Kelompok 4 Makro

PENGANTAR MAKRO EKONOMI
INVESTASI
KELOMPOK 4
Luh Putu Suwitri Sastradewi (1907531095)
02 Luh Putu Suwitri Sastradewi (1907531095)
03 Luh Putu Suwitri Sastradewi (1907531095)

INVESTASI
01 Definisi dan Fungsi Investasi
02 Jenis – Jenis Investasi
Faktor – Faktor Penentu Tingkat

03 Investasi
Investasi dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
05 Nilai Waktu dari Uang

DEFINISI
INVESTASI
Investasi merupakan suatu komitmen atas sejumlah dana dan
penundaan konsumsi selama periode waktu tertentu untuk
mendapatkan sejumlah keuntungan di masa yang akan datang
FUNGSI INVESTASI
01 02
Faktor – Faktor Penentu Tingkat
Investasi
1. Tingkat Pengembalian yang

Diharapkan (Expected Rate 2. Biaya Investasi
of Return)
3. Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC), Tingkat

Bunga, dan Marginal Efficiency of Investment (MEI)
Real Estate
1. Tingkat Pengembalian yang Diharapkan (Expected Rate of
Return)
Kemampuan perusahaan menentukan tingkat investasi yang diharapkan, dipengaruhi

oleh kondisi internal dan eksternal perusahaan.
2). Eksternal
1). Internal
Kondisi eksternal berupa perkiraan
Kondisi internal mencangkup tiga
atau keadaan tingkat produksi dan
aspek teknis yakni tingkat efisiensi,
pertumbuhan ekonomi domestik maupun
kualitas SDM dan teknologi yang
international. Bila keadaan atau perkiraan
digunakan. Lalu ada tiga aspek
ekonomi domestik hingga international
nonteknis yaitu seperti penguasaan
pada keadaan optimis, berkemungkinan
informasi, hak monopoli, kedekatan
meningkatkan investasi karena
dengan pusat pemerintahan. Semakin
pengembelian investasi dapat dinaikan.
baik aspek-aspek diatas maka tingkat
Selain itu kondisi eksternal lainnya yaitu
harapan pengembalian akan semakin
kebijakan pemerintah, seperti kebijakan
tinggi
pajak dan faktor sosial politik.
2.Biaya Investasi
Tingkat biaya investasi biasanya ditentukan oleh tingkat bunga
pinjaman. Makin tinggi bunganya, maka biaya investasi makin
mahal. Namun kadang bila tingkat bunganya rendah belum
tentu dapat meningkatkan investasi. Faktor seperti
kelembagaan, keberadaan lembaga, efisiensi keuangan, tingkat
kepastian hukum, stabilitas politik dan keadaan keamanan juga Content Here
mempengaruhi.
3. Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC), Tingkat Bunga, dan Marginal
Efficiency of Investment (MEI)
1) MEC, Investasi, dan Tingkat Bunga

MEC adalah tingkat pengembalian yang diharapkan (expected rate of return)
dari setiap tambahan barang modal. Berikut adalah contoh pemisalan perusahaan
PT. Tiara Sakti yang ingin memperluas bidang industrinya.
Rencana Investasi Dana yang Dibutuhkan MEC
(miliar rupiah) (persen/tahun)
Industri Kimia 1.500 30
Industri Tekstil 1.000 25
Industri Makanan 700 20
Industri Ringan 500 18
Industri Pertanian 250 15

