Disusun oleh:
Madihah Yasmine Rangkuti 190131089
Otniel Paskah Rumatha T. 190131113
Rahmadani Siregar 190131144
Vonny 190131185
Definisi
• Cedera Kepala = cedera otak traumatis (Traumatic Brain Injury/TBI),
namun merupakan kategori yang lebih luas karena dapat melibatkan
kerusakan pada struktur selain otak, seperti kulit kepala dan
tengkorak.
• Cedera kepala = head injury = trauma cranioserebral = trauma capitis
• Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa:
Cedera otak traumatis kerusakan pada otak yang dihasilkan dari
kekuatan mekanik eksternal, seperti percepatan atau perlambatan
yang cepat, benturan, gelombang ledakan, atau penetrasi oleh
proyektil.
1. Marshall LF . Head injury: Recent past, present, and future. Neurosurgery 2000; 47: 546-61
2. Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. "Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults". Lancet Neurology 2008; 7: 728-41.
Epidemiologi
• Lebih sering terjadi pada anak-anak, orang dewasa hingga 24 tahun,
dan mereka yang lebih tua dari 75 tahun.
• Terjadi 3 kali lebih sering pada laki-laki daripada perempuan.
• Meskipun hanya 10% dari TBI terjadi pada populasi lanjut usia, namun
kejadian pada populasi tersebut menyumbang hingga 50% angka
kematian akibat TBI.
1. Mohammadifard M, Ghaemi K, Hanif H, Sharifzadeh G, Haghparast M. Marshall and Rotterdam Computed Tomography scores in predicting
early deaths after brain trauma. Eur J Transl Myol.
2. Lalwani S, Hasan F, Khurana S, Mathur P. Epidemiological trends of fatal pediatric trauma: A single-center study. Medicine (Baltimore).
3. Schneider ALC, Wang D, Ling G, Gottesman RF, Selvin E. Prevalence of Self-Reported Head Injury in the United States. N Engl J Med.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
Report to Congress on traumatic brain injury in the United States: Epidemiology and rehabilitationpdf icon. Atlanta (GA): Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; 2015.
• Menurut Riskesdas 2018, prevalensi
kejadian cedera kepala di
Indonesia berada pada angka
11,9%. Cedera pada
bagian kepala menempati posisi
ketiga setelah cedera pada anggota
gerak bawah dan bagian anggota
gerak atas dengan prevalensi
masing-masing 67,9% dan 32,7%.
• To pain only (not applied to • Inappropriate words 3 points • Withdraws in response to pain 4
face) 2 points points
• No response 1 point • Incomprehensible speech 2 • Flexion in response to pain
points (decorticate posturing) 3 points
• No response 1 point • Extension response in response
to pain (decerebrate posturing) 2
points
• No response 1 point
1. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. Lancet 1974; 81-84.
2. Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment and prognosis of coma after head injury. Acta Neurochir 1976; 34:45-55
Klasifikasi Cedera Kepala
berdasarkan GCS
Severe GCS 3 – 8
Moderate GCS 9 – 12
Mild GCS 13 – 15
1. Adapted from: Advanced Trauma Life Support: Course for Physicians, American College of Surgeons, 1993
Patofisiologi
Monro-Kellie doctrine
• V i/c = V (brain) + V (cerebrospinal fluid) + V (blood)
• Head injury occurs → cerebral edema develops → increases the
relative volume of the brain.
Compliance = Change in volume / change in pressure
• Compliance is based on the pressure volume index (PVI) within the
intracranial compartment
CPP (Cerebral Perfusion Pressure)
• CPP = MAP-ICP
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-overview#a7
• When the MAP <50 mm Hg or > 150 mm Hg → the arterioles are
unable to autoregulate and blood flow becomes entirely dependent
on the blood pressure, a situation defined as pressure-passive flow.
• The CBF is no longer constant but is dependent on and proportional
to the CPP.
• MAP < 50 mm Hg → the brain is at risk of ischemia due to insufficient
blood flow
• MAP > 160 mm Hg causes excess CBF that may result in increased ICP.
• While autoregulation works well in the noninjured brain, it is impaired
in the injured brain. As a result, pressure-passive flow occurs within
and around injured areas and, perhaps, globally in the injured brain.
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/433855-overview#a7
Classification of Brain Injury
Primary brain injury → direct insult of the inciting trauma
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Traumatic_brain_injury/
Secondary brain injury
• Indirect brain injury that results from physiological changes triggered
by acute CNS insults and/or treatment measures for acute CNS insults
that affect ICP, oxygenation, blood pressure, etc
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/Traumatic_brain_injury/
Grading of Brain Injury Severity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK189784/table/appc.t1 /
CONCUSSION CONTUSSION PTS
1
4
Fracture Basis Cranii
Epidural Hematoma
• EDH didefinisikan sebagai perdarahan
yang berada di ruang epidural
• Gejala klinis:
o Lucid interval
o Pupil anisokor
o Hemiparesis kontralateral
o Pusing/headache
o Muntah/vomiting
o Bradikardi
• Indikasi operasi :
oSDH dengan ketebalan > 10 mm atau midline shift (MLS) > 5 mm pada CT Scan, tanpa melihat GCS
oSDH dengan ketebalan < 10 mm dan MLS < 5 mm, dilakukan pembedahan evakuasi perdarahan bila :
Terjadi penurunan GCS lebih dari 2 poin atau lebih antara saat kejadian dengan saat MRS
Dan atau jika didapatkan pupil yang asimetri atau fixed dan dilatasi
Dan/atau TIK > 20 mmHg
oMonitor ICP pada SDH Akut dengan GCS < 9
A AIRWAY
A
•Periksa patensi jalan nafas
P tanda-tanda ada obstruksi atau benda asing
• Menilai
R
I AIRWAY & C-SPINE CONTROL
M BREATHING
B •Perhatikan
A laju dan dalam respirasinya, bila tidak mampu respirasi
B
normalRberikan oksigen
Y
BREATHING
CIRCULATION
C •PeriksaSwarna kulit, capillary refill time, tekanan darah dan denyut nadi
U
serta kontrol perdarahan.
C
R
V
E DISABILITY CIRCULATION
D
•PeriksaYGCS dan menilai pupil dan pemeriksaan mini neurologis
EXPOSURE
E •Lepaskan pakaian untuk mengevaluai penderita mencari cedera lain
yang mungkin ada, dengan log roll