Human resources
DISTRIBUSI, slide 1
METABOLISME &
EKSRESI (ADME)
Fatma Lestari
Toksikologi Industri
AGENDA
Human resources slide 2
Definisi
Disposisi
Absorpsi
Distribusi
Metabolisme
Eksresi
Contoh Implementasi
Tujuan Pemelajaran
Human resources slide 2
Mahasiswa memahami definisi penting
terkait proses ADME (Absorpsi,
Distribusi, Metabolisme & Eksresi)
Mahasiswa memahami proses disposisi
toksikan di dalam tubuh melalui proses
ADME
Mahasiswa memahami contoh
implementasinya di industri
Occupational Toxicology 24
DEFINISI
Human resources slide 5
William E. Luttrell, Warren W. Jederberg, Kenneth R. Still. Toxicology Principles for the Industrial Hygienist. Exposure
C. Winder. Occupational Toxicology. 2nd Ed. 2005
Both the route and duration of exposure are important with regard to toxicity. Major
routes of exposure are shown in Figure 2.4. Those of primary concern in the workplace
are the inhalational and dermal routes. Ingestion can be of importance if hands are
contaminated, as can swallowing respiratory secretions after inhalational exposure.
Inhalation of dusts, gases, vapours and aerosols from the workplace air is an obvious way
DEFINISI
Human resources slide 5
Toksikokinetika adalah bagian dalam Toksikodinamika adalah bagian dari
ilmu toksikologi yang mempelajari proses kinetika ilmu toksikologi yang mempelajari bagaimana
atau pergerakan toksikan di dalam tubuh, meliputi terjadinya efek atau perubahan dalam tubuh yang
absorpsi, distribusi, metabolisme dan eksresi ditimbulkan oleh toksikan, termasuk proses
(ADME) biokimia dan fisiologik pada molekul dan jaringan
target organ, seperti proses mengikat,
Istilah “kinetika” digunakan karena menggunakan
mengaktifkan atau menghambat reseptor.
penjelasan matematis untuk menggambarkan
pergerakan toksikan didalam tubuh selama waktu
tertentu
William E. Luttrell, Warren W. Jederberg, Kenneth R. Still. Toxicology Principles for the Industrial Hygienist.
DEFINISI
Human resources slide 7
DISTRIBUSI
Liver Portal
blood Blood and lymph METABOLISME/
BIOTRANSFORMASI
Bile Extracellular uid Fat
Kidney Lung
Thank You
Other organs
Curtis D. Klaasen, John B. Watkins III. Casarett & Doull’s. Essentials of Toxicology. 2015
ormation o less toxic or more toxic metabolites at a ast or tration in uence the susceptibility o organs to toxicants, the
Liver Portal
blood Blood and lymph
Kidney Lung
Thank You
Other organs
Curtis D. Klaasen, John B. Watkins III. Casarett & Doull’s. Essentials of Toxicology. 2015
ABSORPSI MELEWATI MEMBRAN SEL
STRUKTUR SEL
struktur dan fungsi sel. Sitoplasma berperan sebagai mediator dari
Cell’s
Sitoplasma environment reaksi kimia dalam sel dan membantu kinerja organel atau organ-
organ dalam sel. Sitoplasma juga berfungsi untuk membantu
proses perkembangan, pertumbuhan, dan replikasi sel tubuh.
Peroksisom Cell’s firemen Vesikel yan gmenetralisis sel dari radikal bebas
https://sel.co.id/struktur-kulit/
ABSORPSI MELALUI SISTEM PERNAFASAN
• Sistem pernafasan memiliki berbagai struktur,
mulai dari hidung, pharynx, bronchus,
bronchioles hingga alveolus.
• Paru-paru merupakan tempat terjadinya pertukaran
oksigen dengan karbondioksida melalui difusi
membran pada pulmo dan jaringan tubuh.
• Alveolus adalah unit fungsional paru terkecil yang
merupakan tempat utama terjadinya proses
absorpsi.
• Difusi oksigen dan karbondioksida dalam tubuh
terjadi karena adanya perbedaan tekanan pada
kedua macam gas tersebut.
• Difusi gas terjadi dari yang bertekanan tinggi ke
tekanan rendah.
