Sepsis 150830172554 Lva1 App6892
Sepsis 150830172554 Lva1 App6892
Neonatal Sepsis Sepsis yang terjadi pada bayi baru lahir (biasanya 4
minggu setelah kelahiran)
Sepsis Abortion Aborsi yang disebabkan oleh infeksi dengan sepsis
pada ibu
Di USA, sepsis adalah penyakit penyebab kematian kedua dalam
pasien serangan jantung di ICU, dan masuk dalam 10 besar yang
menyebabkan kematian dari keseluruhan penyakit berdasarkan
data dari Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
penyebab kematian utama pasien ICU secara umum, dengan rata-
rata kematian 20% untuk sepsis, 40% untuk sepsis berat, dan >60%
untuk syok sepsis.
Angka sepsis neonatorum meningkat secara bermakna pada bayi
yang berat badan lahir rendah dan bila ada faktor resiko ibu
(obstetrik) atau tanda-tanda korioamnionitis, seperti ketuban pecah
lama (> 18 jam), demam intrapartum ibu (> 37,5oC), leukositosis ibu
(>18.000), pelunakan uterus dan takikardia janin (>180 kali/menit).
ETIOLOGI
Mayoritas kasus sepsis disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri,
beberapa disebabkan oleh infeksi jamur, dan sangat jarang
disebabkan oleh penyebab lain (virus dan protozoa)
Menarik sitokin
Menetapkan pathogen
Eliminasi sumber infeksi
Macam-macamnya :
e. Nutrisi
Kebutuhan kecukupan nutrisi berupa kalori, protein
(asam amino ), asam lemak, cairan vitamin dan
mineral perlu diberikan sedini mungkin.
Diutamakan pemberian bila
enteral, parenteral. perlu
Perlu pengendalian kadar gula darah.
f. Hyperglycemia dan Terapi
Insulin Intensif
Insulin berfungsi sebagi anti
inflammatory, anti koagulan, dan
antiapoptotik.
g. Disfungsi ginjal
Terjadi secara akut pada pasien sepsis dan
Syok Septik
Diberikan vasopresor bila diperlukan
(Dopamin dosis renal 1-3 mcg/kg/ menit)
Pada oliguria pemberian cairan dipantau ketat.
Terapi Adjuvan
a. Gangguan koagulasi
• Proses inflamasi menyebabkan gangguan koagulasi dan
DIC berupa konsumsi faktor pembekuan dan pembentukan
mikrotrombus di sirkulasi. Pada sepsis berat atau syok
septik terjadi penurunan aktivitas anti koagulan dan supresi
fibrinolisis kegagalan organ.
• Terapi anti koagulan : heparinisasi, antitrombin, dan
subtitusi faktor pembekuan.
• ACTIVATED PROTEIN C
Setelah pemberian ventilasi mekanik pelindung paru-
paru, dan terapi antibiotik
Meningkatkan protein C dan menurunkan nilai trombin
generat ion (misalnya,d-Dimer, pada koagulasi
intravascular.
Disetujui untuk kondisi sepsis berat dan peningkatan
risiko kematian
b. Kortikosteroid
Hanya diberikan dengan indikasi insufisiensi adrenal.
• Classification .
1 : Anatomical classification.
A – lobar pneumonia .
The consolidalion involves all or part of lobe
B – Bronchopneumonia
the consolidation involves scattered lobules
C - Interstitial pneumonia .
As in viral pneumonia where inflammatory .
Infiltrate involve mainly interstitial tissue between
alveoli.
PNEUMONIA
2 : Etiological classfication.
the cause of pneumonia in patient is often difficult to
determine because direct culture of lung tissue
invasive and rarely performed.
- culture obtained from upper respiratory tract or
sputum genenally not accurately.
PNEUMONIA
PNEUMONIA
• Causes of infectious pneumonia.
Bacterial.
Common.
- streptococcus pneumoniae
Group B streptococci
Group A streptococci .
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- chlamydia pneumoniae Adolescent.
- chlamydia trachomatis infant.
-Mixed anaerobes Aspiration
- Gram-negative enteric. pneumonia
PNEUMONIA
Uncommon.
- Haemphilus influenza
- Staphylococcus aureus Unimmunized.
animal fly contact
- Moraxella catarrhalis Immunosuppressed person.
