• BASA
Senyawa yang dapat menerima ion H+
atau akseptor ion H+
contoh : NaOH Na+ + OH-
OH- + H+ H2O
HCO3- + H+ H2CO3
Ingat ?
Larutan Buffer :
• Larutan yang dapat mempertahankan pH hampir konstan, walaupun
kedalam larutan tersebut ditambahkan asam (penambahan ion H+)
atau ditambahkan basa (pengurangan ion H+)
• Suatu larutan buffer memiliki unsur asam dan unsur basa
– Penambahan ion H+ ion H+ ditangkap oleh basa
– Pengurangan ion H+ akan diganti oleh asam
Pengaturan Keseimbangan asam basa
1. Sistem Bufer:
– Pertahanan pertama pengaturan PH
– Bekerja segera dalam mengatasi perubahan asam-basa
2. Paru :
– Bekerja mengeluarkan CO2 dari tubuh
– Bekerja dalam beberapa menit → jam
3. Ginjal :
– Ekresi asam / basa dari tubuh
– Bekerja beberapa jam → hari
Mekanisme Regulasi Keseimbangan Asam-Basa
Asidosis Respiratorik
Latihan Kasus 2
• pH = 7,0 (7,35-7,45)
• BE = -10 (+ 3)
• PCO2 = 20 (40 + 5)
• ?
Asidosis Metabolik
Latihan Kasus 3
• pH = 7,8 (7,35-7,45)
• BE = +10 (+ 3)
• PCO2 = 40 (40 + 5)
• ?
Alkalosis Metabolik
Latihan Kasus 4
• pH = 7,0 (7,35-7,45)
• BE = -10 (+ 3)
• PCO2 = 120 (40 + 5)
• ?
Asidosis Mix
Metabolik+Respiratorik
Disturbance of acid based balance
Disturbance Plasma PH Plasma PCO2 Plasma HCO3
Respiratory
Acidosis
Respiratory
Alkalosis
Metabolic
Acidosis
Metabolic
Alkalosis
faal_cairan-asam-basa/ikun/2006 33
Prinsip Koreksi
a. Ginjal
b. Kulit
c. Paru –paru
d. Gastrointestinal
Output cairan
Ginjal
• Normal = 0,5 ml/kg BB/jam
• Non Oliguria = > 400 ml/24 jam
• Oliguria = 100 – 400 ml/24 jam
• Anuria = < 100 ml/24 jam
Insensible Loss (IWL)
Rumus Praktis
o DEWASA = 10% x kg BB pasien /hari
o ANAK = 15% x kg BB pasien /hari
o Faeces diukur hanya bila BAB Cair
Nefron Ginjal
Renal Plasma Flow
Glomerolus
Arteri Afferent Arteri Efferent
Tekanan
Aliran Darah Hidrostatik Aliran Darah
650 ml/menit Glomerolus 525 ml/menit
Tubulus Proximal
Renal Plasma Flow
Glomerolus
Arteri Afferent Arteri Efferent
Tekanan
Aliran Darah Hidrostatik Aliran Darah
650 ml/menit Glomerolus 525 ml/menit
Ultrafiltrat
125
ml/menit
Tubulus Proximal
Obat yg pengaruhi Hemodinamik Ginjal
Glomerolus
Arteri Afferent Arteri Efferent
Tekanan
Aliran Darah Hidrostatik Aliran Darah
?..650 ml/menit Glomerolus ?..525 ml/menit
Osmolality plasma ↑
Thirst ↑ ADH ↑
Water ingesti ↑ water exc ↓
Water retensi
Osmolalitas plasma ↓
Vol sirkulasi ↑
1. Penurunan masukan Penyebab
2. Kehilangan cairan yang abnormal
melalui : kulit, gastro intestinal,
ginjal abnormal, dll.
