Ciri MH : bernafas, mendapatkan

energi, adaptasi, tumbuh dan

berkembang, reproduksi

ADAPTASI
 ADAPTASI
Kemampuan MH untuk menyesuaikan diri
dgn lingkungannya
Tujuan: agar survive  dpt bereproduksi
Adaptasi  diperoleh dlm jangka waktu
lama, ada peran genetik
≠ aklimatisasi
Jenis adaptasi: morfologi, fisiologi dan
perilaku
 Adaptasi pada hewan

hibernasi kamuflase
 Hey! I’m a
walking stick. I
look just like a
stick you’d find
on the ground.
 Mimicry
(looking or sounding like another living organism)

The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the Monarch

butterfly. Can you tell them apart?

I’m the Viceroy!

Not poisonous

Poisonous

I’m the Monarch!

 Adaptasi pd tumbuhan
Plants
Mesophytes –tumbuhan
yg hidup pd daerah dgn
supply air yg selalu
cukup
Xerophytes – tumbuhan
yg hidup pd daerah dgn
supply air yg terbatas
Halophytes – tumbuhan
yg hidup pd daerah dgn
kadar garam tinggi
 Mekanisme adaptasi :

1. homeostasis
2. hormonal EVOLUSI
3. perilaku

BIODIVERSITAS

3 domain 5 kingdom
HOMEOSTASIS
 homeostasis
 Kondisi lingkungan internal yang secara dinamis
dipertahankan relatif konstan/seimbang terhadap
perubahan lingkungan eksternal
 Kondisi lingkungan internal = cairan ekstraseluler yg
menyusun tubuh (meliputi: plasma, limfa, cairan
interseluler)
 Sel-sel tubuh dpt bekerja optimal pd suhu, kadar air dan
kadar gula dengan kisaran tertentu
 Kadar oksigen, CO2, garam, urea dalam tubuh juga harus
terkontrol
 Kegagalan sel/organisme dlm homeostasis 
sakit/kematian
Terdapat 3 komponen pada sistem homeostasis
yaitu: 1. sensor/reseptor
2. pusat kontrol/integrator
3. efektor
Utk memelihara homeostasis hrs ada
komunikasi internal berupa sistem saraf
dan hormon
Kedua sistem tersebut bekerja scr
bersama-sama atau sendiri dlm pengaturan
homeostasis
Cth : dlm keadaan kontraksi otot yg aktif
 meningkatkan kadar CO2 dan
menurunkan kadar O2 dlm darah 
dideteksi oleh sistem saraf dan sistem
hormon  dilakukan aktifitas agar kondisi
setimbang tercapai
Proses homeostasis dipertahankan
melalui mekanisme homeostasis yg
berupa mekanisme feedback / umpan
balik
Terdapat 2 mekanisme feedback
yaitu:
1. feedback negatif
2. feedback positif
 Feedback negatif

Respon yang dihasilkan menghambat stimulus

sehingga kondisi homeostasis tercapai (respon
mengurangi rangsang)
Merupakan mekanisme yg umum dijumpai dlm
homeostasis
Cth: pengaturan suhu (thermoregulasi),
pengaturan kadar gula darah
THERMOREGULASI pada saat suhu meningkat
THERMOREGULASI pada saat suhu turun
Rangkuman thermoregulasi
Pengaturan kadar gula darah
 Feedback positif

Respon yang dihasilkan justru meningkatkan

stimulus sehingga respon juga semakin meningkat
sampai stimulus berhenti (respon
nengingkatkan/mempercepat rangsang)
Contoh : proses kelahiran (reaksi Ferguson)
 Placenta

Umbilical
Estrogen Oxytocin cord
Uterus

Positive feedback
from from fetus
ovaries and mother's Cervix
posterior pituitary
Induces oxytocin 1 Dilation of the cervix
receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus
to contract

Stimulates
placenta to make
Prostaglandins
2

Expulsion: delivery of the infant

Stimulate more Uterus
Figure 46.18 contractions
of uterus

Placenta
(detaching)
3 Umbilical
cord
Delivery of the placenta
 Pengaturan Limbah Nitrogen

Limbah hasil metabolisme senyawa yang

mengandung nitrogen (protein dan asama
nukleat) dapat berupa: ammoniak, urea dan asam
urat
Senyawa-senyawa tersebut dikeluarkan dari tubuh
melalui sistem ekskresi
Pada vertebrata organ yang berperan dalam
sistem ekskresi adalah : ginjal
Pada avertebrata: nephridia, badan malphigi,
flame cell …
Limbah nitrogen
hasil
metabolisme
protein dan asam
nukleat melalui
proses deaminasi