- Neisseria meningitides Bird contact.
- Francisella tularensis Plague
- Nocardia species Exposure to contamianted wa
- Chlamydia psittaci
- Yersinia pestis
- Legionella species
PNEUMONIA
- Viral
-Common
Respiratory syncytial virus
Parainflueza type 1 – 3
Influeza A . B
Adenovirus
Metapneumoviru
s
- UnCommon
Enterovirus
Rhinovirus Neonates
Herpes simplex
Cytomegaloviru Neontes
s Measles Immuno
Varicella suppres
Hantavirus sed
Sars agent. person.
PNEUMONIA
-Fungal.
Histoplasma capsulatum Bird bat contact
Cryptococcus neoformans Bird contact.
Aspergillus species Immunosuppressed.
Mucomycosis
Coccidioides immitis Immunosuppressed
Blastomyces dermatitides
- Rickettsial
-Dehydration
-Vomiting.
-Hereditary disorder
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell disease
-Disorders of immunity
Aids
Bruton agammaglobulemia
Selective IgG subclass deficiencies
Common variable immunodeficiency syndrom
Sever combined immunodeficiency syndrom
-Disorders of leukocytes
ٍChronic granulomatous disease
Hyperimmunoglobulin E
syndrome
Leukocyte adhesion defect
PNEUMONIA
- Disorders of cilia
Immotile cilia syndrom
Kartagener syndrom
-Anatomic disorder
Sequestration
Lobar emphysema
Esophageal reflux
Foreign body
Tracheo esophageal fistula ( H type )
Gastroesophageal reflux
Bronchietasis
Aspiration ( oro pharyngeal in
coordination )
PNEUMONIA
• Pathogenesis
The lower respiratory tract is normally sterile by
-Physiologic defense mechanisms including
-Mucociliary clearance
Clinical Manifestation
Viral & bacterial pneumonia are often preceded by several day of symptoms
of URTI typically rhinitis and cough.
In viral pneumonia:
fever is usually present lower than in bacteria.
Tachypnea increased work of breathing accompanied by intercostal, subcostal
and suprasternal retraction nasal flaring and use of accessory muscle.
Severe infection accompanied by cyanosis and respiratory fatigue in infant.
Auscultation of chest wheezing and crackle
PNEUMONIA
In bacterial pneumonia:
Sudden shaking chill followed high fever, cough, grunting, chest pain,
drowsiness, rapid respiration, dry cough, anxiety circumoaral cyanosis.
Physical finding:
Depends on the stage of pneumonia diminished breath sound scattered crackels
and rhonchi over affected lung.
Increasing consolidation or complication.
As effusion empyema or pyopneumothorax dullness on percussion and breath
Sound.
Diminished abdominal distension because of gastric dilation from swallowed
air or ileus. Abdominal pain in lower lobe pneumonia
Liver may seem enlarged because downward of diaphragm secondary to hyper
inflation of lung
Neck rigidity without meningitis in right upper lobe.
PNEUMONIA
Diagnosis:
Chest X-ray diagnosis of pneumonia may indicate complication pleural
effusion or empyema.
Viral pneumonia X-ray hyper inflation with bilateral interstitial infiltrate
pneumococcal pneumonia lobar consolifation
repeat chest x-ray are not required for proof of cure for ratient with
uncomplicated pneumonia.
- WBC can differentiating viral from bacterial in virtual WBC normal or
elevated but usually not highert han 20,000/mm3 with lymphocyte predominance
Bacterial 15,000- 40,000 predominance granulocyte.
-Pleural effusion – lobar consolidation and high fever at onset of illness suggestive
of bacterial.
-Atypical pneumonia due to C.pneumoniae or M.pneumoniae is difficult
to distinguish from pneumococal pneumonia by X-ray and other lab.
-pneumococcal pneumonia higher in WBC count ESR-CRP.
- Isolation of organism from blood-pleural fluid or lung culture of sputum blood culture.
positive PCR in viruses
PNEUMONIA
Treatment:
Treatment based on cause and clinical appearance Children do not
require hospitalization.
-Amoxicillin ( 80-90mg/kg/24 hrs )
- cefuroxime = Zinnat or Amoxicillinclavulante = ogmin.
- For school age children with M-pneumonia.
-C.pneumonia (atypical pneumonia) mcrolide
antibiotic such as azilhromicin