Sumedi Sudarsono
(1). Random.
(2). Equal probability.
Populasi ialah kelompok besar yg ingin diteliti,
yg ingin diketahui sifat-sifatnya sesuai deggan
tujuan penelitian.
Penelitian tentang diare pada balita di
Kelurahan ‘X’ pada bulan ……. tahun ……..
1. Non-probability sampling
2. Probability sampling ( Random Sampling )
………………………
1. Non-probability sampling , antara lain :
1. Consecutive sampling
2. Convenient sampling
3. Judgment sampling
4. Alternative sampling
5. Accidental samplig.
(1). Consecutive sampling
Misal utk penelitian pendpt ibu ttg pemberian ASI dan susu
formula, dipilih ibu-ibu yg pernah memberikan ASI dan
pernah pula memberikan susu formula kpd bayinya.
Atau pd ibu-ibu dg pendidikan yg cukup agar dpt memberi
keterangan yg akurat. Cara ini lemah.
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
Cara pengambilan sampel ada dua :
1. Non-probability sampling
2. Probability sampling ( Random Sampling
………………………
2. Probability sampling
Populasi = 300.
Sampel = 60.
16 22 77 94 39
84 42 17 53 31
63 01
(2). Systematic sampling.
( ) ( ) ( ) (1) ( ) ( )
( ) (2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (5) ( ) ( ) ( )
(4) ( ) (17 ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) (2) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) (23)
(13) ( ) (5) ( ) ( ) ( )
……………………………………………………..
Besar sampel pada Penelitian.
The idea of sampling is to study a part of the
population in order to gain information about the
whole population.
Advantages of a sample :
1. Reduce finance, personnel, material, lower cost.
2. Results more quickly, shorter time
3. Better accuracy
4. More comprehensive data
……………………………………………………..
Sample size depends on :
1. Study design
2. Estimated magnitude of the parameter being
studied ( = p )
3. Variability of the parameter being studied (s)
4. Level of Error ( = α )
5. Level of precision ( L )
6. Data analysis plan
7. Practical consideration
…………………………………………..
1. Study design.
Longitudinal study design requires larger sample
than cross-sectional study.
Cluster sampling design requires larger sample
than simple random sampling.
4. Level of Error ( = α )
The lower the α, the larger the sample size.
5.
5. Level of precision ( L ).
The higher the level of precision desired, the larger
the sample size.
1. Study design
2. Estimated magnitude of the parameter being
studied ( p )
3. Variability of the parameter being studied (s)
4. Level of Error ( = α )
5. Level of precision ( L ) or d
6. Data analysis plan
7. Practical consideration.
………………………………………….
(1). Desain potong-lintang :
n
n1 = --------------- n1 = Population correction.
1 + n/N
N = Besar Populasi.
α Zα
------------------------- Semakin kecil α
0.05 1.960 maka semakin besar
0.025 2.248* nilai Zα nya. maka
0.020 2.326
0.01 2.576 semakin besar
0.005 2.813* ukuran sampelnya.
0.001 3.291
--------------------------
Rujuk Table A3
(Zα) 2 p q p = 0.75 q = 0.25
n = ---------------- α = 0.05 Zα = 1.960
L2 L = 0.10
n2 = 58 + (10%)(58) = 64
========o0o========
Soal (1) :
Alpha = 5% = 5%
p = 0.30 = 0.40 = 0.50
L = 10% = 10 %
Key : n = 81 n = 92 n = 96
N = 666
Soal (2) :
Alpha = 5%
p = 0.63
L = 10%
Key : n = 89
N = 666
Rumus Sample Size utk Survei / prevalensi
Data Numerik. Contoh : Kadar HB bumil.
( gram/dL ).
