Aksi Massa

Tan Malaka
(1926)
2
DISCLAIMER
Aksi Massa Oleh Tan Malaka adalah publikasi ECONARCH
Institute. E-book pdf ini adalah bebas dan tanpa biaya apapun.
Siapapun yang menggunakan file ini, untuk tuuan apapun dan
ka!enanya menadi pe!tanggungan a"abnya sendi!i. #ihak
institusi, edito!, atau indi$idu yang te!kait dengan ECONARCH
Institute tidak dalam kapasitas sebagai pihak yang be!tanggung
a"ab atas isi dokumen atau file pe!ihal t!ansimisi elekt!onik
dalam hal apapun.
Aksi Massa Oleh Tan Malaka, ECONARCH Institute, Electronic
Classics Series, Edito!, Indonesia adalah file #%& yang
dip!oduksi sebagai bagian p!oyek publikasi belaa! untuk
membe!ikan lite!atu! klasik bebas dan mudah diakses bagi
me!eka yang be!maksud mendayagunakannya.
Co$e! %esign' Ro"land

3
Aksi Massa
Tan Malaka (1926)
%itulis oleh (an )alaka pada tahun *+,- di Singapu!a.
Sumber: %iambil da!i buku .Aksi )assa. te!bitan (eplok #!ess,
,///.
4
DAFTAR ISI
PENGANTAR PENULIS
I. REVOLUSI
II. IKHTISAR TENTANG RIWAYAT INDONESIA
Pengaruh Luar Negeri
ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang A!%i
Pengaruh Hin"u
Kegun"ahan &Pe!i'i!'e( E')u Se"ah
Taruna*a$a
Di)#neg#r#
III. EERAPA +A,A+ I+PERIALIS+E
er-agai ,ara Pe'era!an "an Penin"a!an
Se-a-.Se-a- Per-e"aan
A/i-a0 "ari er-agai +a1a' ,ara Pe'era!an "an
Penin"a!an
In"ia
2i%i)ina
In"#ne!ia
IV. KAPITALIS+E INDONESIA
Ka)i0a%i!'e $ang +a!ih +u"a
Tu'-uh Ti"a/ "engan Se'e!0in$a
Ka)i0a% In"#ne!ia I0u In0erna!i#na%
V. KEADAAN RAKYAT INDONESIA
Ke'e%ara0an
Kege%a)an
Ke%a%i'an "an Per-u"a/an
3
VI. KEADAAN SOSIAL
VII. KEADAAN POLITIK
Tin*auan /e e%a/ang
P#/#/ Un"ang.Un"ang +inang/a-au
Per4a/i%an Ra/$a0 a0au S#5ie0
De4an 6Ra/$a06 Ki0a7
Hara)an /e)a"a a"an Per4a/i%an Ra/$a0
VIII. REVOLUSI DI INDONESIA
Ke'ung/inan e!ar A/an Ti'-u%n$a Re5#%u!i
Si8a0 Re5#%u!i In"#ne!ia $ang A/an Ti'-u%
I9. PERKAKAS REVOLUSI KITA
Par0ai "an Si8a0.Si8a0n$a
Pr#gra' Na!i#na% Ki0a
Tuga! "an Organi!a!i Par0ai
9. SEKILAS TENTANG GERAKAN KE+ERDEKAAN DI
INDONESIA
Kegaga%an Par0ai #r*ui!
u"i U0#'#
Na0i#na% In"i!1he Par0$
Sare/a0 I!%a'
agai'ana Se/arang:
De In"#ne!i!1he S0u"ie1%u-
9I. 2EDERASI REPULIK INDONESIA
9II. KHAYALAN SEORANG REVOLUSIONER
LA+PIRAN; RAN,ANGAN UNTUK PROGRA+
PROLETAR DI INDONESIA
<
PENGANTAR PENULIS
Alles was besteht ist wert,
dass es zu Gruende geht.
