parameter pencemaran udara mengandung B3
berupa logam berat seperti timbel (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) dll.
• Untuk parameter Pb terpantau yang tertinggi di udara ambient adalah kawasan
pinggiran Surabaya (0,510 µg/m3) dan kota Surabaya (0,208 µg/m3) serta Serpong
(0,266 µg/m3) dan masih banyak kawasan lain seperti Bogor, Tegal, Lamongan,
Pasuruna, Cikarang, dll namun luput dari pantauan KLHK.
• Tingginya kadar Pb di udara ambient ini merupakan petunjuk adanya proses
smelter (peleburan logam) yang menggunakan bahan baku Pb di sekitarnya (daur
ulang aki bekas misalnya) yang selalu mengemisikan Pb dengan kadar sangat tinggi
ke udara dengan kisaran 1,5 – 6 µg/m3.
• Tidak mengherankan jika ini menyebabkan tingginya kadar Pb di dalam darah
masyarakat sekitar smelter terutama anak-anak (kisaran 11 – 65 µg/dL
– Sementara ambang batas menurut standard WHO 10 µg/dL)
• Berdampak tingginya angka sakit/penyakit karena paparan logam berat seperti
cacat fisik, cacat mental, down syndrome, tremor, penurunan point IQ, dll hingga
kematian.
– Merujuk pada analisa Office of the UN Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide
(OSAPG), mereka dapat dikategorikan sebagai korban eco-genocide “… as such: killing
members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group …”
Curug
ppm

Graphic: Soil Lead Concentration in JABODETABEK

 LOCATION SITE BLL Soil House Floor Dust Window
n med min max n med n med n med
Kelapa Dua Site 1 41 8.3 2.2 14.7 34 1,289 68 32 68 971
Dadap Site 2 37 8.7 2.3 14.9 45 1,201 90 35 90 853
Rawa Buaya Site 3 45 7.9 2.9 13.9 42 8,149 84 47 84 423
Cipondoh Ste 4 36 9.8 3.2 15.2 44 6,501 88 44 88 546
Cinangka Site 5 39 14.2 3.8 33.7 41 182,678 82 621 82 6387
TOTAL 198

Correlation Soil, Window, Floor, and BLL

Spreading of High Risk Smelters in Jakarta and
its Surrounding areas
Policy Option
Solution
Integrated Emission Reduction Strategy
CLEAN ENERGY
ESDM, MOEF,
Pertamina, PGN, PLN,
City Government
• ULG
• Low Sulfur Fuels:
• CNG, LGV, LNG
• Fuel with Euro 6 Standard
• Low Sulfur Industrial
Diesle Fuel
• Phase-out:
• Premium 88
• Pertalite 90
• Solar 48
• Clean & Renewable Fuels
• Fuel Economy spec
(appropriate RON, ect). • Appropriate Car Fuel Filling
• Fuel Handling Evaporated:
• Power Plant with clean fuel
• Nozzle Evaporated
Standard
• Tank Evaporated
• Electric Vehicle:
Transportation/Storage/
Refinery.
• Clean and Sustainable Fuel •
for Electricity Supply
• Electricity for
Transportation
• PM, HC, CO, NOx, SOx: Local Air Pollution
EMISSIONS • CO2: Global Green House Gas
CLEAN LAND USE, INDUSTRY, TRAFFIC EMISSION LAW
TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT STANDARD ENFORCEMENT
MOI, MOT, MOEF, MOEF, MOI, MO MOEF, MOT, MO
MOI, MOT, MOEF, City
AUTO-INDUSTRY, City Energy, City Energy, Traffic Police,
Government
Government Government City Government
• Lower Emission Vehicle: TRANSPORTATION: • Incentive/disincentive:
• Euro Standard • Mobility Behavior: • Ambient Air Quality
• Fiscal:
• New Type/Current • Driving Habit: Monitoring:
• Eco-driving/riding • Low Emission
Production • By PEMDA
• Soot-free Buses • Speed management Vehicle
• Scrapping Car • Vehicle utility • By Industrial Estate
• Vehicle Carbon Tax
• Low Carbon Emission • Reduce Motor Vehicle Dependency • By Hazardous
Vehicle: • TDM and TOD • Fuel Carbon Tax
Industry
• Down Sizing • Mass Public Transport: MRT/LRT/BRT • Non Fiscal
• Technology • NMT: • Ambient Air Quality
• Market Driven:
Improvement • Walking Standard
• Alt Low Carbon Tech • Cycling • Low Emission
• Low Emission Vehicle
• Eco-mode application • Road Pricing (not toll) Disclosure
• Automatic turn-off at the • Parking Management Standard (local air
• Fuel Economy/Low
idling • Infrastructure: pollution)
• Scrapping Car • Road, rail, ect. Carbon Vehicle
• Fuel Economy Vehicle
• Underpass/fly-over at the railway Disclosure and or Fuel
System crossing Standard/Low Carbon
Economy Labeling
• NMT: Emission Vehicle
and technology: • Walkability City • In-used Vehicle:
Standard
• CNG, LPG, LNG • Cycling • I/M
• No Diesel Fuel, No Coal • Green Freight and Logistic: • Stringent Emissions
• Regularly Inspection
• CNG, LPG, LNG Index of Fuels
• Bus • Soot-free Diesel • Self Monitoring.
• Low Emission Zone
• Motor-cycle • Eco-driving
Clean Smelter Technology • Intelligence Traffic System:
Eco-industrial technology. • Traffic Light (integrated system)
• Toll gate (Gantry and OBU)
• ERP Gantry Technological approach
• Motor Vehicle dBase.
INDUSTRY:
• Industrial Zone Non technological approach
• Clean Smelter Management
• Eco-industrial Management Both
• Eco-office.
 Vehicle Emission Standard
Local Air Pollution: PM, CO, HC, NOx, SOx, O3, Heavy Metal (Pb, Mn, Fe)