Zα (s)
n = { ----------- } 2
d
(1.96) (0.45)
n = { ---------------- } 2 = 78
0.10
=======o0o=======
(2). Rumus Sample Size utk
Uji t-independent
(Zα + Zβ) 2 s 2
n = 2 ----------------------------
(mean1 – mean2) 2
mean1 –mean2
t = ------------------------------- dikuadratkan
s √ (2/n)
(mean1 –mean2) ) 2
((Zα + Zβ) 2 = -------------------------------
s 2 (2/n)
n (mean1 –mean2) 2
2 s2 (Zα + Zβ) 2 = -------------------------------
2 (Zα + Zβ) 2 s 2
n = ----------------------------
(mean1 – mean2) 2
Tabel Beta ( 1 – β ) = Power penelitian.
β Zβ
----------------------------- Semakin besar Power
20% 0.842 semakin besar Zβ
10% 1.282 maka semakin besar
5% 1.645 sampelnya.
1% 2.326
0.05% 2.576
-----------------------------
α Zα
------------------------- Semakin kecil α
0.05 1.960 maka semakin besar
0.025 2.248* nilai Zα nya. maka
0.020 2.326
0.01 2.576 semakin besar
0.005 2.813* ukuran sampelnya.
0.001 3.291
=========================================
β Zβ
----------------------------- Semakin besar Power
20% 0.842 semakin besar Zβ
10% 1.282 maka semakin besar
5% 1.645 sampelnya.
1% 2.326
0.05% 2.576
-----------------------------
s = 1.5 mean1 – mean2 = 1 g/dL
alpha = 5% Power = 80% Sample size = ?
(Zα + Zβ) 2 s 2
n = 2 ----------------------------
(mean1 – mean2) 2
=======o0o=======
T-test pairs
(Zα + Zβ) 2 s 2
n = ------------------------
(mean dif) 2
(1 – r 2)(Zα+Zβ) 2
n = ------------------------- + 2
r2
(n – 2)
t = r √ { ------------ } degree of freedom = n –2
(1 – r 2)
(n–2)
(Zα+Zβ) 2 = r 2 { -------------- }
(1 – r 2)
(n–2)
(1 – r 2) (Zα+Zβ) 2 = r 2 { -------------- }
(1 – r 2) (Zα+Zβ) 2
n = --------------------------- + 2
r 2
(1 – r 2)(Zα+Zβ) 2 r = 0.7 Zα = 1.96 Zβ = 0.842
n = ------------------------- + 2
r2
(1 – 0.7 2)(1.96+0.842) 2
n = ---------------------------------- + 2
0.7 2
(0.51)(2.802) 2
n = -------------------- + 2 = 10 Sampel akhir = 11.
0.49
=========o0o========-
4. Sample Size Studi Kohort atau Experiment.
{ Zα √(2pq) + Zβ √(p1q1+p2q2) } 2
n = ---------------------------------------------------
(p1-p2) 2
p1 + p2
p = ------------------
2
{Zα√(2pq) + Zβ√(p1q1+p2q2)}2
n = -------------------------------------------
(p1-p2) 2
p1 + p2
p = ------------- = 0.75 Zα = 1.96 Zβ = 0.842
2
{1.96√(2[(0.75)(0.25)] + 0.842√[0.7(0.3)+0.8(0.2)]}2
n = --------------------------------------------------------------------- = 293
(0.7 – 0.8) 2
==========o0o=========
5. Rumus Sample Size for Case-control.
1 1
(Zα) 2 [ --------- + -------------- ]
q1/ p1 q2/ p2
n = --------------------------------------
[ ln (1 – e) ] 2
hitung 1 : 0.667 dulu, baru
1 1 baru hasilnya dibagi 0.333
(1.96) 2 [ ---------------- + -------------- ]
0.667/0.333 p1 0.8/ 0.2 (3.841) [ 4.502 + 6.25 ]
n = ---------------------------------------------------- = --------------------------------
[ ln (1 – 0.2 ] 2 [ - 0.223] 2
(3.841)(10.752)
n = ------------------------ = 831
0.0497
=======o0o======== selesai