PENGANTAR EKONOMI MIKRO

(EKO-100)

Dr. Roosemarina A. Rambe

Jurusan ekonomi pembangunan
FEB Unib

ELASTISITAS PERMINTAN &

PENAWARAN
 Ukuran seberapa responsif perubahan jumlah
Elasticity . . . barang diminta atau dijual terhadap adanya
perubahan determinann
Mengukur bagaimana pembeli dan penjual merespons perubahan di pasar.

Jumlah yang diminta (Qd) akan Jumlah yang ditawarkan (Qs) akan
meningkat pada beberapa kondisi: jika meningkat jika: harga barang tersebut
harga barang tersebut naik, pendapatan naik, biaya produksi turun, jumlah
naik, harga barang substitusi naik, dll penjual meningkat, dll

analisis kualitatif
Dengan konsep elastisitas, dapat diukur berapa besarnya perubahan
(respons) Qd dan Qs secara tepat
Types of Elasticity

Price elasticity of demand (Elastisitas harga atau elastisitas permintaan)

 Seberapa besar quantity demanded merespon terhadap perubahan harga barang tersebut
Income elasticity of demand (elastisitas permintaan pendapatan)
 Seberapa besar quantity demanded merespon terhadap perubahan pendapatan
Cross –price elasticity of demand (elastisitas silang  perubahan harga barang lain)
 Seberapa besar quantity demanded merespon terhadap perubahan harga barang lain. Qd
Supply elasticity (elastisitas penawaran)
 Seberapa besar quantity supplied merespon terhadap perubahan harga barang itu sendiri.

Qs
 Determinants of Elasticity (Faktor penentu)

• Apakah barang substitusi dekat tersedia?

• Definisi barang sempit vs definisi barang luas
• penggunaan barang sebagai kebutuhan atau barang mewah
• Porsi pendapatan yang digunakan untuk membeli barang
• Jangka pendek vs jangka panjang
 Apakah penentu elastisitas permintaan

To learn the determinants of price elasticity,

we look at a series of examples.
Each compares two common goods.
In each example:
• Suppose the prices of both goods rise by 20%.
• The good for which Qd falls the most (in percent) has the highest price
elasticity of demand.
Which good is it? Why?
• What lesson does the example teach us about the determinants of the price
elasticity of demand?
 EXAMPLE 1:
EXAMPLE 2:
lays ‘kripik kentang’ vs. Nivea
“Blue Jeans” vs. “Clothing”
Sunscreen
• The prices of both of these goods rise by • The prices of both goods rise by 20%.
20%. For which good does Qd drop the most?
For which good does Qd drop the most? Why?
Why? • Untuk barang yang dapat didefinisikan
• Kripik kentang punya banyak barang secara lebih spempit (narrowly defined
substitusi; lays, chitatos, dll goods) seperti blue jins, tersedia
 pembeli mudah pindah produk jika banyak barang substitusi (levis, lee,
harganya naik lea, dll)
• Nivea Sunscreen tidak punya barang • Barang yang definisinya luas (broadly
substitusi yang mirip defined goods), misal: pakaian, sangat
 konsumen tidak mengurangi jumlah
sedikit substitusinya.
yang dibeli walaupun harganya naik
• Lesson: Price elasticity is higher when
close substitutes are available. • Lesson: Price elasticity is higher for
 EXAMPLE 3:
Obat vs kapal mewah
• The prices of both of these goods rise by
20%.
For which good does Qd drop the most?
Why?
• Untuk orang sakit, obat menjadi
kebutuhan
 harga obat naik, jumlah obat yang
diminta bisa tetap atau sedikit
berkurang.
• Kapal mewah termasuk luxury goods.
 Jika harga naik, banyak orang
melupakan untuk membelinya (jumlah
yang diminta turun)
EXAMPLE 4:
• Bensin in the Short Run vs. in the Long
Run
• The price of gasoline rises 20%.
Does Qd drop more in the short run or
the long run? Why?
• Jangka pendek, orang hanya bisa
memilih naik kendaraan umum
• Jangka panjang: orang membeli
kendaraan hemat bbm atau mencari
rumah dekat dengan kantor.
• Lesson: Price elasticity is higher in
the
long run than the short run.
Berapa besar pendapatan konsumen digunakan untuk
membeli barang
 persentase pendapatan