• Euro 2 (2005)
• Euro 3 (2013) motorcycle only
• Euro 4 (2018) gasoline car
• (2021) diesel car
Fuel Economy - Policies Formula
Policy Title Description Parameter and Its Source
Option
1 Emission Standard Implement Euro 2 at 2005, Euro 3 at 2015, and Table Appendix 3. Adopted Emission Factors (g/km) at 80,000 km, source :
Euro 4 at 2020 Coffe (2005)
2 Fuel Efficiency
Enhance fuel Efficiency 10 % by 2009
+Option 1
3 CNG +Option 1 Assume Cost for Gas Converter = $800 ,
Convert to Gas for Passenger Cars and Bus, at Gas Fuel CO NO HC PM
least 1 % at 2009, 2 % at 2011, and at 5 % at Reduction 0.89 0.53 0 0.85
2021 Sources Evaluating the Emission Reduction Benefits of WMATA
Natural Gas Buses, www.eere.energy.gov
4 Catalytic Coverter Cost for Catalytic Coverter = $800 ,
+Option 1 Use Catalytic Converter to Diesel vehicles (25 Gas Fuel CO NO HC PM
% of Passenger Car, Bus, and Truck) Reduction 0.0 0.15 0 0.5
Sources: Michael P.Walsh (May,2006)
5 Hybrid Technology + Use Hybrid technology for Passenger cars and
Cost = $10,000
Option 1 Bus, at least 0.05% at 2009, 0.1 % at 2011,0.5
Assume fuel efficiency increases about 4.1 times than non hybrid technology.
% at 2016, and 1 % at 2021
6 Scapped + Option 1 Scrapped the 50 % vehicles that more than 20
years old from 2009
7 Biofuel + Option 1 Cost for processing biofuel = IDR 4,584/Liter is taken from Hadi
Convert to Biofuel for Passenger Cars and Bus, et.al,(2010),http://psp3.ipb.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/artikel/article/view/23
at least 1 % at 2009, 2 % at 2011, and at 5 % at Gas Fuel CO NO HC PM
2021 Reduction 0.47 -0.22 0.46 0.55
Sources: Xue, J., Tony, E.G and Alan C.H (2011)
8 Public Transport + Result passenger car and motor cycle shift to Invest on bus rapid transit and busway (2005-2015), commuter line (2010-
Option 1 public transport at least 5% and 1% at 2011, 2020), and MRT (2015-2025). Cost for Investment is provided in table 9. We
10% and 5 % at 2014, 20% and 10% at 2018 have limitation to consider operating and maintanance cost as well as
and 40% and 20% at 2025 expected reveneue from tariff.
9 Leapfrog Emission Implement Euro 2 at 2005, Euro 3 at 2013, and
Implement Euro 2 at 2005, Euro 3 at 2013, and Euro 4 at 2016
Standard + Option 1 Euro 4 at 2016
Ministry of Environment and Forestry Decree
Euro 4 - Vehicle Emission Standard
 83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
92