• Pertukaran gas tersebut dapat bersifat eksternal
maupun internal.
Sumber : http://bima.ipb.ac.id/~tpb-ipb/materi/bio100/organ_respirasi.jpg
Kasus Toksikan di Industri – Bhopal Tragedy
ABSORPSI MELALUI SISTEM PERNAFASAN
Sumber : http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit11/U11L05/extresrxns.jpg
ABSORPSI MELALUI SISTEM PERNAFASAN
Respirasi internal adalah pertukaran gas yang terdapat dalam • Toksikan yang masuk melalui sistem
kapiler pembuluh darah dengan gas dalam cairan jaringan (sel). pernafasan dapat berupa partikel padat,
pelarut, maupun gas.
Mekanisme difusi pada respirasi internal: • Efek sistemik dan efek lokal dapat terjadi
o Difusi oksigen dari darah ke cairan jaringan (sel) pada saluran pernafasan jika toksikan-
tekanan oksigen dalam kapiler-kapiler sistemik tinggi dan toksikan tersebut berhasil menembus
tekanan oksigen dalam cairan jaringan (sel) rendah. saluran pernafasan.
o Difusi karbondioksida dari cairan jaringan (sel) ke darah • Efek yang terjadi pada umumnya berkaitan
tekanan karbondioksida pada kapiler sistemik rendah dengan efek pada sistem saluran
sementara tekanan karbondioksida pada cairan jaringan pernafasan bagian atas.
(sel) tinggi. • Contoh efek yang mungkin terjadi antara
lain emfisema dan bronkhitis.
Kasus Toksikan di Industri – Asbestos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jifoNSXvTuQ
ormation o less toxic or more toxic metabolites at a ast or tration in uence the susceptibility o organs to toxicants, the
DISTRIBUSI
Liver Portal
blood Blood and lymph METABOLISME/
BIOTRANSFORMASI
Bile Extracellular uid Fat
Kidney Lung
Thank You
Other organs
Curtis D. Klaasen, John B. Watkins III. Casarett & Doull’s. Essentials of Toxicology. 2015
Ingestion Inhalation Dermal
Intravenous
Subcutaneous
Human resources slide 10Gastrointestinal
Intramuscular
Intraperitoneal
Lung Skin
tract
Distribusi adalah proses pergerakan
toksikan tersirkulasi dari tempat asal
pajanan ke daerah lain di dalam tubuh
Liver Portal baik melalui sistem peredaran darah
blood Blood and lymph maupun limfatik (GARIS BIRU).
Kidney Lung
Thank You
Other organs
Curtis D. Klaasen, John B. Watkins III. Casarett & Doull’s. Essentials of Toxicology. 2015
DISTRIBUSI TOKSIKAN
• Setelah proses absorpsi, toksikan Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi:
terdistribusi melalui sistem peredaran darah • Laju aliran darah ke jaringan
maupun limfatik menuju jaringan di dalam • Pergerakan melewati saluran kapiler
tubuh
• Pergerakan melewati membran sel
• Proses pergerakan ini mengikuti mekanisme
• Kemampuan jaringan untuk mengikat toksikan
transportasi toksikan melewati membrane
sel • Transport aktif jaringan
• Toksikan yang mudah larut dalam lemak • Kelarutan dalam lemak
ditemukan lebih banyak di lemak tubuh
• Toksikan yang mudah larut dalam air yang
akan terdapat lebih banyak di darah
William E. Luttrell, Warren W. Jederberg, Kenneth R. Still. Toxicology Principles for the Industrial Hygienist.
rapidly pass through cell membranes and are distributed tion o the toxicant in the target organ, with the potential or
throughout the body. Some toxicants selectively accumulate in toxicity. Xenobiotics can also compete with and displace endog-
certain parts o the body as a result o protein binding, active enous compounds that are bound to plasma proteins, which
PENYIMPANAN TOKSIKAN
transport, or high solubility in at. T e target organ or toxicity can allow the endogenous compound to exert a toxic e ect.
may be the site o accumulation o a toxicant, but this is not always Plasma protein binding can also give rise to observed species
the case. I a toxicant accumulates at a site other than the target di erences in the disposition o toxicants. Factors that
• Protein organ or tissue,
Plasma: the accumulation
albumin memiliki may be viewed as a protective
kemampuan
process in that plasma levels and consequently the concentration Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+
berikatan
o adengan
toxicant at banyak toksikan
the site o action are diminished. However, because Bilirubin
Uric acid
• any chemical
Hati & Ginjal: hatiin&a ginjal
storage memiliki
depot is in equilibrium
kemampuan with the ree Vitamin C
Adenosine
raction (unbound) o toxicant in plasma, it is released into the
untuk berikatan dengan banyak toksikan.
circulation as the unbound raction o toxicant is eliminated.
