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Eksternalitas: Masalah dan Solusi 5
5.1 Teori Eksternalitas
5.2 Solusi Sektor Swasta untuk Eksternalitas Negatif
5.3 Obat Sektor Publik untuk Eksternalitas
5.4 Perbedaan Antara Pendekatan Harga dan Kuantitas
untuk Mengatasi Eksternalitas
5.5 Kesimpulan
PREPARED BY
Dan Sacks
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5
Pengantar Eksternalitas: Pemanasan Global
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5
Rata-Rata Suhu Global, 1880−2011
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Eksternalitas: Masalah dan Solusi
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5.1
Eksternalitas Negatif
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5.1
Biaya Marjinal Privat dan Sosial
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5.1
Manfaat Marjinal Privat dan Sosial
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5.1
Eksternalitas dan Efisiensi
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5.1
Ekonomi Eksternalitas Produksi Negatif: Produksi
Baja
Price of
steel Social marginal cost,
SMC = PMC + MD
Deadweight loss
S = Private marginal
cost, PMC
B
C
$100 = Marginal
P1 A damage, MD
D = Private marginal
benefit, PMB = Social
marginal benefit, SMB
Q2 Q1 Quantity of steel
Overproduction
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5.1
APLIKASI: Eksternalitas SUVs
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5.1
Eksternalitas Positif
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5.1
Ekonomi Eksternalitas Konsumsi Negatif: Merokok
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5.2
Solusi Sektor Privat untuk Eksternalitas Negatif:
Solusi
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5.2
Permasalahan Solusi Coasian
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5.2
Permasalahan Solusi Coasian
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5.2
Bottom Line
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5.3
Obat Sektor Publik untuk Eksternalitas
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5.3
Pajak dan Subsidi Korektif
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5.3
Pajak Korektif
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5.3
Subsidi Korektif
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5.3
Regulasi
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5.4
Perbedaan Antara Pendekatan Harga dan Kuantitas
untuk Mengatasi Eksternalitas: Model Dasar
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5.4
Regulasi Harga (Pajak) dibandingkan Regulasi
Kuantitas di Model ini
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5.4
Beberapa Pabrik dengan Biaya Pengurangan
Berbeda
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5.4
Beberapa Pabrik dengan Biaya Pengurangan
Berbeda
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5.4
Ketidakpastian Tentang Biaya Pengurangan
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5.4
Ketidakpastian Tentang Biaya Pengurangan:
Kasus 1: Kurva MD Datar (Pemanasan Global)
Cost of
pollution
reduction ($) MC2
A
C1 MC1
DWL1
D B
DWL2
t = C2
E C
MD = SMB
Reduction 0 R3 R2 R1 Rfull
Pollution Pfull P3 P2 P1 0
Mandated
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5.4
Ketidakpastian Tentang Biaya Pengurangan:
Kasus 2: Kurva MD Curam (Kebocoran Nuklir)
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5.4
Ketidakpastian Tentang Biaya Pengurangan:
Implikasi bagi Pilihan Instrumen
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5.5
Kesimpulan
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5.5
Kesimpulan
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