91
AMBON
BALIK PAPAN
BANDA ACEH
BANDAR LAMPUNG
BANDUNG
BANJARMASIN
BEKASI
BENGKULU
BOGOR
DENPASAR
DEPOK
GORONTALO
JAKARTA BARAT
JAKARTA PUSAT
JAKARTA SELATAN

2005
JAKARTA TIMUR
JAKARTA UTARA
JAMBI

2006
JAYAPURA
JAYAPURA
KENDARI

2007
KOTA BATAM
KUPANG

2008
KUPANG
MAKASSAR
Chart Title

MALANG

2010
MAMUJU
MANADO

2011
MANOKWARI
MATARAM
MEDAN
2012

PADANG
PALANGKA RAYA
PALEMBANG
PALU
PANGKAL PINANG
Gasoline - Series RON

PEKAN BARU
PONTIANAK
SAMARINDA
SEMARANG
SORONG
SURABAYA
SURAKARTA
TANGERANG
TANJUNG PINANG
YOGYAKARTA
 0
100
200
300
400
600

500
AMBON
BALIK PAPAN
BANDA ACEH
BANDAR LAMPUNG
BANDUNG
BANJARMASIN
BEKASI
BENGKULU
BOGOR
DENPASAR
DEPOK
GORONTALO
JAKARTA BARAT
JAKARTA PUSAT
JAKARTA SELATAN
JAKARTA TIMUR
JAKARTA UTARA
JAMBI
JAYAPURA
JAYAPURA
KENDARI
KOTA BATAM
KUPANG
KUPANG
MAKASSAR
MALANG
MAMUJU
MANADO
MANOKWARI
MATARAM
MEDAN
PADANG
PALANGKA RAYA
PALEMBANG
PALU
PANGKAL PINANG
PEKAN BARU
Gasoline - Series Sulfur

PONTIANAK
SAMARINDA
SEMARANG
SORONG
SURABAYA
SURAKARTA
TANGERANG
TANJUNG PINANG
YOGYAKARTA
2012
2011
2008
2007
2006
2005

2010
 10
20
30
40
50
60
80

70

0
AMBON
BALIK PAPAN
BANDA ACEH
BANDAR LAMPUNG
BANDUNG
BANJARMASIN
BEKASI
BENGKULU
BOGOR
DENPASAR
DEPOK
GORONTALO
JAKARTA BARAT
JAKARTA PUSAT
JAKARTA SELATAN
JAKARTA TIMUR
JAKARTA UTARA
JAMBI
JAYAPURA
JAYAPURA
KENDARI
KOTA BATAM
KUPANG
KUPANG
MAKASSAR
MALANG
MAMUJU
MANADO
MANOKWARI
MATARAM
MEDAN
PADANG
PALANGKA RAYA
PALEMBANG
PALU
PANGKAL PINANG
PEKAN BARU
PONTIANAK
SAMARINDA
SEMARANG
SORONG
SURABAYA
SURAKARTA
TANGERANG
TANJUNG PINANG
Standar

YOGYAKARTA
Nasional
Diesel Fuel 48 - Series Cetane Index

2012
2011
2010
2008
2007
2006
2005
 0
1000
1500
2000
2500
3500
4000
4500

500
3000
AMBON
BALIK PAPAN
BANDA ACEH
BANDAR LAMPUNG
BANDUNG
BANJARMASIN
BEKASI
BENGKULU
BOGOR
DENPASAR
DEPOK
GORONTALO
JAKARTA BARAT
JAKARTA PUSAT
JAKARTA SELATAN
JAKARTA TIMUR
JAKARTA UTARA
JAMBI
JAYAPURA
JAYAPURA
KENDARI
KOTA BATAM
KUPANG
KUPANG
MAKASSAR
MALANG
MAMUJU
MANADO
MANOKWARI
MATARAM
MEDAN
PADANG
PALANGKA RAYA
PALEMBANG
PALU
PANGKAL PINANG
PEKAN BARU
PONTIANAK
SAMARINDA
SEMARANG
SORONG
SURABAYA
Diesel Fuel 48 - Series Sulfur