Me!hist"!heles#
A!ia !u"ah -angun7
La'-a0 %aun -ang!a.-ang!a A!ia $ang 0er/ung/ung i0u 0en0u
a/an 'e')er#%eh /e-e-a!an "an /e'er"e/aan. Te0a)i 0i"a/ a"a
!e#rang )un $ang "a)a0 'enga0a/an -i%a'ana "an "i'ana
-en"era /e'er"e/aan $ang )er0a'a a/an -er/i-ar. Sia)a $ang
'en$e%i"i/i !e"a%a'."a%a'n$a )ere/#n#'ian Ti'ur= )#%i0i/ "an
!#!i#%#gi a/an "a)a0 'enun*u//an ha%/ah ran0ai $ang !e%e'ah.
%e'ahn$a "a%a' ren0engan ran0ai )an*ang $ang 'engi/a0
)er-u"a/an Ti'ur. In"#ne!ia%ah ha%/ah ran0ai $ang %e'ah i0u. Di
In"#ne!ia -en0eng i')eria%i!'e ara0 $ang )er0a'a "a)a0
"i0e')ur "engan -erha!i%.
I')eria%i!'e e%an"a %e-ih 0ua "an %e-ih /un# "ari )a"a
i')eria%i!'e Inggri! "an A'eri/a= "i)i!ah/an #%eh !a0u %e'-ah
$ang 0a/ "a)a0 "i!e-erangi "ari *a*ahann$a. Negeri e%an"a=
/arena 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai -ahan.-ahan un0u/ in"u!0rin$a= "ari
"ahu%u han$a 'engu!aha/an )er0anian "an )er"agangan.
Pen*a-aran /a)i0a%n$a "ari )er'u%aan a-a" ini /e !e%uruh
In"#ne!ia !anga0 %ua!n$a.
Pu!a0 in"u!0ri e%an"a !e/arang 0er%e0a/ "i In"#ne!ia= !e"ang
)u!a0 )er"agangan "an /euangann$a a"a "i negeri e%an"a.
an/ir= in"u!0ria%i! "an !au"agar 0ingga% "i negeri e%an"a=
!e"ang -uruh "an 0ani "i In"#ne!ia. >i/a /i0a )erha0i/an /e"ua
%au0an $ang 'e'i!ah/an e%an"a "engan In"#ne!ia i0u= !er0a
0i"a/ )u%a /i0a %u)a/an )er-e"aan -ang!a= aga'a= -aha!a= a"a0.
i!0ia"a0 an0ara )en*a*ah "an !i 0er*a*ah= an0ara )e'era! "an !i
0er)era!= 0a')a/%ah /e)a"a /i0a !a0u )er-an"ingan "ari )ergau%an
$ang %uar -ia!a "i "unia i')eria%i!'e 4a/0u !e/arang. Luar
?
-ia!a= !e-a- /au' '#"a% -u'i)u0ra 0a/ a"a. >a"i= 0i0ian an0ara
negeri e%an"a "engan In"#ne!ia )u0u! !a'a !e/a%i.
Ke0ia"aan /au' '#"a% -u'i)u0ra $ang !i8a0n$a ha')ir
-er!a'aan "engan i')eria%i!'e e%an"a &!a'a!a'a 'au
'enggen1e0 -uruh "an 0ani( 'en$e-a-/an i')eria%i!'e e%an"a
!u/ar !e/a%i 'e'-ere!/an /ri!i! e/#n#'i "i In"#ne!ia.
Di'ana/ah a"a "i In"#ne!ia 0uan.0uan 0anah -u'i)u0ra !e)er0i "i
+e!ir= In"ia "an 2i%i)ina $ang "a)a0 'enun*ang /au'
i')eria%i!'e un0u/ 'e'-e%a /e)en0ingan./e)en0ingan e/#n#'i
'ere/a: Dan "i'ana/ah a"a /au' '#"a% -u'i)u0ra $ang /ua0=
$ang 'e'in0a.'in0a /e/ua!aan "a%a' )#%i0i/ )ere/#n#'ian.n$a
!e)er0i "i In"ia:
Tuan.0uan 0anah In"#ne!ia $ang !e"i/i0 -erar0i 0e%ah %a'a
'en*a"i ge'-a%a= /u%i a0au /u%i 0in0a7 ang!a.-ang!a Er#)a=
Ti#ngh#a "an "an Ara- 'engua!ai !e'ua )er"agangan -e!ar=
'enengah a0au)un /e1i%7 ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang 'enengah a0au
$ang /e1i% 0e%ah %en$a) "ari Pu%au >a4a !e*a/ -e-era)a 0ahun
$ang !i%a' #%eh )e'a!u/an -arang.-arang )a-ri/ "ari Er#)a.