3. Perdarahan
Tanda-gejala Klinis
• Pusing, kelemahan, Keletihan
• Sinkope
• anoreksia,mual, muntah, haus,
• kekacauan mental
• Konstipasi dan oliguria.
• HR meningkat, suhu meningkat, turgor kulit
menurun, lidah kering, mukosa mulut kering,
mata cekung.
Tipe Dehidrasi
1. Dehidrasi Isotonik
paling sering (80%).
kehilangan air = Kehilangan Na+
2. Dehidrasi Hipotonik
kehilangan air< kehilangan Na+ (kadar Na+ < 135 mEq/l)
3. Dehidrasi Hipertonik
Kehilangan air> kehilangan Na+ (kadar Na+ >145 mEq/l)
PENANGANAN
• Sesuai penyakit dasar
• Pemberian cairan oral – parenteral
• Infus Cairan Kristaloid diguyur sampai nadi terisi
penuh dan TD Sistolik > 100 mmHg, sisanya diberikan
2 jam berikutnya
EDEM / HIPERVOLEMIA
Patogenesis
1. ↑ tekanan darah 3. Permeabilitas kapiler ↑
hidrostatik kapiler 1. Trauma
1. Payah jantung 2. Radang
2. Sirosis hati 3. Luka bakar
3. Obstruksi vena lokal 4. Alergi
4. ↑ tekanan koloid
2. ↓ tekanan koloid osmotik intertitial
osmotik plasma ( alb↓ ) 1. Sumbatan sal
1. Sind. Nefrotik limfe
2. Sirosis hepatis
3. Malnutrisi
Gejala Klinis
• Oedema, peningkatan berat badan,
peningkatan TD (penurunan TD saat
jantung gagal) nadi kuat, asites, krekles
(rales). Ronkhi, mengi, distensi vena leher,
kulit lembab, takikardia, irama galop
Tindakan
• Sesuai penyakit dasar
• Pembatasan natrium dan air
• Diuretik
• Diet Rendah Garam
• Dialisis atau hemofiltrasi arteriovena kontinu: pada
gagal ginjal atau kelebihan beban cairan yang
mengancam hidup
Gangguan Keseimbangan Elektrolit
Kation intra dan ekstra seluler
K + K+
Na+ Na +
KOMPOSISI CAIRAN TUBUH
Electolyte Plasma(mEq/L Interstetiel Intracelluler
Ion terbanyak di
Cation:
ekstrasel
Na+ 142 144 15
K+ 4 4 150 Na+
Ca2+ 5 2.5 2 Cl-
Mg2+ 3 1.5 27
Total 154 152 194
Anion: Ion terbanyak
Cl- 103 114 1 intrasel
HCO3- 27 30 10
HPO42- 2 2 100 K+
SO42- 1 1 20 Mg2+
Protein 16 - 63
Others 5 5 155
HPO42-
Total 154 152 194
Intake (range) Output (range)
Natrium(mEq)=70 (50-100) Urine = 65 (50-100)
Faeces = 5 (2-20)
Kalium (mEq) = 100 (50-120) Urine = 90 (50-120)
Faeces = 10 (2-40)
Magnesium (mEq) = 30 (5-60) Urine = 10 (2-20)
Faeces = 20 (2-50)
Kalsium (mEq) = 15 (2-50) Urine = 3(0-10)
Faeces = 12 (2-30)
Protein (g) = 55 (30-80)
Nitrogen (g) = 8 (4-12)
Kalori = 1800-3000
Natrium (Sodium)
(133-144 mEq/L or mmol/L)
• Kation ekstraseluler.
• Punya peran dalam memelihara osmolalitas
(tekanan osmotik), keseimbangan asam-
basa dan membantu rangkaian transmisi
impuls saraf.