SURAKARTA
TANGERANG
TANJUNG PINANG
Standar

YOGYAKARTA
Nasional

Euro 4
2012
2011
2010
2008
2007
2006
2005

Standard
Scenario Local Air Pollution Reduction
Vehicle Emission Standard Roadmap
Euro 2 Vehicle Emission Standard (2007), Euro 4 (2018), Euro 6 (2021)

Consist on applied Vehicle Emission Standard: Euro 2 (2007), Euro 4 (2018), Euro 6
(2021) will reduce total emission load of PM, HC, CO, NOx, SOx
by ~ 65%, 70%, 55%, 75%, 60% on 2030 respectively
Scenario Local Air Pollution Reduction 2
Vehicle Emission Standard Roadmap
Euro 2 Vehicle Emission Standard (2007), Euro 4 (2018), Euro 6 (2021)
Fuel Economy Standard
Low Carbon Vehicle
GHG: CO2
L/100KM

118 grCO2/Km

Fuel Economy Status

 NDC - Indonesia
Nationally Determined Contributions
2020 – 2030
Based on Paris Agreement Dec 2015

Road Transportation Emission (Gton CO2e)

• Commitment President 0.148 GtonCOe (2015)
Republic of Indonesia on
COP 21 - UNFCCC => NDC
• To reduce GHG 29%
(unconditional) to 41%
(conditional) compare
BAU on 2030 (~2.82 Gton
CO2e).
• Sectors: Energy (include
transport); LULUCF, IPPU,
Agriculture, and Waste.

Details action of GHG reduction to elaborate COP 21

Paris Agreement
Fuel Economy Roadmap

LCEC
LCGC ?

Spesification Tax Incentive

• Fuel consumption • Discount Luxury Goods Tax

CV Based 3.57L/100Km • Vehicle Tax (excise)
• CO2 emission 85 gr/km Feebate/Rebate base on Carbon
Platform Emission Level
• Fuels Excise base on Carbon
Emission Index
200 gr/km of CO2
Spesification Tax Incentive
Spesification Tax Incentive
• Fuel consumption km/l • Discount Luxury Goods Tax
• Fuel consumption 5L/100 Km 100% Disccount • CO2 emission 118 gr/km • Vehicle Tax (excise) Feebate/Rebate base on
• CO2 emission 118 gr/km Luxury Goods Tax Carbon Emission Level
• Fuels Excise base on Carbon Emission Index

Source: various source, reformulated by KPBB, 2015

1. Government Regulation No 41/2013 toward Luxury Goods Tax for Motor Vehicle
2. Presidential Decree No 22/2017 toward National Energy Plan: mandates to implement Fuel
Economy Standard by 2020.
3. Parallel to:
1. Incentive/disincentive fiscal policy (excise feebate/rebate base on CO2 emission level)
2. Fuel Economy Labeling to up grade existing program on COP (Conformity of Production).
Hazardous Air Pollutant