S#a% )erguruan "engan !enga*a "i%engah/an #%eh e%an"a= /au'
in0e%e/0ua% *a"i /urang. Se-a- i0u= /en"a0i)un /au' !au"agar
-u'i)u0ra !e)er0i In"ia= 'au 'en$#/#ng 'ere/a 'en"iri/an
in"u!0ri= 0#h 0i"a/ a/an -erha!i%.
Se-a- /e0ia"aan /au' '#"a% 0uan 0anah -u'i)u0ra i0u= 'a/a
!e0ia) a/!i )ar%e'en0er "ari )ar0ai na!i#na% 'ana )un 0i"a/
-erguna.
agai'ana/ah 6-a)a/ gu%a6 "an 6nene/ 'in$a/6 "i negeri
e%an"a a/an "a)a0 'e'-eri/an ha/ )e'i%ihan u'u' /e)a"a
-ang!a In"#ne!ia: A0au "engan %ain ar0i; 'e')er1a$a/an
/e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ /e)a"a 4a/i%.4a/i% 0ani "an -uruh $ang
'i!/in: >i/a !e/iran$a "i -e%a/ang /au' in0e%e/0ua%= -er"iri
0uan.0uan 0anah "an /au' '#"a% -u'i)u0ra $ang a/an 'ere/a
4a/i%i "i )ar%e'en= 0en0u%ah a/an -er%ainan /ea"aan i0u. Dan
1a/a) angin 0en0ang 6)eru-ahan "a%a' )e'erin0ahan "i
@
In"#ne!ia6 a"a *uga ar0in$a !e"i/i0. I')eria%i! e%an"a
-erang!ur.ang!ur= %a'-a0 %aun "a)a0 'en$erah/an )e'erin0ahan
i0u /e)a"a -ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang 1a/a) "an *u*ur. u/an/ah
'e%in"ungi '#"a% -u'i)u0ra= !e-agian *uga -erar0i 'e%in"ungi
'#"a% -ang!a a!ing: Di "a%a' ni!-ah !e/arang ini n$a0a%ah
-ah4a 8%a) )e'erin0ahan -ang!a In"#ne!ia haru!%ah 0un"u/
/e)a"a /e'auan '#"a% a!ing $ang -e!ar.-e!ar. Dan
)e'erin0ahan !e)er0i i0u 0a/ a/an "ia/ui !e-agai -era!a% "ari
ra/$a0 "an #%eh ra/$a07
Pen"e/n$a= In"#ne!ia 0a/ 'e')un$ai 8a/0#r.8a/0#r e/#n#'i=
!#!ia% a0au)un in0e%e/0ua% -ua0 'e%e)a!/an "iri "ari )er-u"a/an
e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ "i "a%a' %ing/ungan i')eria%i!'e e%an"a.
er!a'aan "engan i0u= /an! un0u/ 'en1a)ai /e'er"e/aan "a%a'
ar0i $ang !e%ua!.%ua!n$a "engan *a%an 'engua!ai !e0engah= 0iga
)ere')a0= hingga 0u*uh )er "e%a)an )ar%e'en %en$a) -ua0
!e%a'an$a. I')ian !e#rang 'a/h%u/ !e)er0i N#0#!ur#0# $ang
'engangan.angan/an Ne"er%an"ia Ra*a a/an 0e0a) *a"i %a'unan
#rang $ang 8a!i/.
In"#ne!ia "a)a0 'enai//an e/#n#'in$a *i/a /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/
a"a "i 0angan ra/$a0. Dan In"#ne!ia a/an 'en"a)a0 /e/ua!aan
)#%i0i/ 0i"a/ "engan *a%an a)a )un= /e1ua%i "engan a/!i )#%i0i/
$ang re5#%u!i#ner %agi 0era0ur= "an $ang 0i"a/ 'au 0un"u/.
