NDB ( Non Directional Beacon )

Non Directional Beacon (NDB)

adalah fasilitas navigasi
penerbangan yang bekerja
dengan menggunakan
frekuensi rendah (low
frequency) dan dipasang
pada suatu lokasi tertentu di
dalam atau di luar lingkungan
bandar udara sesuai
fungsinya.
NDB memancarkan informasi dalam bentuk sinyal
gelombang radio ke segala arah melalui antena,
sinyalnya akan diterima oleh pesawat udara yang
dilengkapi Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) yaitu
perangkat penerima NDB yang ada di pesawat udara,
sehingga penerbang dapat mengetahui posisinya
(azimuth) relatif terhadap lokasi NDB tersebut.
Pemancar NDB beroperasi pada Frekwensi 190 KHz
s/d 1750 KHz dan secara terus-menerus
memancarkan frekwensi pembawa (carrier) yang
dimodulasi dengan kode Morse yang berfrekwensi
audio 1020 Hz sebagai identifikasi (tanda pengenal
stasiun pemancar NDB yang bersangkutan). Sinyal
Identifikasi ini dipancarkan berupa suatu kelompok
kode morse yang terdiri dari 2 sampai dengan 3 huruf
dengan kecepatan rata-rata 7 identifikasi per menit.
 Di Indonesia terpasang beberapa jenis NDB dengan kekuatan
pancar yang berbeda yang disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan
operasi bandar udara bersangkutan. Makin besar kekuatan
pancar NDB makin besar daerah cakupan NDB tersebut.

Jenis-jenis NDB tersebut adalah :

1. Low Range
Daerah cakupan (coverage range) antara 50 NM sampai dengan 100 NM
(1 NM = 1.853 km) dengan daya pancar antara 50 watt sampai dengan
100 watt.

2. Medium Range
Daerah cakupan antara 100 NM sampai dengan 150 NM dengan
daya pancar antara 100 watt sampai dengan 1000 watt.

3. High Range
Daerah cakupan (coverage range) antara 150 NM sampai
dengan 300 NM atau lebih dengan daya pancar antara 1000
watt sampai dengan 3000 watt.
Fungsi NDB adalah sebagai berikut :
1. Homing
Stasiun NDB yang dipasang di dalam lingkungan bandar udara dan
dioperasikan untuk memandu penerbang dalam mengemudikan pesawat
udara menuju lokasi bandar udara.
2. En-Route
Stasiun NDB yang dipasang di luar lingkungan bandar udara pada
suatu lokasi tertentu dan dioperasikan untuk memberikan panduan
kepada pesawat udara yang melakukan penerbangan jelajah di jalur
penerbangan yang terdapat Blank Spot.

3. Holding
Stasiun NDB yang dipasang di luar atau di dalam lingkungan bandar udara
dan digunakan untuk memandu penerbang yang sedang melakukan
holding yaitu mengunggu antrian dalam pendaratan yang diatur dan atas
perintah pengatur lalu-lintas udara/controler.

4. Locator
Stasiun NDB low power yang dipasang pada perpanjangan garis
tengah landasan pacu guna memberikan panduan arah pendaratan
kepada penerbang pada saat posisi pesawatnya berada di kawasan
pendekatan untuk melakukan pendaratan.
 PERSYARATAN PENEMPATAN NON DIRECTIONAL BEACON NOTE :
SISTEM ANTENA DIPOLE

1-1 GAMBAR LUAS LAHAN DAN LOKASI PERLETAKAN NDB

Pagar

Tiang Antenna

100 M
Tiang Antenna

Gedung NDB
Jaringan Kawat Tanah

100 M

1-2 GAMBAR PERYARATAN BATAS KETINGGIAN BANGUNAN DAN BENDA

TUMBUH DI SEKITAR NDB

Tiang Tiang
Antenna Antenna
Antenna
40 M Permukaan
Kerucut

3° 3°

70 M
100 M

BATAS BANGUNAN DAN BENDA TUMBUH

a) Di dalam batas tanah 100 m x 100 m : bebas bangunan dan benda tumbuh
b) Sampai dengan radius 300 m dari titik tengah antena tidak diperkenankan ada bangunan
metal seperti konstruksi baja, tiang listrik dan lain-lain
c) Sampai dengan radius 1.000 m dari titik tengah antena, tidak diperkenankan adanya
kelompok pohon dan bangunan lainnya melebihi batas ketinggian permukaan kerucut
sebagaimana pada gambar. 1-2.