Jenis-jenis limbah N tsb

berbeda dlm hal:
• toksisitas,
• jml air yg
diperlukan utk
ekskresi,
• energi yg
diperlukan utk
membentuknya
 Pengaturan kesetimbangan cairan dalam
tubuh : osmoregulasi

Osmoregulasi pengaturan kesetimbangan

konsentrasi cairan dalam tubuh relatif terhadap
lingkungannya
Mekanisme osmosis
Osmosis : difusi khusus yaitu pergerakan air dari
larutan dgn konsentrasi lemah ke larutan dgn
konsentrasi kuat
Organisme maupun sel dapat berada pada
lingkungan yang isotonis, hipotonis atau hipertonis
 Osmosis

Low solute High solute

concentration concentration

Only the
Semi-permeable membrane
water moves! (allows the water through but not the
large solute!)
 HOMEOSTASIS

involves

Body fluid
regulation

includes Nutrient
Nitrogenous
wastes balance
include osmoregulation
primarily in
most toxic least toxic involves balance of
ammonia urea liver
Uric acid Osmotic
concentration
excreted regulates processes
by of
excreted Kidney’s excreted
into nephrons by Organism Glucose Fatty acids to Amino
environ- Relative to level lipoprotein acids
ment by environment
in can store as for
may be
Aquatic Egg-laying
organisms humans organisms glycogen Deami-
Hyper- Iso- Hypo- nation storage
tonic tonic tonic
 HORMONAL

Hormon : senyawa kimia yg dihasilkan oleh

sel/kelenjar/organ  berfungsi dlm
perkembangan organisme
Pd tumbuhan disebut sbg fitohormon
Pd hewan hormon dihasilkan oleh kelenjar
endokrin, dibawa oleh aliran darah menuju organ
target
 PLANT
HORMONES
may
be
inhibitors Often work stimulators
antagonistically
includ
include e

auxin cytokinin gibberellin ethylene

Abscisic
acid

promote both causes stimulates

promote
promot s
es
Cell
Cell Divison, Rapid stem Fruit ripening,
dormancy elongation differentiation elongation aging

may be
synergistic
effects
sometimes breaks
 Map 33.1 ENDOCRINE
GLANDS

may be
multipurpose specialized
include
include
secrete adrenals thyroid pituitary
Digestive Reproductive
organs thymus organs divided divided
inclu into into
de hormones medulla cortex posterioranterior
Stomach, may be
Duodenum, operate on
pancreas

Protein- Cholesterol- Specific

based Based steroids targets
includ usually by
e function by

Amino acid Entering Second

derivates Short Full-sized cell messenger interactions
polypeptides proteins
may be
usually function Antago- Syner-
by nistic gistic
 BEHAVIOR

Perilaku : aktivitas organisme untuk beradaptasi

dengan lingkungannya
Salah satu bentuk ekspresi genetik yg dapat
menjadi ciri suatu organisme
Pd tumbuhan  pasif (lebih dipengaruhi oleh
lingkungan)
Pada hewan  aktif (ada kendali internal berupa
sistem saraf dan endokrin serta efektor berupa otot
& rangka utk bergerak)
 Map 37.1 MOVEMENT
relies on
Muscular Skeletal
usuall system system
y made of may be
works
in
Antagonistic
pairs Muscles hydrostastic Hard, jointed
tissues
may be e.g may be
may be .
skeletal Earthworm,
smooth cardiac leech endoskeleton exoskeleton
inervated by is
inervated by includes made of
made joined
Somatic at
Autonomic of Nervous striated
Nervous system
system joints axial Append- bonecartilago
dicular
myofibrils may be includ may
es be
made
of movable
immovableskullvertebrae
spongycompact
sarcomeres
made
of
actin myosin
skeletal cardiac smooth
Hidrostatik
EKSOSKELETON
 Map 38.1
ANIMAL
BEHAVIOR
based on

mechanisms
coordina
te
Sensory communication
organs effectors
respond have relies often operate
to on by
Sign threshold Neural Endocrine Motor
stimuli pathways system programs
recognized may may be e.g. may
by altered
be by be
Feature Supernormaldrives Sexual, innate learned
Detector stimulus social
circuits are have are not ar are
underg e
fast All-or-none flexible slow
o response
include
Heterogenous
summation
Condi- Imprint- Cultural
tioning ing recognition
 Animal Behaviors:
Learned vs. Instinct:

1
2

4
 Imprinting

Konrad Lorenz
Critical time period ONLY
Young animal develops attachment to another
animal or object
Rapid learning