De4an Ra/$a0 /a"ang./a"ang -#%eh "i'a!u/i7 Te0a)i -u/an
"i)erguna/an !e-agai !en*a0a $ang !ah un0u/ 'e')er#%eh
)e'erin0ahan na!i#na% $ang -er0anggung *a4a- )enuh "engan
)eran0araan De4an Ra/$a0 -e/er*a !a'a "engan i')eria%i!
e%an"a. Te0a)i guna 'enge'-ang/an u!aha re5#%u!i#ner
hingga /e "a%a' /a'ar./a'ar "i)er#%eh "engan )eran0araan
a/!i.a/!i )ar%e'en0er !a'a%ah "engan !e!e#rang "i Gurun Sahara
$ang 'e'-u' 8a0a'#rgana. Te0a)i !ia)a $ang 'e')erguna/an
!e/a%ian )enge0ahuann$a un0u/ a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0era0ur= ni!1a$a
'e')er#%eh /e'enangan i0u !eu')a'a 6a$a' )u%ang /e
/an"angn$a6.
A
S#a% /e'er"e/aan In"#ne!ia -u/an%ah !a0u !#a% $ang 0er-a0a! "i
In"#ne!ia !a*a= $ang "a)a0 "i)e1ah/an "engan )eran0araan
/#ngre! "an )u0u!an.)u0u!an $ang %e'-e/ "i De4an Ra/$a0=
*angan "i/a0a %agi "engan )eran0araan /e%a/ar./e%a/ar e/#n#'i
"an /e-u"a$aan "i 4arung /#)i. S#a% i0u 'e')un$ai hu-ungan
$ang !anga0 ra)a0 "engan /e/ua!aan ara0 0erha"a) -ang!a
-er4arna "i -enua Ti'ur.
Sa%ah !a0u !e-a- B "an ini -u/an !e-a- $ang 0er/e1i% B
'enga)a A'eri/a 0i"a/ *uga 'e'-eri/an /e'er"e/aan $ang
!e%ua!.%ua!n$a /e)a"a #rang In"#ne!ia U0ara &2i%i)ina( $ang
'enuru0 )er/a0aan /a4an a0au)un %a4ann$a 0e%ah %a'a 'a0ang
&!e)er0i /a0a !ura0.!ura0 /a-ar i')eria%i!'e A'eri/a "i +ani%a(
a"a%ah -ah4a /e'er"e/aan 2i%i)ina -erar0i !a0u )e'-er#n0a/an
"an )en$e'-e%ihan "i A!ia 'e%a4an /e/ua!aan /u%i0 )u0ih &a
genera% re5#%0 in A!ia0i1 1#un0rie! again!0 4hi0e au0h#ri0$=
u)ri!ing -eing a00en"e" -$ !%augh0er(. Ke%e)a!an In"#ne!ia &)u.
!a0 ar0i i%'u -u'i "an )e)erangan A!ia= )en"u"u/ %i'a /a%i %e-ih
-e!ar "ari 2i%i)ina "an "engan )er"agangan in0erna!i#na%(
'u!0ahi% 0i"a/ -erar0i !e-agai !a0u )i!0#% $ang "i0u*u/an /e)a"a
/e/ua!aan ara0 0eru0a'a Inggri! "i A!ia.
e%u' %a'a ini -e/a! )u0ra 'ah/#0a Wi%he%' 'enerang/an
/e)a"a !e#rang 4a/i% "ari Uni0e" Pre!! "i L#1arn# $ang
"iu'u'/an #%eh ra"i# /e !e%uruh "unia= -ah4a -i%a 'anu!ia
$ang -er*u0a.*u0a "i A!ia )a"a !a0u hari -ergera/ 'e'u/u%
Ang%#!a/!#n &Inggri!= Pran1i! "an e%an"a( ni!1a$a -ang!a
+e%a$u%ah $ang )er0a'a /a%i a/an 'en$e-a-/an /e!u!ahan.
Penghara)an i')eria%i!0i! "an !in"iran 'a1a' a)a/ah $ang
"i'a/!u" )u0ra 'ah/#0a $ang !ene4en i0u= -agi /i0a 0e0a) n$a0a;
-ah4a In"#ne!ia !e/arang -u/an In"#ne!ia )a"a -e-era)a 0ahun
$ang %a%u. In"#ne!ia 0e%ah 'enga'-i% 0e')a0 $ang )en0ing "a%a'
-ari!an -er*u0a.*u0a 'anu!ia "i A!ia.