Gambar 1.
Persyaratan Penempatan NDB Sistem Antena Dipole
Peralatan NDB

Exciter / 1 kw combiner /
Monitor harmonic filter

Power Tube

Power Supply

Front_view back_view
Power Power tube
supply

Exiter/monitor
 Exiter / monitor block diagram

monitor
keyer exciter
Pawer amplifier
kombiner
 RMI

NDB

ADF

ATU
NDB RECEIVER

Presented by aries s
14.10.2005
Source : internet
A D F ( AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER )

Here it shows that the aircraft is on a

345° heading and that the magnetic
bearing to the NDB is 060°.
ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) adalah alat
penerima signal ndb yang bekerja pada lebar frekuensi
antara 190 Khz s/d 1750 Khz.

ADF COMPONENTS:

ADF Receiver : pilot can tune the station

desired and to select the mode of operation.
The signal is received, amplified, and converted
to audible voice or morse code transmission
and powers the bearing indicator.
 Control Box (Digital Readout Type) : Most modern
aircraft has this type of control in the cockpit . In this
equipment the frequency tuned is displayed as digital
readout. ADF automatically determines bearing to
selected station and it on the RMI.

Radio Magnetic Indicator is an

instrument that combines radio
and magnetic information to
provide continuous heading ,
bearing , and radial information.
Antenna : The aircraft consist of two antennas. The two
antennas are called LOOP antenna and SENSE antenna.
The ADF receives signals on both loop and sense
antennas. The loop antenna in common use today is a
small flat antenna without moving parts. Within the antenna
are several coils spaced at various angles. The loop
antenna sense the direction of the station by the strength
of the signal on each coil but cannot determine whether the
bearing is TO or FROM the station. The sense antenna
provides this latter information
Bearing Indicator : displays the bearing to station
relative to the nose of the aircraft.
Relative Bearing is the angle
formed by the line drawn through the
center line of the aircraft and a line
drawn from the aircraft to the radio
station.

Magnetic Bearing is the

angle formed by a line
drawn from aircraft to the
radio station and a line
drawn from the aircraft to
magnetic north (Bearing to
station).

Magnetic Bearing = Magnetic Heading + Relative Bearing.

TYPE OF ADF INDICATOR :
Fixed Compass Card : It is fixed to the face of instrument
and cannot rotate. 0 degree is always straight up as the nose of
aircraft.

The relationship of the aircraft to the station is

refered to as " bearing to the station " MB or
aircraft to magnetic north. This type of
indicator, pilot must calculate for the bearing
by formular
MB = RB + MH
Rotatable Compass Card : The dial face of the instrument
can be rotated by a knob. By rotating the card such that the
Magnetic Heading (MH) of the aircraft is adjusted to be
under the pointer at the top of the card.

The bearing to station (MB)

can be read directly from the
compass card without
calculation and make it easy
for pilot. Today , they
designed automatically rotate
the compass card of the
instrument to agree with the
magnetic heading (MH) of the
aircraft . Thus MB to station
can be read at any time
without manually rotating the
compass card on the ADF
face
 Single-Needle Radio Magnetic Indicator : Radio Magnetic
Indicator is an instrument that combines radio and magnetic
information to provide continuous heading , bearing , and radial
information.

The face of the single needle RMI is similar to that of the rotatable card ADF.
Dual-Needle Radio Magnetic Indicator : The dual needle
RMI is similar to single needle RMI except that it has a
second needle. The first needle indicated just like single
needle. inthe picture , the yellow needle is a single which
indicate the Magnetic Bearing to the NDB station . The
second needle is the green needle in the picture.

The second needle

(green) is point to
VOR station .The dual
needle indicator is
useful in locate the
location of an aircraft.
OPERATION :
ADF operate in the low and medium frequency bands. By tuning to
NDB station. NDB frequency and identification information may be
obtained from aeronautical charts and Airport Facility Directory. The
ADF has automatic direction seeking qualities which result in the
bearing indicator always pointing to the station to which it is tuned.
The easiest and perhaps the most common method of using ADF , is
to " home " to the station . Since the ADF pointer always points to the
station , the pilot can simply head the airplane so that the pointer is on
the 0 (zero) degree or nose position when using a fixed card ADF .
The station will be directly ahead of the airplane. Since there is almost
always some wind at altitude and you will be allowing for drif, meaning
that your heading will be different from your track. Off track , if the
aircraft is left of track, the head of the needle will point right of the
nose. If the aircraft is right of track , the head of the needle will point
left of the nose
For fixed compass card , if you are not fly Homing and you want to fly
heading at some degrees. You must use the formular MB = MH + RB
to find out what degree the ADF pointer should be on. Today , the fixed
card indicator is very unsatisfactory for every day use which can still be
found on aircraft panels but not many planes that pilot actually uses it
due to it has easier type of indicator.

