Bab V

Plain Bearing

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Bab V Plain Bearing

5.1 Pendahuluan
1. Aplikasi
 Kompresor, pompa, motor berkapasitas
besar
 Turbine
 Generator
 dll.
2. Jenis-jenis
 Journal/Radial Bearing  beban radial poros
 Thrust Bearing  beban aksial poros
 Guide/Slipper Bearing  pengarah gerak

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3. Prinsip Kerja
 Sliding Murni  tanpa ada cairan/gas
pelumas (contoh: Teflon, Nylon, Graphite)
 Hydrodynamic  terdapat lapisan batas
antar permukaan
 Hydrostatic  terdapat pelumas bertekanan
yang memisahkan kedua permukaan
 Kombinasi Hydrodynamic dan Hydrostatic

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4. Perbandingan Umum vs Roller Bearing

 Kelebihan:
 Bentuk yang kompak
 Operasi lebih halus
 Lebih murah untuk produksi massal
 Lebih kaku
 Umur relatif tidak dibatasi fatigue
 Kekurangan:
 Gesekan besar untuk start awal
 Memerlukan pelumas kualitas tinggi
 Rentan terhadap lingkungan buruk (partikel asing dll.)

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5.2 Sliding Bearing

1. Requirement Material untuk sliding:
 Fatigue resistance

Kemampuan material untuk menahan beban

berulang tanpa mengalami keretakan/kegagalan
 Embeddability
Kemampuan material untuk menyerap partikel asing
dalam pelumas sehingga scoring/aus dapat
dihindari

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 Anti-scoring tendency
Kemampuan material untuk menahan galling atau
seizing pada kontak metal-metal saat start-up
 Conformability
Kemampuan material untuk mengalami creep atau
perubahan bentuk menyesuaikan kontour
permukaan maupung pembebanan yang tidak
uniform saat running (misal: misalignment)
 High thermal conductivity
Kemampuan material untuk mengeluarkan panas
yang timbul dari gesekan sehingga temperatur
stabil

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 Wear resistance
Ketahanan material terhadap aus, berhubungan dengan umur
 Corrosion resistance
Ketahanan material terhadap zat korosif yang kadang
terkandung/terbentuk dalam pelumas
 Load capacity
Kemampuan material untuk menahan beban tekan
 Thermal Expansion coef.
Untuk menghindari pemuaian dan thermal stress yang
berlebih
 Lain-lain
costs, availability, machinability

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2. Jenis Material
 Logam
 Aluminium
 Babits (tin alloys)
 Copper alloys
 Zinc
 Iron
 Non-logam
 Plastics
 Carbon/graphites
 Cemented carbides
 Self-lubricated materials

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3. Perbandingan Material Sliding

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5.3 Hydrodynamic Bearing

1. Mekanisme Kerja
 Komponen:
 Journal / Poros
 Bushing / Bantalan
 Pelumas
 Pressure Distribution &
Pemodelan

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2. Mode Operasi
 Kondisi pelumasan yang terjadi pada sistem
hydrodynamic bearing
 Tergantung dari pelumas, rancangan
bantalan dan kecepatan putar poros
 Terdiri dari:
 Full-film
 Boundary Lubrication
 Mixed

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 Full-film
 Pelumas mampu memisahkan secara sempurna
kedua permukaan gesek
 Koefisien gesek rendah ( = 0.001 – 0.005)
 Keausan rendah
 Parameter yang harus dipenuhi meliputi:
 Pemilihan pelumas yang tepat untuk kondisi operasi
 Aliran pelumasan yang terpelihara baik
 Perancangan dan pemilihan bantalan yang tepat
 Kecepatan relatif kedua permukaan terjaga sekira 25
feet/min

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 Boundary Lubrication
 Permukaan sliding saling bergesekan dengan
hanya dibatasi oleh lapisan pelumas yang sangat
tipis
 Cukup baik untuk peralatan dengan gerak osilasi
atau rotasi putaran rendah (< 10 feet/min)
 Koefisien gesek,  = 0.08 – 0.14
 Umumnya menggunakan pelumas grease atau oli
dengan maintenance regular

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 Mixed Film-Boundary Lubrication

 Mode operasi terjadi antara mode full-film
maupun boundary, tergantung kondisi operasi
bearing
 Terjadi pemisahan sebagian antar permukaan
sliding
 Koefisien gesek,  = 0.02 – 0.08
 Rotasi putaran minimal 10 feet/min

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 Perbandingan tiga mode operasi