Karena i0u= /e'enangan $ang "i)er#%eh "engan *a%an "a'ai "an
)ar%e'en0er !a'a !e/a%i 0a/ -#%eh "i)i/ir/an. u/an/ah ha%
!eru)a i0u 0e)a0 'engganggu /e0en0ra'an /a)i0a%i! "i Ti'ur:
i%a !ua0u hari In"#ne!ia 0er%e)a! "an 'e')er0ahan/an
CD
/e'er"e/aann$a "ari 'u!uh.'u!uh "a%a' "an %uar negeri=
0en0u%ah ha% 0er!e-u0 "i0en0u/an #%eh /#"ra0 re5#%u!i#ner= $a/ni
$ang "i!e-a-/an #%eh a/!i 'a!!a; "ari 'a!!a "an un0u/ 'a!!a.
Ka%au )en*a*ahan e%an"a !e%a'a 3DD 0ahun i0u 0i"a/ -eru)a
)era')#/an &'e'-unuh ha-i! in"u!0ri -u'i)u0ra( ni!1a$a
"era*a0 /au' in0e%e/0ua% /i0a *auh -er-e"a "ari /ea"aan
!e/arang7 Dan /i0a 0en0u%ah 'e')un$ai !e'anga0 /e1er"a!an
&in0e%igen!ia( $ang 'enuru0 a!a%= "i"i/an "an )era!aan 'en*a"i
)e'u/a "ari 0uan.0uan 0anah= in"u!0ri= !au"agar "an )ega4ai
-u'i)u0ra. Pun *uga a/an 0i'-u% )ergera/an "e'#/ra!i "an
/e'er"e/aan na!i#na% $ang -er!i8a0 /er*a !a'a &/#')r#'i!(
"engan -ang!a e%an"a a0a! )er0#%#ngan -uruh "an 0ani !e)er0i "i
In"ia= +e!ir "an 2i%i)ina %e-ih /urang.
A0a! /e0ia"aan /au' '#"a% -u'i)u0ra= in0e%egen!ia /i0a 0a/ /ua0
-er"iri. Ia 'e%a$ang.%a$ang "i an0ara ra/$a0 "engan )e'erin0ah.
Ia 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai )era!aan ingin 'eng#r-an/an "iri !e)er0i
$ang "i0un*u//an na!i#na%i! "i negeri.negeri %ain. Ia 0i"a/
'e')un$ai a%a0.a%a0 )era!aan= )e'i/iran $ang 'en"e/a0/an
"irin$a /e)a"a 'a!!a &ra/$a0 'ur-a(. Di!e-a-/an i')eria%i!=
/au' in0e%e/0ua% /i0a *auh "ari 'a!!a.
+ere/a 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai !a0u /e!a/0ian $ang "a)a0
'e')engaruhi "an 'enari/ ha0i ra/$a0. Kau' in0e%e/0ua% /i0a
0i"a/ -er#%eh /e)er1a$aan "an !i')a0i 'a!!a un0u/
'enggera//an 'ere/a= 'e'-ua0 a/!i.a/!i !er0a 'e'i')in
'ere/a. Ta'-ahan %agi= !e-a- *u'%ah /au' 0er)e%a*ar $ang 0i"a/
!e-era)a= 'ere/a 'a!ih 0ingga% "i "a%a' /e%a! 'ere/a "an
-e%u' 'en*a"i -uruh 0er)e%a*ar.
Un0u/ !e'en0ara 4a/0u= "a)a0%ah 'ere/a 'en#n0#n "ari *auh.
Lain ha%n$a /a%au *u'%ah 'ere/a -an$a/= 0en0u%ah 'ere/a a/an
%un0ang.%an0ung "an 'era!a/an /e'e%ara0an !e-agai -uruh
in"u!0ri "engan )enuh 6/ege'-iraan6 "a%a' 'e"an )er*uangan.