• Konsentrasi serum natrium diatur oleh
ginjal, sistem saraf pusat (SSP) dan sistem
endokrin
• Hiperosmolaritas dehidrasi cerebri &
perdarahan intracranial
Hyponatraemia
(Na < 133 mEq/L)
Penyebab
• Defisiensi Natrium
– Deplesi Na: Addison’s disease, penyakit ginjal,
Obat (diuretik), Keringat berlebihan, Gangguan
gastrointestinal
• Kelebihan Air
– Retensi Air: Cirrhosis+ascites, Hiperglikhemia,
CHF, Gangguan Ginjal, Post Operasi
– SIADH: Neoplasma, Respiratory disesase,
Stroke, Head injury, Drugs (Carbamazepine)
• Kesalahan bacaan
– High lipids: TPN
– Post opperative: Leaky cell (sick cell syndrome)
Hyponatraemia
(Na < 133 mEq/L)
Clinical Consequences:
• Nausea, vomiting, weakness, difficulty
in concentrating, headache, anorexia,
lethargy, convultion, coma
• 125-130 mEq/L symptomless (no
treatment)
• < 120 mEq/L patient weaknes (fluid
restrict)
• < 110 mEq/L palsy
• 90-105 mEq/L sever neurological sign
Hyponatraemia
(Na < 133 mEq/L)
Treatment
• Identify underlying causes
• Treatment appropriate
– Na loss consider increassing water &
salts
– Excess water restrict Na, water intake
& consider diuretics
– SIADH consider fluid restriction 1-1,5
lt/day, If Na < 120 mEq/L consider Na
replacement, Finally consider drug
treatment: demeclocycline
Hypernatraemia
(Na > 144 mEq/L)
Causes
• Water depletion
– Reduce intake: patient unable to
respond to thirst, e.g. coma, elderly,
babies
– Increase water loss: Diabetes insipidus,
Diarhoe in infant, Excess sweating
• Na Excess
– Excess Na intake: Administration of
hypertonic salts solution
– Na retention: Drug induce (steroid)
Hypernatraemia
(Na > 144 mEq/L)
Clinical Consequences
• Cerebral dehydration: Thirst,
Mental confusion, lethargy, coma
• Brain Haemorhage
• > 160 mEq/L is assosiated with a
mortality of 75 % patient
Hypernatraemia
(Na > 144 mEq/L)
Treatment
• Identify underlying cause
• Treat apprpriate: i.v. fluids (D 5%
or 0,45 Saline)
Drugs known to cause
hyponatraemia
Aminoglutethimide Diuretic
Amitriptyline & other Heparin
Tricyclic antidepresant
Amphotericin Lithium
Captopril & other ACEI Miconazole
Carbamazepine NSAID’s
Chlorpropamide Opiates
Cisplatine
Oxcarbazepine
Clofibrate
Cyclophosphamide Tolbutamide
Vasopresin
Vincristine
Drugs known to cause
hypernatraemia
Diazoxide
Adrenocorticotropic
Lactulose
hormone
Methyldopa
Anabolic steroids
Oestrogens
Androgens
Oral
Carbenoxolone contraseptives
Clonidine Phenylbutazone
Costicosteroids Sodium
bicarbonate
Redistribusi Kalium karena pH
pH ↓ 0,1 (Asidosis)
K + 0,6 mEq K+
pH ↑ 0,1 (Alkalosis)
Kalium (Potassium)
(3,5-5,0 mEq/L or mmol/L)
• Intracellular ion
• Excreted from the body via urine, but may
also be lost via GI tract. During vomitting,
diarrhoe, Nasogasric aspiration or fistulae
• Major Function: Maintain excitability of
neuro muscular tissue
• Also important in carbohydrate & protein
metabolism and in enzymatic reaction
• Intake via food = 100 mmol/day
Hypokalaemia
(K < 3,5 mEq/L)
Causes
• K+ depletion
– GI tract. loss: Vomiting, diarrhoe,