For rotatable compass card, it was a big step over the fixed card
indicator. The pilot can rotate the compass card with the heading knob
to display the aircraft MH " straight up " . Then the ADF needle will
directly indicate the magnetic bearing to the NDB station.
For Single needle Radio Magnetic Indicator , the compasscard is a
directional gyro and it rotates automatically as the aircraft turns and
provide continuous heading . It is accurately indicates the magnetic
heading and the magnetic bearing to the beacon. This instrument is a
" hands off " instrument.

For dual needle Radio Magnetic Indicator, it is give the pilot

information the same as the single needle such as aircraft heading
and magnetic bearing to the NDB . The seacond indicator will point to
VOR station . This help pilot to check the location of the aircraft at that
time .
PENERAPAN :

MONITORING
Since the ADF receiver normally has no system failure or
"OFF warning flags to provide the pilot with immediate
indication of a beacon failure or receiver failure, the ADF
audio must be monitored. The "idents" should be monitored
anytime the ADF is used as a sole means of en route
navigation. During the critical phases of approach, missed
approach and holding, at least one pilot or flight crew
member shall aurally monitor the beacon "idents" unless the
aircraft instruments automatically advise the pilots of ADF or
receiver failure.
HOMING
One of the most common ADF uses is "homing to a station". When
using this procedure, the pilot flies to a station by keeping the
bearing indicator needle on 0° when using a fixed-card ADF (See
Homing to an NDB figure, below right). The pilot should follow
these steps:

1. tune the desired frequency and

identify the station. Set the function
selector knob to ADF and note the
relative bearing;
2. turn the aircraft toward the relative
bearing until the bearing indicator
pointer is 0°; and
3. continue flight to the station by
maintaining a relative bearing of 0°.
The figure Homing to an NDB,
on the right, shows that if the pilot
must change the magnetic
heading to bold the aircraft on 0°
the aircraft is drifting due to a
crosswind. If the pilot does not
make crosswind corrections, the
aircraft flies a curved path to the
station while the bearing indicator
pointer remains at zero. The
aircraft in position 2 must keep
changing its heading to maintain
the 0° relative bearing while flying
to the station.
Assume the pilot of the aircraft
in position l (see Bracketing
an NDB Magnetic Bearing
figure, on the right) desires to
intercept the 090° magnetic
bearing to the non-directional
beacon. The pilot then sets up
an intercept angle of 30°
which is shown by the 120°
heading of the aircraft. The
ADF pointer indicates 340°.
Because the magnetic bearing
equals the magnetic heading of
the aircraft and the relative
bearing, the pilot adds 120°
(the relative bearing) and finds
that the aircraft is on the 100°
magnetic bearing.
TRACKING FROM A STATION: A pilot can use ADF to track from a station
by employing the principles of bracketing a magnetic bearing. The Tracking
from an NDB figure, below left, illustrates an aircraft tracking outbound from
a station with a crosswind from the north. The reciprocal bearing is 090°,
and the pilot tracks this bearing by flying the aircraft with 10° of wind
correction. The pilot knows that the aircraft is tracking a reciprocal bearing
because the heading indicator (080°) and relative bearing (190°) equal the
magnetic bearing (270°).
POSITION FIX BY ADF: The ADF receiver can help the pilot to make a
definite position fix by using two or more stations and the process of
triangulation. To determine the exact location of the aircraft, the pilot should
use these procedures:

1. locate two stations in the vicinity of the

aircraft. Tune and identify each;
2. set the function selector knob to ADF,
then note the magnetic heading of the
aircraft as read on the heading of the
aircraft as read on the heading indicator.
Continue to fly this heading and tune in
the stations previously identified,
recording the relative bearing for each
station;
3. add the relative bearing of each station to
the magnetic heading to obtain the
magnetic bearing. Correct the magnetic
bearing for east-west variation to obtain
the true bearing; and
4. plot the reciprocal for each true bearing on
the chart. The aircraft is located at the
intersection of the bearing lines (see
Position Fix by NDB figure, on the right).