• Ketika pembelian barang menggunakan pendapatan dalam porsi besar 

jika harga naik, jumlah barang yang mampu dibeli menjadi lebih sedikit
 Quantity demanded will decrease significantly  elastis
• Ketika persentase pendapatan kecil yang digunakan untuk membeli barang:
jika harga barang naik, jumlah yang diminta sangat sedikit berkurang. 
inelastic

• Lesson: The higher the percentage of the consumer's income that the
product's price represents, the higher the income elasticity tends to be,
 The Price Elasticity of Demand
and Its Determinants
• Availability of Close Substitutes
• Necessities versus Luxuries
• Definition of the Market
• Time Horizon
• Percentage of income
Demand tends to be more elastic :
• the larger the number of close
substitutes.
• if the good is a luxury.
• the more narrowly defined the
market.
• the longer the time period.
 Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand

• The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity
demanded divided by the percentage change in price.
P ercentage change in quantity dem anded %  ∆ Qd
Price elasticity of dem and = Ed=
P ercentage change in price %∆P
Example:
If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you
buy falls from 10 to 8 cones, then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as:
(8-10) x 100
10 = - 20% = - 2
(2,20 – 2,00) x 100 10%
The Midpoint Method:
A Better Way to Calculate Percentage Changes and Elasticities
• The midpoint formula (titik tengah) ; dinilai lebih baik karena nilai
koefisien sama tanpa melihat apakah harga naik atau turun.

( Q 2  Q 1 ) / [( Q 2  Q 1 ) / 2 ]
P rice elasticity o f d em and =
( P2  P1 ) / [( P2  P1 ) / 2 ]
Example:
If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy
falls from 10 to 8 cones, then your elasticity of demand, using the midpoint formula,
would be calculated as:
(8-10) x 100
(10+8)/2 = - 22% = - 2,32
(2,20 – 2,00) x 100 9,5%
(2,200+2,00)/2
Penghitungan elastisitas harga (elastisitas
permintaan)

Price (100 - 50)

(100  50)/2
$5 A ED 
(4.00 - 5.00)
B (4.00  5.00)/2
4
Demand
67 percent
  -3
- 22 percent

0 50 100 Quantity
elastis
 Variasi kurva permintaan

• Inelastic Demand
• Jumlah yang diminta tidak merespon kuat terhadap perubahan harga
• Price elasticity of demand is less than one. E < 1
• Elastic Demand
• Jumlah yang diminta merespon sangat kuat terhadap perubahan harga.
• Price elasticity of demand is greater than one. E > 1

 Because the price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity

demanded responds to the price, it is closely related to the slope of the
demand curve.
Variasi kurva permintaan
berdasarkan bentuk
elastisitas
Total Revenue and the Price Elasticity of Demand
• Total revenue is the amount paid by buyers and received by
sellers of a good.
• Computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold.

TR = P x Q
Slope D konstan, tapi elastisitas dalam kurva D tidak
konstan.
Dengan mid point elasticity:
Harga rendah dengan kuantitas besar  inelastis
Harga tinggi dengan kuantitas sedikit  elastis

TR akan berubah ketika harga

berubah
 Elasticity and Total Revenue along a Linear
Demand Curve
• With an inelastic demand curve, an • With an elastic demand curve, an increase
increase in price leads to a decrease in in the price leads to a decrease in quantity
quantity that is proportionately smaller. demanded that is proportionately larger.
Thus, total revenue increases. Thus, total revenue decreases.
 Income Elasticity of Demand
• Income elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity
demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income.

• It is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the

percentage change in income. P ercentage change
in qu an tity dem and ed
Inco m e elasticity of d em an d =
Types of Goods P ercentage change
• Normal Goods in inco m e
• Inferior Goods
Higher income raises the quantity demanded for normal goods but lowers the
quantity demanded for inferior goods.
Goods consumers regard as necessities tend to be income inelastic
Examples include food, fuel, clothing, utilities, and medical services.
Goods consumers regard as luxuries tend to be income elastic.
Examples include sports cars, furs, and expensive foods.
Example:
Naiknya pendapatan seseorang dari Rp 200.000, menjadi Rp 300.000
mengakibatkan menurunya jumlah barang X yang diminta dari 16 unit
menjadi 6 unit. Berapakah besarnya elastisitas pendapatan tersebut?
P ercentage chang e
in q uan tity dem and ed %  ∆ Qd
Jawab: Incom e elasticity of dem an d = 𝐸𝑦=
P ercentage chang e %∆ Y
in inco m e

barang apa?
Normal atau inferior?