vistulae
– Renal loss: Renal disease, Post trauma
– Drug induce: Diuretics, steroids
• Redistribution K+
– Acid-base disorder: Alkalosis
– Drug induce: Insulin, steroid, beta
agonis
Hypokalaemia
(K < 3,5 mEq/L)
Causes
• Redistribution of K+ continued
– Megaloblastic anemia
• Inadekuat intake
– NBM (Nil By Mouth)
– Diet
Hypokalaemia
(K < 3,5 mEq/L)
Clinical Consequences
(usually when K+ < 2,5 mEq/L)
• Neurological disturbance
– Fatigue, depression, confusion
• Musculosceletal disturbance
– Muscle weakness, paralysis, cramps
• Cardiac disturbance
– Cardiac aritmia, hypotension,
exacerbates digoxin toxicity
Hypokalaemia
(K < 3,5 mEq/L)
Treatment
• Identify underlying cause
• Treat appropriate
– Oral replacement therapy (mild
hypokalaemia)
– Intravena replacement tx. (severe
hypokalaemia)
Check max. concentration & rate of
administration
Monitor for phlebitis
Derajat Hipokalemia
• Ringan 3,0 – 3,4 mEq / L
• Sedang 2,5 – 3,0 mEq / L
• Berat < 2,5 mEq / L
Penatalaksanaan Hipokalemia
• Oral :
– Dewasa 50 – 100 mEq/hari dibagi 2-4
kali sehari
– Anak anak 1 – 3 mEq/kg BB/hari
• Intravena :
– Rumus Koreksi Cepat
BB/3 (K target (4,5) – K serum)
– Pengenceran Maksimal 40 mEq/L
(sediaan 25 mEq/25 ml)
– Kecepatan maksimal 20 mEq/jam
– Kalium Maintenance: 0,5 – 1
mEq/kgBB/hari
Hyperkalaemia
(K+ > 6,5 mEq/L life threatening)
Causes
• Excess intake of K+
– Inappropriate i.v. infusion
• Reduced elimination of K+
– Renal Failure
– Addison’s disease
– Drug induce: Diuretics, ACE inhibitor
• Redistribution of K+
– Acid-base disorder: Acidosis
Hyperkalaemia
(K+ > 6,5 mEq/L life threatening)
Causes
• Blood transfusion
• False reading
– Haemolysed sample
Hyperkalaemia
(K+ > 6,5 mEq/L life threatening)
Clinical consequences
• Cardiac disturbance
– Tachicardia, Ventricular
fibrilation, Cardiac arrest
• Muscular disturbance
– Muscle weakness
Hyperkalaemia
(K+ > 6,5 mEq/L life threatening)
Treatment
• Identify underlying cause
• Treat appropriate
– Oral ion exchange resins
– I.V. calcium gluconate
– Soluble insulin and 10 %
glucose
Drugs known to cause
hypokalaemia
Amphotericin Benzylpenicillin
Aspirin (penicillin G) Na
Corticosteroids Piperacillin+
Diuretics tazobactam
Gentamicin Salicylates
Insulin Sod. bicarbonate
Laxatives Sod. Chloride
Terbutaline Ticarcillin+
clavulanate
Salbutamol
Drugs known to cause
hyperkalaemia
ACE Inhibitor Heparin
Antineoplastic Isoniazid
agent
(cyclophosphami Lithium
d, vincristine Penicillins (garam
NSAID’s kalium)
-blocking agents Potassium suppl.
Ciclosporine
Succynilcholin
Potassium
sparing Diuretics Tetracycline
Hypocalcemia (<9.0mg/dL)
• Contributing factors:
– Decrease oral intake
– Lactose intolerance
– Decrease Vitamin D intake
– End stage renal disease
– Diarrhea
Hypocalcemia (<9.0mg/dL)
• Contributing factors (cont’d):
Acute pancreatitis
Hyperphosphatemia
Immobility
Removal or destruction of
parathyroid gland
Hypocalcemia (<9.0mg/dL)
• Assessment findings:
– Neuro –Irritable muscle twitches.
• Positive Trousseau’s sign.