Solution
 Solusi Mengatasi HAP
• Penghentian operasional smelter:
– Lokalisir dan modernisasi smelter (sudah ada
guideline)
– Enforcement legal smelter
• Penerapan EPR bagi industri battery
• Penghentian proses pertambangan emas dan
proses lanjutannya yang tidak ramah lingkungan
• Clean up lahan terkontaminasi bahan yang
berpotensi meng-exposure HAP.
Technology Approach
GHG Reduction - GtonCO2e
Sub-sector Road-transportation
• National Green House Gas BAU 2030 ~ 2.82
GtonCO2e.
• Road-transportation will share 0.470 GtonCO2e
(16.66%):
 0.212 GtonCO2e Gasoline
 0.257 GtonCO2e Diesel
• Scenario Fuel Economy Standard:
 2012 (applied)
 9.34 L/100 Km ~ 219.96 grCO2/Km Gasoline
 8.33 L/100 Km ~ 216.99 grCO2/Km Diesel
 2020
 5 L/100 Km ~ 117.75 grCO2/Km Gasoline
 5 L/100 Km ~ 130.25 grCO2/Km Diesel
 2025
 3.57 L/100 Km ~ 84.07 grCO2/Km Gasoline
 3.57 L/100 Km ~ 92.99 grCO2/Km Diesel
• Total reduction by above-mentioned scenario (2030)
is 0.28 GtonCO2e or 59% of BAU:
 > target NDC (41%)
 Improve competitive advantage of nat’t auto industry at
regional/global market (4.4 L/100 Km).
 Equal to fuel saving by 59.86 million KL p.a. Gasoline, and
56.00 million KL p.a. Diesel Fuel on 2030 ~ Rp 677 trillions.
 Rekomendasi
1. Pemerintah segera menerapkan air quality management secara ketat dan
konsisten baik di sector transportasi, industry, pertambangan, konstruksi,
pengelolaan lahan/hutan, pengolahan sampah, dll.
2. Memberikan santunan kesehatan dan sosial bagi para korban
pencemaran
3. Mengefektifkan aparat KLHK dalam pengendalian pencemaran udara dan
HAP
4. Memperketat Standard Baku Mutu Udara Ambient
5. Regulasi Standard Carbon Kendaraan Bermotor (LCEV) sebagai bagian
dari NDC dalam penurunan emisi rumah kaca
6. Persiapan regulasi Standard Emisi Kendaraan Euro 6/VI
7. Modernisasi proses peleburan logam secara efektif
8. Penerapan EPR untuk industri battery
9. Penegakan hukum secara ketat dan konsisten terhadap para pencemar.
 Rekomendasi(2)
9. Untuk persiapan Asian Games 2018, Presiden memerintahkan pemerintah
kota terkait (DKI Jakarta dan Palembang) untuk menghentikan sumber
pencemaran udara:
– pengelolaan lalu lintas dan angkutan jalan raya seefektif mungkin
– pelarangan truck beroperasi siang hari di dalam kota
– penetapan zona rendah emisi yaitu kawasan yang hanya boleh diakses oleh kendaraan rendah emisi dan
atau berdasarkan hasil uji emisi
– penetapan pajak progresif dikaitkan dengan tingkat emisi kendaraan
– hanya mengizinkan distribusi BBM berkualitas baik dan BBG
– menghentikan sementara pabrik dengan polusi tinggi (pabrik semen, smelter logam, PLTU berbahan
bakar BBM dan batu bara, pembakaran sampah, dll)
– menghentikan permanen atas pabrik yang mengemisikan limbah B3
– menghentikan sementara bus-bus kota yang tak terawat dan kendaraan 2 tak
– merazia kendaraan yang tak memenuhi baku mutu emisi
– merazia pembakaran kabel/aki bekas/sampah elektronik/alumunium foil dll yang sering dilakukan oleh
home scale industry
– penghentian dan pembinaan bengkel cat pinggir jalan
– pelarangan angkutan material bangunan tanpa penutup
– Pelarangan proses konstruksi gedung tanpa penutup (layer).
– melakukan pemantauan kualitas udara ambient, ro adside, maupun indoor (terutama venue Asian
Games) dan melakukan langkat konkrit atas hasil pemantauan, dll
 Terimakasih Ahmad Safrudin
Contact => KPBB:
Sarinah Building 12th Floor, Jalan MH Thamrin # 11 Jakarta Indonesia 10350
Phone: +62-21-3190 6807 Fax: +62-21-315 3401
Mobile: +62 816897959 (WA, Line)
Skype: a_safrudin
Twitter: @Mas_Puput
FB: Ahmad Safrudin
e-mail: puput@kpbb.org; kpbb@kpbb.org, www.kpbb.org
EMISSION INVENTORY RESULTS
BASE YEAR = 2012
PROJECTED TO 2030
 Modeled using ATMoS dispersion model and
WRF meteorological fields
Average source contributions

Designated Urban area