Ke1e)a0an 0i'-u%n$a /e%a! in0e%e/0ua%= /e/e1e4aan 0erha"a)
u"i U0#'# &.U.( "an Na0i#na% In"i!1he Par0$ &N.I.P.( !er0a
CC
/e/e*a'an rea/!i= 'en1a/ar )e'an"angan 'ere/a /e *uru!an
$ang %ain. Sungguh)un 'a!ih !anga0 %a'-a0 "an 'a!ih -er"iri
-e-era)a )a% &C )a% E C.3 /i%#'e0er( *auhn$a "ari 'a!!a !er0a
"a%a' /ea/0i8an "an )#%i0i/ 0er*e*er !anga0 *auh "i -e%a/ang
"i-an"ing/an "engan /e%a! 'ere/a "i %ain /#%#ni= 0e0a)i 'ere/a
0e%ah 'u%ai -angun "ari 0i"ur. 6>u-ah 'a%ai/a06 "ari N#0#!#er#0#
0e%ah "i%e')ar/an 'ere/a= "an 'u%ai -er!e0u*u /e)a"a a/!i.a/!i
re5#%u!i#ner. Se/arang "ari -e-era)a uni5er!i0a! "i negeri
e%an"a $ang *auh i0u -er"engung."engung !uara 'ere/a hingga
/e"engaran #%eh /au' in0e%e/0ua% $ang a"a "i In"#ne!ia.
Te0a)i hara)an -uruh "an 0ani "i In"#ne!ia 0i"a/ 1u'a
)er!e0u*uan ha0i !a*a "ari in0e%e/0ua% i0u. +ere/a 'enghen"a/i
)er-ua0an a0au -u/0i.-u/0i.
Se%a'a /au' 0er)e%a*ar /i0a 'e%iha0 -ah4a )er*uangan
/e'er"e/aan !e-agai 'a!a%ah a/a"e'i !a*a= !e%a'a i0u%ah
)er-ua0an.)er-ua0an $ang "ihara)/an i0u /#!#ng -e%a/a. iar%ah
'ere/a 'e%ang/ah /e%uar "ari /a'ar -e%a*ar 'en$e-ur/an "iri
/e "a%a' )#%i0i/ re5#%u!i#ner $ang a/0i8.
Ge%#'-ang )e'#g#/an= )e'-#i/#0an "an "e'#n!0ra!i $ang
-era%un.a%un !e0ia) hari -er0a'-ah -e!ar= 'e%a%ui ra)a0 na!i#na%
'enu*u /e 2e"era!i Re)u-%i/ In"#ne!ia= ini%ah *a%an 'ere/a=
0i"a/ %ain7

Tan +a%a/a
C2
I
REVOLUSI
Re5#%u!i i0u -u/an !e-uah i"e $ang %uar -ia!a= "an i!0i'e4a=
!er0a -u/an %ahir a0a! )erin0ah !e#rang 'anu!ia $ang %uar -ia!a.
Ke1a/a)an "an !i8a0 %uar -ia!a "ari !e!e#rang "a%a' 'e'-angun
re5#%u!i= 'e%a/!ana/an a0au 'e'i')inn$a 'enu*u /e'enangan=
0a/ "a)a0 "i1i)0a/an "engan #0a/n$a !en"iri. Se-uah re5#%u!i
"i!e-a-/an #%eh )ergau%an hi"u)= !ua0u a/i-a0 0er0en0u "ari
0in"a/an.0in"a/an 'a!$ara/a0. A0au "a%a' /a0a./a0a $ang
"ina'i!= "ia a"a%ah a/i-a0 0er0en0u "an 0a/ 0erhin"ar/an $ang
0i'-u% "ari )er0en0angan /e%a! $ang /ian hari /ian 0a*a'.
Ke0a*a'an )er0en0angan $ang 'eni'-u%/an )er0e')uran i0u
"i0en0u/an #%eh )e%-agai 'a1a' 8a/0#r; e/#n#'i= !#!ia%= )#%i0i/=
"an )!i/#%#gi!. Se'a/in -e!ar /e/a$aan )a"a !a0u )iha/ !e'a/in
-era0%ah /e!eng!araan "an )er-u"a/an "i %ain )iha/. Pen"e/n$a
!e'a/in -e!ar *urang an0ara /e%a! $ang 'e'erin0ah "engan /e%a!
$ang "i)erin0ah !e'a/in -e!ar%ah han0u re5#%u!i. Tu*uan !e-uah
re5#%u!i ia%ah 'enen0u/an /e%a! 'ana $ang a/an 'e'egang
/e/ua!aan negeri= )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i= "an re5#%u!i i0u
"i*a%an/an "engan 6/e/era!an6.