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 Dalam operasi, semua mode pelumasan

terjadi:
 Saat journal berhenti, terjadi kontak antar
permukaan sliding
 Saat start-up dan stop, terjadi mode boundary
lubrication
 Seiring bertambahnya kecepatan putar, terjadi
mixed film-boundary
 Pada kecepatan rancangan, terjadi full-film
lubrication

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3. Journal Bearing
 Menahan beban radial
journal/poros
 Grooving:
 Untuk menjaga agar pelumas
tetap berada diantara journal
dan bantalan
 Juga berfunsgi sbg pendingin
pelumas
 Lokasi pemasukan pelumas ke
dalam bearing haruslah pada
daerah bertekanan rendah

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 Konstruksi
 Circumferential grove
alur pada sekeliling bantalan
 Cylindrical overshoot
alur lebar untuk pendinginan bearing aplikasi
kecepatan tinggi
 Pressure
dengan tambahan alur setengah lingkaran untuk
mengatur tekanan pelumasan
 Multiple groove
beralur banyak untuk memperlancar aliran
pelumas

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 Elliptical
Terdiri dari 2 bagian membentuk penampang ellips
 Elliptical overshoot
Model Ellips dengan alur melebar
 Three-lobe
Mirip elliptical tetapi dengan 3 rongga yang lebar
 Pivoted Shoe
Bearing dengan 3 atau lebih permukaan yang terpisah
dengan titik putar pada sumbu poros
 Nut-cracker
Bearing terdiri dari 2 bagian dengan bagian atas bisa
bergerak bebas dalam arah vertikal

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 Parameter Performans Journal Bearing:

 Bearing load capacity
 Frictional losses
 Lubricant flow requirement
 Kenaikan temperatur

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 Journal Bearing Notation

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 Procedure for Lubrication Analysis

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 Dari hasil penghitungan & Grafik, kondisi cd

yang dapat diterima:
 d ≤ 1” : cd min. 200 mikroinch
 1 ≤ d ≤ 4” : cd min. 500 mikroinch
 d ≥ 4” : cd min. 750 mikroinch
 cd ditentukan pada ∆T = 400 F dari kurva oil
temperature jika dalam manual tidak
terdapat persyaratan khusus
 Toleransi pembebanan dari manufacturer
bisa dimodifikasi asal masih dalam range h0
dan ∆T

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 Contoh Soal

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4. Thrust Bearing
 Fungsi:
 Menahan poros arah aksil
 Memposisikan poros pada arah aksial
 Konsep

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Bab V Plain Bearing

 Klasifikasi berdasarkan
Geometri
1. Parallel/Flat
 Paling umum,
sederhana dan murah
 Aplikasi beban/energi
rendah
 Umum untuk
positioning devices
2. Step
 Sederhana, relatif
murah
 Sensitif terhadap
misalignment
 Dimensi kecil

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3. Tapered-land
 Kapasitas besar
 Performance bagus
untuk dimensi besar
 Perlu alignment
yang bagus
 Relatif mahal
4. Tilting pad
 Kapasitas besar
 Relatif mahal
 Mampu
mengakomodasi
misalignment

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 Load range applications

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 Thrust Bearing Notation

a = radial width to pad, inches
b = circumferential length of pad at pitch line,
inches
b2 = pad step length
B = circumference of pitch circle inches
c = specific heat of oil, Btu/gal/oF
D = diameter, inches
e = depth of step, inch
f = coefficient of friction
g = depth of 45o chamfer, inches
h = film thickness, inch
i = number of pads
J = power loss coefficien

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K = film thickness factor

Kg = fraction of circumference occupied by the pads;
usually, 0.8
l = length of chamfer, inches
M = horsepower per square inch
N = revolutions per minute
O = operating number
p = bearing unit load, psi
ps = oil-supply pressure, psi
Pf = friction horsepower
Q = total flow, gpm
Qc = required flow per chamfer, gpm
Qc0 = uncourrected required flow per chamfer, gpm
QF = film flow, gpm

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Bab V Plain Bearing

s = oil-groove width
t = temperature rise, oF
U = velocity, feet per minute
V = effective width-to-length ratio for one pad
W = applied load, pounds
YG = oil-flow factor
YL = leakage factor
YS = shape factor
Z = viscosity, centipoises
α = dimensionless film-thickness factor
 = taper
 = kinetic energy correction factor

Note : In the following, subscript 1 denotes inside diameter and subscript

2 denotes outside diameter. Subscript i denotes inlet and subscript o
denotes outlet.

