Agen infeksius terkecil (diameter 20nm-300nm) 1 jenis RNA atau DNA dalam genom Virion = unit infeksius Parasit pada tingkat gen Memprogram p g sel inang gy yang g terinfeksi agar g menghasilkan makromolekul virus-spesifik (reproduksi).
AntiVirus
Mata Ajar Farmakologi Prodi Pendidikan Dokter Universitas Airlangga Dripa Sjabana
dripa@fk.unair.ac.id 2007
Virus
Bervariasi dalam hal struktur, organ genom, ekspresi maupun strategi replikasi dan transmisinya. Dapat menginfeksi:
organisme bersel satu seperti mikoplasma, bakteri, alga semua binatang atau tanaman tingkat tinggi.
Akibat infeksi bisa ringan atau tidak berefek sama sekali, namun mungkin juga bisa membuat sel inang rusak atau bahkan mati.
Ancaman Virus & Penanggulangannya
Icosahedral Telanjang
Amplop
3. Penularan dengan dasar vektor arthropoda (mis: arbovirus, sekarang digolongkan terutama sebagai togavirus togavirus, flavivirus flavivirus, dan bunyavirus).
demam kuning, dengue, demam kuning hutan, ensefalitis St. Louis, demam sengkenit Colorado, ensefalitis L Crosse.
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Figure 46.2 The mechanisms whereby a CD8+ T cell kills a virus-infected host cell. The virus-infected host cell expresses a complex of virus peptide plus major histocompatibility complex class I (MCH-I) product on its surface; this is recognised by the CD8+ T cell, which then releases lytic enzymes into the virus-infected cell and also expresses a Fas ligand that triggers apoptosis in the infected cell by stimulating its Fas death receptor.
Ancaman Virus & Penanggulangannya
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Figure 46.4 Schematic diagram of infection of CD4+ T cell by an HIV virion with the sites of action of the two main classes of drug and sites for possible new drugs. The 10 steps, from attachment to the cell to release of new virions, are shown. The virus uses the CD4 coreceptor t and d the th chemokine h ki (Ck) receptor CXCR4 as binding sites. Step 6, transcription, occurs when the T cell itself is activated; when this happens, transcription factor NF-B initiates transcription of both host cell DNA and the provirus. Step 8, the action of the viral protease, involves the cleaving of the polypeptides into structural proteins and enzymes (integrase, reverse transcriptase, protease) for the new virion (the protease and thus the protease inhibitors actually act on the immature virions after budding).
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Ancaman Virus & Penanggulangannya
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The currently used drugs are shown in pink boxes. Sites of action of potential new drugs, each shown by a question mark, include binding of the (by y modification of the virion ( gp120-CD4 or gp120-CXCR4 interaction), entry of virion, uncoating of virion, translocation of viral complementary DNA into nucleus, integration of viral cDNA into host cell DNA, inhibition of the gene coding for the HIV core protein, inhibition of budding.
Klasifikasi Antivirus
Antiherpes & antisitomegalovirus Antiretrovirus
inhibitor reverse transkriptase nukleosida (NRTI) Inhibitor reverse transkriptase non-nukleosida (NNRTI) Inhibitor protease
Antiinfluenza
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Antiherpes
Acyclovir triple phosphorylation aktif
Topikal Topikal, po po, iv Inhibisi DNA polimerase virus Melawan HSV-1, HSV-2, virus varisela-zoster
Antiretrovirus
retrovirus RNA: HIV Enzim spesifik: reverse transcriptase NRTI analog: terkait thymidine & adenosine (menyerupai nukleotida alami)
triple phosphorylation aktif
Anjuran penggunaan obat antiherpes lihat tabel 49.1 hal 132 (Katzung 2004)
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Obat Antiretrovirus
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor nucleoside rusak parah Zidovudine Didanosine Lamivudine Zalcitabine Stavudine Abacavir Non-nucleoside Nevirapine Delvirdine Efavirenz Protease Inhibitor Saquinavir Ritonavir Indinavir Nelfinavir Amprenavir investigasional
Sistem Imun
cairan tubuh: darah, air mani, cairan vagina & ASI
AIDS
(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
rentan Meninggal
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Perhatikan & pelajari teks dalam kotak hal 158 (Katzung 2004)
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Antiinfluenza
Amantadine, rimantadine Zanamivir oseltamivir Zanamivir, interferon (non spesifik) Ribavirin Palivizumab (ab monoklonal humanis)
Schematic outline of the course of HIV infection. (CD4+ T cell titre is often given as cells/mm3, which is equivalent to cells x 106 cells/l.) (Adapted from Pantaleo et al. 1993 N Engl J Med 328: 327-335.)
Ancaman Virus & Penanggulangannya
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Flu Burung
(Avian Influenza)
Pandemi influenza terjadi bila muncul subtipe yang sebelumnya tidak bersirkulasi pada manusia, disebabkan virus influenza baru yang beradaptasi pada manusia. Avian H5N1 berpotensi pandemi menjadi bukan virus flu burung lagi menjadi virus influenza manusia (human influenza virus).
about Pandemic Influenza
(www.who.org, 14-10-2005)
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Virus influenza baru menyebar semudah influenza biasa (batuk dan bersin). Karena virus baru, sistem imun manusia belum memiliki imunitas sebelumnya. Tampak mengalami penyakit yang lebih serius (www.who.org, 14-10-2005) daripada influenza biasa.
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Antivirus apa yang akan saudara berikan pada pasien dengan diagnosis herpes genital primer? Sebutkan cara penggunaannya !
Dengan gangguan fungsi organ tertentu ? Sedang hamil atau menyusui ? Kambuhan ? Demam Berdarah Dengue (Flavivirus) !!!
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Bacaan lanjut
Katzung BG ed.(2004). Farmakologi Dasar & Klinik, ed.8, Jakarta: Salemba Medika, hal.127-162. buku 3.
Diskusi pada situs internet FK Unair di http://www.fk.unair.ac.id/forum Forum Prodi Dokter http://dripa.multiply.com
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