Pendapatan naik 1% menyebabkan

jumlah barang yang diminta naik
1,15%
 Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand
• Cross price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity
demanded of a good responds to a change in price of other good.

• It is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of good 1 divided by

the percentage change in the price of good 2

• Types of Goods % ∆ 𝑄𝑑 1
𝐸𝑐=
• Substitution Goods (+) %∆ 𝑃2
• complementary Goods ( -)
EXAMPLE:
• Harga tiket bus Rp 40.000 dari A ke B. Harga tiket KA dengan jurusan yang sama
lebih murah dari harga tiket bus. Jumlah tiket KA terjual adalah 2000. Jika harga
tiket bus naik menjadi Rp 45.000, sementara harga tiket KA tetap, jumlah tiket
terjual naik, menjadi 2300. Berapakah besarnya koefisien elastisitas silang tiket
KA dengan bis?
Jawab:

% ∆ Qd
𝐸 𝑐=
% ∆ Pc
Barang apa?
Substitusi atau
komplementer
?
 THE ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY

Price elasticity of supply is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a

good responds to a change in the price of that good.
Price elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantity supplied resulting
from a percent change in price.

Determinants of Elasticity of Supply

1. Ability of sellers to change the amount of the good they
produce.
Beach-front land is inelastic.
Books, cars, or manufactured goods are elastic.
2. Time period.
 Computing the Price Elasticity of Supply
P ercen tag e ch an g e
in qu an tity su p p lied
P rice elasticity o f su p p ly =
P ercen tag e ch an g e in p rice
%  ∆Qs
𝐸𝑠=
%∆P
The Variety of Supply Curves
• Inelastic Supply
• Quantity supplied does not respond strongly to price changes.
• Price elasticity of supply is less than one. Es < 1
• Elastic Supply
• Quantity supplied responds strongly to changes in price.
• Price elasticity of supply
• is greater than one. Es > 1
Variasi kurva penawaran
berdasarkan bentuk
elastisitas
Example:

Compute the Price Elasticity of Supply

1 0 0 1 1 0 P0 = ? P1 = ?
( 1 00  1 1 0 ) / 2
ED 
3 .0 0  2 .0 0
QS0 = ? QS1 = ?
( 3 . 0 0  2 .0 0 ) / 2

0 .0 9 5
  0 .2 4
0 .4
Supply is inelastic
THREE APPLICATIONS OF SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND ELASTICITY
Petani yang bekerja hanya di pertanian gandum. Seluruh pendapatan diperoleh dari
hasil penanaman gandum. Tahun lalu, pemerintah mengumumkan adanya ada
teknologi baru dalam pertanian gandum sehingga hasil panen gandum meningkat
20% dari sebelumnya.
• Ini berita baik/buruk bagi petani?
Petani merasa bahwa hasil panen lebih besar
berarti berita baik. Maka petani mengadopsi
teknologi baru ini  hasil gandum meningkat
 kurva supply bergeser (S1 ke S2)

• Apa yang terjadi kemudian?

Petani memperoleh penerimaan (TxR) yang
lebih besar setelah S bertambah?
• Jawabannya: tergantung pada elastisitas D
dan S
THREE APPLICATIONS OF SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND ELASTICITY
Permintaan inelastic; penawaran inelastic.
Sebelum ada teknologi baru: Qe0 = 100 ; Pe0 = $3.
Setelah ada teknologi baru, S bergerser ke kanan, maka Qe1 = 110; Pe1 =$2

• Bagaimana TR setelah penawaran bergeser?

TR0 = Q0 x P0 = 100 x 3 = $300
TR1 = Q1 x P1 = 110 x 2 = $220 turun

• Karena permintaan inelastic, peningkatan

teknologi produksi tidak membuat hidup petani
menjadi lebih baik  karena total
penerimaannya menurun
 Pengembangan teknologi produk, berguna untuk siapa?
 Jika kondisi sebaliknya (S turun), apakah konsumen akan dirugikan?