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 Procedure for Thrust Bearing Lubrication Analysis

1. Flat Plat Bearing

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2. Step Bearing

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3. Tapered

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4. Tilting Pad

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5.4 Hydrostatic Bearing

 Pada Hydrodynamic bearing, perlu kecepatan relatif
permukaan yang tinggi untuk membentuk film
pelumas yang bertekanan
 Jika bearing dengan beban besar tetapi dengan
kecepatan relatif permukaan rendah, maka perlu
tekanan eksternal agar tidak terjadi kontak
langsung antar permukaan gesek
 Khususnya pada saat start up atau shut down,
aplikasi Hydrostatic diperlukan, yaitu dengan
menambahkan tekanan eksternal pada bearing

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Mekanisme
pembentukan film
pada hydrostatic
bearing

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 Kelebihan
 Koefisien gesek sangat rendah
 Dapat menerima beban yang sangat tinggi, tidak
tergantung kecepatan
 Akurasi tinggi pada kecepatan tinggi, beban
rendah
 Kekakuan bearing tinggi
 Kekurangan
Memerlukan pompa tekanan dan kecepatan alir
tinggi

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Bab V Plain Bearing

 Aplikasi
 Teleskop besar, radar tracking unit
 Beban sangat besar
 Kecepatan sangat rendah
 Machine tools dan giroskop
 Beban rendah
 Kecepatan sangat tinggi

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Gas-lubricated hydrostatic bearing

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 Kelebihan
 Gesekan dan viscous resistance yang sangat
rendah
 Pelumas gas/udara, sehingga sederhana dan
bersih
 Tidak ada kontaminasi pelumas terhadap
permukaan
 Pelumas dapat bekerja baik range temperatur
yang sangat besar
 Tidak terjadi fenomena kavitasi

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Bab V Plain Bearing

 Kekurangan
 Kapasitas beban rendah
 Pengerjaan permukaan harus halus
 Alignment harus sangat baik
 Dimensi dan clearance harus sangat akurat
 Stabilitas relatif rendah
 Aplikasi
 Gas-cycled machinery
 Gyroscope
 Food-processing
 Textile processing

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 Bab V Plain Bearing

5.5 Ringkasan Plain Bearing

1. Perbandingan
Bearing Type
General
Condition Self-acting Externally
Comments Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Gas Presurised
High Attention to Attention to oxidation lubricant Excellent Excellent
temperature differential is necessary resistance of
expansions Excellent
and their effect
on axial
clearance is
necessary
Low Attention to Lubricant may Lubricant may Exellent: thorough drying of gas
temperature differential impose impose is necessary
expansions limitations; limitations
and starting consideration
torque is of starting
necessary torque is

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 Bab V Plain Bearing

Bearing Type
General
Condition Self-acting Externally
Comments Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Gas Presurised
External Attention to Statisfactory Excellent Normally Excellent
vibration possibility of satisfactory
fretting damage
is necessary
(exepts for
hydrostatic
bearings)
Space - Small radial extent but total space Small radial Small radial
requirements requirement depends on lubricant extent total space
feed system requirement
depends on
gas feed system

Dirt of dust - Statisfactory; filtration on lubricant Sealing is Satisfactory

is important important

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 Bab V Plain Bearing

Bearing Type
General
Condition Self-acting Externally
Comments Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Gas Presurised
Vacuum - Lubricant may impose limitations Not normally Not applicable
applicable when vacuum
has to be
maintained
Wetness and Attention to Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory
humidity posibility of
metallic corrosions
is necessary
Radiation - Lubricant may impose limitations Excellent
Low starting - Satisfactory Excellent Excellent Excellent
torque
High starting - Satisfactory Satisfactory Excellent Excellent
torque
Accuracy of - Good Excellent Good Excellent
radial
location

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 Bab V Plain Bearing

Bearing Type
General
Condition Self-acting Externally
Comments Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Gas Presurised
Life - Theoretically Theoretically Theoritically Theoretically
infinite but infinite infinite but infinite
affected by affected
filtration and by number of
number of start
start- stops
- stops
Combination - A journal bearing surface must be provided to carry radial
of axial and loads and thrust face to carry axial loads
radial
load capacity

Silent running - Excellent Excellent except Excellent Excellent except

for possible for possible
compresor
pump noise
noise

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 Bab V Plain Bearing

Bearing Type
General
Condition Self-acting Externally
Comments Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Gas Presurised
Simplicity of - Self-contained Auxiliary high Excellent Pressurized
lubrication assemblies can pressure is supply
be used with necessary of dry, clean
certain limits of gas is
load,speed and necessary
diameter;
beyond this, oil
circulation is
necessary
Availability of - Good Poor Good Poor
standard parts
Prevention of - Normally statisfactory,but attention Excellent Excellent
contamination to sealing is necessary, exept
of product and where process liquid can be used
surroundings as lubricant
Tolerance to - Poor Satisfactory Poor Satisfactory
manufacturing
and assembly
inaccuracies