Penyusunan berdasarkan rangking MEC dilakukan
agar mempermudah pengambilan keputusan akan
investasi mana yang harus dilakukan, berkaitan dengan
tingkat bunga pinjaman yang berlaku. Bila tingkat bunga
pinjaman hanya 12,5% per tahun, seluruh rencana
investasi dapat dilaksanakan. Dengan begitu permintaan
akan investasi PT Tiara Sakti adalah Rp 4.000 miliar. Jika
tingkat bunga pinjaman naik menjadi 16% per tahun,
rencana investasi di Industri Pertanian dibatalkan.
Permintaan investasi akan berkurang menjadi RP 3.750
miliar. Semakin tinggi tingkat bunga pinjaman hingga
mencapai 30% per tahun, maka tidak ada rencana
Hubungan MEC dan Rencana Investasi investasi yang layak.
Makin tinggi tingkat bunga, tingkat investasi makin menurun. Hubungan tersebut dinyatakan
sebagai berikut.
Tingkat Nilai Investasi Permintaan Investasi
Bunga Pinjaman Yang Dibutuhkan (miliar rupiah) Tabel tersebut menunjukan hubungan
berlawanan arah antara tingkat bunga
(% per tahun) (miliar rupiah) dengan investasi. Menurunkan kurva
13 0 4.000
permintaan akan investasi nasional atau
pasar adalah sama dengan menurunkan
17 250 3.750 kurva permintaan pasar terhadap barang
tertentu, yaitu dengan menjumlahkan
19 750 3.250
secara horizontal total permintaan investasi
21 1.500 2.000 dari perusahaan yang ada dalam
perekonomian.
26 2.500 1.500
31 4.000 0
2). MEC dan MEI
Sama halnya dengan kurva permintaan akan investasi,
kurva MEC secara nasional dapat diturunkan dengan
menjumlahkan secara horizontal kurva-kurva MEC dari
perusahaan-perusahaan yang ada dalam perokonomian.
Seperti berikut.
Namun terdapat kelemahan dari cara penurunan diatas,

yaitu harga barang modal (tingkat bunga) diasumsikan
tetap. Bila permintaan akan barang modal secara nasional
maningkat, tingkat bunga akan naik. Akibatnya kenaikan
permintaan akan investasi tidak sebesar yang
digambarkan kurva MEC. Kurva yang lebih relevan untuk
menjelaskan hal tersebut adalah kurva MEI. Kurva ini
menunjukan hubungan antara tingkat bunga dengan
tingkat investasi dalam suatu perekonomian, dengan
memperhitungkan perubahan harga barang modal.
MEI akan sama besar dengan MEC pada tingkat bunga
tertentu, dimana pembelian barang modal hanya untuk
mengganti barang modal yang tidak dipakai lagi. Misalkan
pada diagram tingkat bunga 30% per tahun. Jika tingkat
bunga pinjaman turun menjadi 20%, maka permintaan
akan investasi total, dengan asumsi perusahaan bahwa
perusahaan lain tidak akan menambah barang modal
adalah I0. Namun karena semua perusahaan ingin
meningkatkan stok barang modal, maka harga barang
modal naik. Kenaikan harga barang modal menyebabkan
ada rencana investasi yang harus dibatalakn karena tidak
layak. Sehingga tingkat investasi yang sebenarnya adalah
sejumlah I0.
Investasi dan Pertumbuhan
Ekonomi
Menjaga agar agar tingkat produksi tidak berkurang adalah
syarat untuk memelihara keuntungan perusahaan. Upaya berupa
investasi dapat menjaga stok barang modal (capital stock
adjustment process). Investasi yang dilakukan untuk memelihara
barang stok adalah senilai presentase penyusutan dikalikan stok
barang modal yang diharapkan.
Nilai Barang Modal untuk mempertahankan tingkat

produksi perusahaan  Penyusutan
= Investasi
Place Your Picture Here Place Your Picture Here
Investasi dan Pertumbuhan
Ekonomi
Menjaga agar agar tingkat produksi tidak berkurang adalah
syarat untuk memelihara keuntungan perusahaan. Upaya berupa
investasi dapat menjaga stok barang modal (capital stock
adjustment process). Investasi yang dilakukan untuk memelihara
barang stok adalah senilai presentase penyusutan dikalikan stok
barang modal yang diharapkan.
Contents Contents Contents

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PENGANTAR MAKRO EKONOMI

02 Luh Putu Suwitri Sastradewi (1907531095)

03 Luh Putu Suwitri Sastradewi (1907531095)

02 Jenis – Jenis Investasi

Faktor – Faktor Penentu Tingkat

Investasi dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi

05 Nilai Waktu dari Uang

1. Tingkat Pengembalian yang

3. Marginal Efficiency of Capital (MEC), Tingkat

Kemampuan perusahaan menentukan tingkat investasi yang diharapkan, dipengaruhi

1) MEC, Investasi, dan Tingkat Bunga

(miliar rupiah) (persen/tahun)

Industri Kimia 1.500 30

Industri Tekstil 1.000 25

Industri Makanan 700 20

Industri Ringan 500 18

Industri Pertanian 250 15

Tingkat Nilai Investasi Permintaan Investasi

Namun terdapat kelemahan dari cara penurunan diatas,

Nilai Barang Modal untuk mempertahankan tingkat

Contents Contents Contents

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