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Zn 2+, lipids
• Lemak: toksikan yang mudah larut dalam lemak Cholesterol
Digitonin
Fatty acids
Storage pada
akan terdeposit o Toxicants in Tissues
lemak, misal pelarut organik Vitamins A, K, D, E Suramin
Quinocrine
• Tulang: Since only the ree raction (unbound) o a chemical is in equi- Penicillin
contoh toksikan yang terdeposit dalam
librium throughout the body, binding to or dissolving in certain
Salicylate
P a r a - a m in o s a lic y la t e
Cu 2+ (Ceruloplasmin)
tulang adalah timbal (Pb)
body constituents greatly& Fluorida
alters the distribution o a xenobiotic. Lithium carmine
Sulfonamides
Streptomycin
Hemoglobin
oxicants are o en concentrated in a speci c tissue, called a (Haptoglobin)
Acid dyes
Phenol red
storage depot, which may or may not be their site o toxic action. Histamine
oxicants in storage depots are always in equilibrium with the Triiodothyronine
Toksikan banyak terdapat dalam jaringan tertentu bukan Thyroxine
ree raction in plasma, so that as a chemical is biotrans ormed γ β2 β1 α2 α1 Albumin Barbiturates
berarti toksikan tsb dapat
or excreted rom themenyebabkan efek toksik
body, more is released rom the storage
pada jaringan tsb
site. As a result, the biological hal -li e o stored compounds can Fe 2+ Steroid hormones
(transcortin)
(transferrin)
be very long. Vitamin B12
Sialic acid
Thyroxine
Pla sm a Pro t e in s a s St o ra g e De p o t —Several plasma
proteins bind xenobiotics as well as some endogenous FIGURE 5–6 Ligand interactions with plasma proteins.
Curtis D. Klaasen, John B. Watkins III. Casarett & Doull’s. Essentials of Toxicology. 2015
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
LAPISAN PENGHALANG DARAH-OTAK
https://blog.medillsb.com/audra-geras-the-blood-brain-barrier/
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
Kasus Toksikan di
Industri –
Minamata Disease
• Metil Merkuri
• Neurotoksikan
• Blood-Brain Barrier
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEHis5D3Ipw
ormation o less toxic or more toxic metabolites at a ast or tration in uence the susceptibility o organs to toxicants, the
DISTRIBUSI
Liver Portal
blood Blood and lymph METABOLISME/
BIOTRANSFORMASI
Bile Extracellular uid Fat
Kidney Lung
Thank You
Other organs
Curtis D. Klaasen, John B. Watkins III. Casarett & Doull’s. Essentials of Toxicology. 2015
METABOLISME / BIOTRANSFORMASI TOKSIKAN
Distribusi
• Proses tubuh merubah
(biotransformasi) toksikan menjadi Fase I
Biotransformasi
senyawa baru
• Metabolisme umumnya terjadi
pada hati, meskipun beberapa Fase 1 Metabolit
Contoh
dihydrodiol Catechol
Benzene OH OH
DHDD
BIOTRANSFORMASI
O
OH OH
H 3C NH
BENZEN
OH CYP2E1 EH
O
ADH OH
S ALDH
FE/OH·
CYP2E1 O O O
O O
GSH
O trans,trans -Muconaldehyde OH
S -Phenylmercapturic Benzene Benzene trans ,trans -Muconic acid
acid oxide oxepin
Rearrangement
Hydroquinone
Phenol Catechol
OH
OH OH
CYP2E1 CYP2E1
HO
OH
CYP2E1
CYP2E1
NQO1 MPO NQO1 MPO
O 1,2,4-Benzenetriol
OH
O O
1,4-Benzoquinone HO OH
O
1,2-Benzoquinone
ADH = alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH = aldehyde dehydrogenase; CYP2E1 = cytochrome P-450 2E1;
DHDD = dihydrodiol dehydrogenase; EH = epoxide hydrolase; GSH = glutathione; MPO = myeloperoxidase;
NQ01 = NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase
Curtis D. Klaassen. Casarett & Doull’s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 8 th Edition.
