Selly 405150149
1. PERDARAHAN SUBKONJUNGTIVA
HEMATOM
SUBKONJUNGTIVA
Etiologi
• Bisa timbul dari operasi, konjungtivitis dan
trauma ( pada kasus berat melibatkan dasar
tengkorak)
• Terjadi spontan, terutama pada pasien yang
lebih tua
• Usia muda pemakaian lensa kontak
• Usia tua hipertensi (tekanan darah harus
diperiksa)
Kanski JJ, Bowling B. Clinical ophthalmology: a systemic approach. 8th
ed. UK: Saunders Elsevier. Page 166
Tanda dan Gejala
• Biasanya asimptomatik sampai
diperhatikan orang lain
• Rasa sakit yang tajam sesaat
• Pemicu : batuk, bersin, muntah
• Apabila terjadi lebih dari dua minggu harus
segera diperhatikan
. Klasifikasi:
Menurut Sheppard berdasarkan tampilan klinisnya
menjadi:
-Grade I : darah mengisi <1/3 COA
-Grade II : darah mengisi 1/3-1/2COA
-Grade III : darah mengisi >1/2 & hampir total COA
-Grade IV : darah memenuhi seluruh COA
• Pemeriksaan dini : USG mencari kerusakan
segmen posterior
• Periksa mata berkala mencari perdarahan
sekunder, glaukoma, bercak di kornea akibat
pigmen besi.
Tatalaksana:
• hifema 5% anterior chamber diistirahatkan
• Kurangi aktivitas berat
• Pasien disarankan duduk atau posisi semi-upright
• steroid tetes
• antikoagulan dan NSAID STOP
Vaughan and Asbury. General Ophtalmology. 17th ed.
Kanski JJ, Bowling B. Clinical Ophtalmology: A systematic approach. 7th ed.
• Asam aminokaproat oral 100 mg/kg tiap 4 jam
menstabilkan pembentukkan bekuan darah menurunkan
resiko perdarahan ulang
• Β- blocker: Timolol 0,25% 2x1 (topikal)
• Analog prostaglandin:
- Latanoprost 0,005% malam hari (topikal)
- Dorzolamide 2% 2-3x / hari (topikal)
- Apradonidine 0,5% 3x1 (topikal)
- Acetazolamide oral 250mg 4x1
- Manitol, gliserol, sorbitol
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al., editors. Scott-brown’s
otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th ed. Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Snow JB, Wackym PA. Ballenger’s otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. 17th ed. Volume 1.
Connecticut: BC Decker Inc; 2009.
Barotrauma Telinga Eksterna
• Terjadi bila → kantong udara terperangkap di
meatus acusticus externus (oleh serumen,
sumbat telinga, benda asing, eksostose,
pemakaian peralatan menyelam yang rapat)
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al.,
editors. Scott-brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th
ed. Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Barotrauma Telinga Eksterna
• Tekanan lingkungan ↓ → udara yang
terperangkap di MAE mengalami ekspansi; udara
di telinga tengah keluar melalui tuba Eustachius
→ gradien tekanan di membran timpani →
tergeser ke medial
• Tekanan lingkungan ↑ → udara yang
terperangkap di MAE << (tekanan lebih negatif
dibandingkan dengan telinga tengah) → gradien
tekanan di membran timpani → tergeser ke
lateral
Tekanan kuat → perforasi
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al., editors. Scott-brown’s
otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th ed. Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Snow JB, Wackym PA. Ballenger’s otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery. 17th ed. Volume 1.
Connecticut: BC Decker Inc; 2009.
Barotrauma Telinga Eksterna
• Tanda • Tatalaksana
– Injeksi kulit saluran telinga – Membersihkan MAE dari
dan membran timpani darah / debris
– Petechiae – Anibiotik tetes bila ada
– Perdarahan dapat terlihat infeksi sekunder
– Perforasi dapat terlihat – Proses penyembuhan
perforasi terganggu →
• Gejala bedah
– Nyeri (intensitas sebanding
dengan kedalaman)
• Pencegahan
– Hindari pemakaian sumbat
telinga yang oklusif
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al.,
editors. Scott-brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th ed.
Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Barotrauma Telinga Tengah
• Barotrauma paling sering
• Kecepatan descent → faktor penting
• Faktor risiko
– Penyelam → tidak dapat menyeimbangkan
tekanan di permukaan laut
– Obstruksi nasal → deviasi septum
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al.,
editors. Scott-brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th
ed. Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Barotrauma Telinga Tengah
• Tanda • Diagnosis
– Membran timpani → – Riwayat nyeri saat turun
normal s/d perdarahan dari ketinggian
dengan perforasi – Otoskopi
• Gejala – Audiometri → hilang
– Rasa telinga tersumbat pendengaran konduktif
→ otalgia (memburuk (minimal)
bila kompresi >>)
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al.,
editors. Scott-brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th ed.
Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Barotrauma Telinga Tengah
• Tatalaksana
– Simtomatik, tidak ada tanda / tanda minimal → tidak perlu
terapi spesifik
– Tanda signifikan, tanpa perforasi → dekongestan nasal
topikal / PO
– Dengan perforasi → pembersihan telinga; tidak dapat
sembuh spontan → miringoplasti
• Pencegahan
– Medikamentosa → dekongestan oral (pseudoefedrin 120
mg PO)
– Nonmedikamentosa → inflasi balon melalui nasal,
miringotomi tanpa atau dengan pemasangan tube ventilasi
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al.,
editors. Scott-brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th
ed. Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Barotrauma Telinga Dalam
• Perdarahan telinga bagian dalam
– Gejala vestibular minimal / sementara
– Hilang pendengaran sensorineural ringan s/d
sedang
• Robekan labirintin
– Gejala mirip penyakit Meniere’s akut
– Hilang pendengaran permanen
• Fistula perilimfatik
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al.,
editors. Scott-brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th
ed. Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
http://tums.ac.ir/files/s-dabiri/Perilymphatic%20Fistula.pdf
Barotrauma Telinga Dalam
• Diagnosis • Tatalaksana
– Waktu timbulnya gejala – Hilang pendengaran
– Pemeriksaan neurologis sedang s/d berat →
dan keseimbangan steroid
– Monitoring audiometri – Eksplorasi bedah →
setiap hari presentasi akut, hilang
pendengaran progresif,
disekuilibrium persisten
– Terdapat fistula →
operasi penutupan
Gleeson M, Browning GG, Burton MJ, Clarke R, Hibbert J, Jones NS, et al.,
editors. Scott-brown’s otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. 7th ed.
Volume 3. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.; 2008.
Whiplash Injury
• disorder as a flexion/extension injury of the
cervical spine induced by rear end/side impact
automobile collisions results in a spectrum of
musculoskeletal & neurological symptoms
– 70-106/100,000 inhabitants
• Classification
Whiplash Injury
• Clinical features
– History of head/neck trauma neck pain in 7 days following
the trauma
– Less common dizziness, paraesthesia, hearing impairment,
tinnitus, poor concentration
• Examination
– Reduction of neck range movements because of the
injury/tenderness
– Hypoaesthesia & auditory impairment
• Treatment
– Rest with the provision of a cervical collar, but with encouraging
normal activities
– Vertigo head & body movement supplemented by relaxation,
breath control, activity training (vestibular rehabilitation)
Ossicular chain and associated injuries
• Trauma to the ear fractures of the temporal bone and damage to the
cochlea and facial nerve.
– Lesser trauma results in damage to the ossicular chain.
• The most common lesion identified is dislocation of the incus
• Surgical management:
– Surgical correction of incus using conventional ossiculoplasty
techniques or repositioning of the incus
– In cases of incus dislocation, repositioning of the incus in its
physiological position is an attractive option and is best achieved using
a posterior attic approach combined with a tympanotomy
• Result
– Physiological repositioning of the incus has the most impressive
results, but good results can also be obtained with conventional
ossiculoplasty techniques.