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Bearing Type
General
Condition Self-acting Externally
Comments Hydrodynamic Hydrostatic
Gas Presurised
Type of motion        
Frequent - Good     Exellent
Start-stops -        
Unidirectional - Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable
Bidirectional - Some types are Some types are Suitable
suitable suitable
Oscillatory - Unsuitable Suitable Unsuitable Suitable

Running costs - Depends on complexity

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Bab V Plain Bearing 2. Aplikasi Praktis
 Panduan Pemilihan Bearing dalam Grafik

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 Keterangan

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 Pemilihan Plain Bearing menurut operasi

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 
Bab V Plain Bearing Panduan Pemilihan Thrust Bearing

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 Panduan Pemilihan Material

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5.6 Metode Pemasangan

 Faktor-faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan:
 Keseragaman tebal dinding bantalan
 Kontak yang baik dan luas dengan housing,
untuk perpindahan panas
 Perubahan bentuk bearing akibat kenaikan
temperatur

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 Beberapa Metode
 Press / Shrink-fit
 Keys: Set screws,
Woodwurf keys,
bolted, threaded
bearing, dowel
pins, housing caps

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5.7 Pelumasan
1. Metode Pelumasan
 Pressure/pompa
 Pelumas bertekanan diinjeksikan ke arah
permukaan kontak melalui alur atau lubang
 Tekanan umumnya pada 50 psi
 Untuk mode film-lubrication, perpindahan panas
cukup baik dan kemampuan pembersihan
kotoran yg baik

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 Splash-fed
 Pelumas dipercikkan ke bearing
 Biasanya digunakan untuk pelumasan
bearing/bushing yang berselang (tidak terus
menerus)
 Praktis untuk kondisi housing yang sempit dan
bagian bergerak tidak dapat terendam pelumas
 Oil-bath
 Bushing/bearing terendam pelumas
 Kehandalan setinggi pressure lubrication
 Housing memungkinkan
 Putaran bagian berputar tidak terlalu tinggi

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 Oil-ring
 Pelumas disuplai ke bantalan melalui ring yang
berkontak dengan bagian berputar
 Rentang kecepatan tangensial 200 – 2000
feet/min.
 Wick-pack
 Pelumas disuplai ke bantalan dengan prinsip
kapiler melalui sumbu (wick)
 Jumlah pelumas yang dialirkan proporsional
dengan ukuran sumbu

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 Grease pack
 Menggunakan grease dan bantalan berpori
 Pelumasan “permanen”, tetapi hydrodynamic
sulit tercapai
 Biasanya sampai mode boundary lubrication

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2. Pelumas
 Nilai pelumasan untuk sliding bearing
terutama tergantung pada kapasitas
pembentukan lapisan film pelumas antar
permukaan sliding
 Karakteristik terbentuknya film pelumas
tergantung terutama pada viskositas
 Idealnya: pelumas dengan viskositas
(kekentalan) rendah sehingga rugi gesek
rendah tetapi tidak pecah pada film
 Kenyataannya  kompromi

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 Satuan Viskositas

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 Pengaruh
Temperatur
terhadap viskositas

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 Faktor-faktor dalam pemilihan pelumas

 Mode operasi yang diharapkan
 Kecepatan relatif permukaan gesek
 Beban yang bekerja
 Misal: Bantalan dengan beban ringan,
diharapkan terjadi mode full-film pada putaran
2000 rpm, maka pelumas yang cocok adalah:
SAE 5

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3. Grease
 Kondisi Operasi:
 Putaran rendah dan beban besar
 Boundary lubrication
 Koefisien gesek: 0,08 – 0,18 (rata-rata 0,12)
 Kelebihan
 Periode pelumasan yang panjang
 Terhindar dari kontaminasi akibat kebocoran oli
 Efektif untuk lingkungan yang relatif kurang
bersih

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4. Solid Lubricant
 Material dengan tahanan geser yang rendah
 Untuk peralatan yang bekerja pada
temperatur tinggi
 Sifat pelumasan berubah drastis jika
mendekati titik cair:
 Koefisien gesek bisa meningkat 5 – 10 kali
 Laju metal transfer meningkat 1000 kali

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