Chapter 6. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. 2013.
Source: adapted from Nebert et al. 2002; Ross 2000
ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Benzene. 2007.
ACGIH Biological Exposure Index (BEI)
BIOTRANSFORMASI
BENZEN
TOLUENE
CAS number: 108-88-3
Structural formula:
RECOMMENDED BEI®
Determinant Sampling Time BEI® Notation
Toluene in blood Prior to last shift of workweek 0.02 mg/L —
Toluene in urine End of shift 0.03 mg/L —
o-Cresol in urine* End of shift 0.3 mg/g creatinine B
* With hydrolysis
Chemical structures:
o -XYLENE
S ynonym : 1,2-Dimethylbenzene
m-XYLENE
S ynonym : 1,3-Dimethylbenzene
p-XYLENE
ACGIH TLV/BEI Documentation. 2012.
CAS number: 106-42-3
S ynonym : 1,4-Dimethylbenzene
MIXED IS OMERS
RECOMMENDED BEI®
Determinant** Sampling Time BEI® Notation
Methylhippuric acids in urine End of shift 1.5 g/g creatinine –
* Commercial or technical grade xylenes consist of mixtures of isomers and significant amounts of ethyl benzene as
indicated under "Properties." Because ethyl benzene is known to suppress the metabolism of xylenes to
methylhippuric acids, the BEI applies to technical or commercial grades of xylenes only. FIGURE 1. The metabolic pathways of xylenes (ATSDR, 2007).
** The determinants refer to the total of all isomers of methylhippuric acids.
BIOTRANSFORMASI
METANOL
catalase + H2O2
Asam Formiat
alcohol aldehyde
H2C O HC OH urine
H3C OH
dehydrogenase dehydrogenase
METHANOL
CAS number: 67-56-1 microsomal endogenous
metabolism
enzymes
S ynonym s : Carbinol; Methyl alcohol; Wood alcohol
Chemical formula: CH3OH FIGURE 1. Metabolic pathways of methanol. Bold lines indicate the major metabolic pathways.
RECOMMENDED BEI® cases may progress to blindness, coma and death. must be collected over the whole shift (8-hour urine
The minimal lethal dose lies around 0.3 to 1 g/kg, collection) or at the end of a representative exposure
Determinant Sampling Time BEI® Notation
but the minimal dose causing visual disturbances is period. Sampling should be performed in an area
unknown. Toxicity depends upon the rate of formate known to be uncontaminated with methanol vapor.
Methanol in urine End of shift 15 mg/L B, Nsis a folate-dependent process that
removal, which Ideally, the duration of exposure and the time inter-
• Dapat menyebabkan kebutaan
differs largely between species. Concomitant expo -
sure to ethanol may also have protective effect due
val between urine sampling and the preceding
voiding should be noted.
(33)
Typical procedures for
Liver Portal
blood Blood and lymph
Kidney Lung
Thank You
Other organs
Curtis D. Klaasen, John B. Watkins III. Casarett & Doull’s. Essentials of Toxicology. 2015
EKSRESI
• Proses toksikan atau metabolitnya meninggalkan
tubuh.
• Eliminasi umumnya terjadi pada ginjal dimana
toksikan yang sudah terlarut dalam air
meninggalkan tubuh
• Toksikan dapat keluar dari tubuh melalui:
• paru-paru (exhalasi)
• urin
• Tinja
• cairan tubuh lain seperti keringat, air mata, air
susu. GINJAL
https://topmetro.news/42979/mengetahui-cara-kerja-ginjal/
HALF-LIFE
Diskusikan:
• Toksikokinetika (ADME)
• Toksikodinamika (efek toksik)
• Biotransformasi
• Metabolit yang terbentuk
• Biological Exposure Index (BEI)
• Sampel apa yang harus diperiksa untuk
Biomonitoring
Human resources slide 8
Terima Kasih