Di a0a! -ang/ai $ang %a'a -er"iri%ah !a0u /e/ua!aan -aru $ang
'enang. De'i/ian%ah= 'a!$ara/a0 8e#"a% "i"#r#ng #%eh
'a!$ara/a0 /a)i0a%i!0i! "an $ang "i!e-u0 %e-ih a/hir ini !e/arang
-er*uang 'a0i.'a0ian "engan 'a!$ara/a0 -uruh $ang -er0u*uan
'en1a)ai 6!a0u 'a!$ara/a0 /#'uni! $ang 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai
/e%a!6= %ain ha%n$a *i/a !e'ua 'anu!ia $ang a"a !e/arang
'u!nah !a'a !e/a%i 0en0u%ah 0er*a"i )r#!e!; 4er"en un"5ergehen=
$a/ni )er*uangan /e%a! 0eru!.'eneru! hingga 0er1a)ai )ergau%an
hi"u) $ang 0i"a/ 'engena% /e%a! &'enuru0 )aha' Kar% +arF(.
Di Ga'an )ur-a 4a/0u i%'u &4e0en!1ha)( 'a!ih 'u"a= !e'ua
)er*uangan "a%a' /ege%a)an &/e%a!./e%a!( "i0erangi &"i-ere!/an(
#%eh aga'a $ang -er'a1a'.'a1a'H )er*uangan g#%#ngan
'en$eru)ai /eaga'aan= u')a'an$a )er0en0angan rah'ani!'e
"an u"hi!'e= Ahri'an= I#r#a!0ria "engan Or'u! &0erang
"engan ge%a)(= +#!ai!'e "engan I!rai%i!'e= /e'u"ian
C3
Ka0h#%i!'e "engan Pr#0e!0ani!'e. A/an 0e0a)i= )a"a ha/i/a0n$a
!e'uan$a i0u a"a%ah )er*uangan /e%a! un0u/ /e/ua!aan e/#n#'i
"an )#%i0i/.
Ke'u"ian !e!u"ah i%'u "an )er1#-aan 'en*a"i %e-ih !e')urna=
!e!u"ah 'anu!ia 'e%e')ar/an !e-agian a0au !e'ua 6/e)i1i/an
#0a/6 &"#g'a(= !e0e%ah 'anu!ia 'en*a"i 1er"a! "an "a)a0
'e'i/ir/an !#a% )ergau%an hi"u)= )er0en0angan /e%a! "i!en"i/an
/e)a"a )enge0ahuan $ang n$a0a. Da%a' )er*uangan un0u/
/ea"i%an "an )#%i0i/= 'anu!ia 0i"a/ 'e'-u0uh/an a0au 'en1ari.
1ari Tuhan %agi= a0au a$a0.a$a0 /i0a- aga'a= 0e0a)i %ang!ung
'enu*u !e-a- 'u!a-a- n$a0a $ang 'eru!a//an a0au
'e')er-ai/i /ehi"u)ann$a. Di !e)u0ar ini !a*a%ah )i/iran #rang
-er/u0a0 "an ia "ina'a/an 1i0a.1i0a )e'erin0ahan negeri. Ke)a"a
'a!a%ah i0u%ah !egena) /ea/0i8an )#%i0i/ "i0u*u/an.
Ta0/a%a /ehi"u)an 'a!ih !anga0 !e"erhana "an 0eru0a'a
0ergan0ung /e)a"a )e/er*aan 0angan "an )er0anian= )en"e/n$a "i
Ga'an 8e#"a%= !e#rang $ang 'e')un$ai "arah ra*a.ra*a= -iar)un
-#"#hn$a !e)er0i /er-au= 6-#%eh 'enai/i !ingga!ana "engan
)er0#%#ngan )en"e0a "an -ang!a4an6= 'engua!ai na!i- -er*u0a.
*u0a 'anu!ia.
,ara )e'erin0ahan !eru)a i0u 'en*a"i !anga0 !e')i0 0a0/a%a
0e/ni/ %e-ih 'a*u "an 8e#"a%i!'e $ang !u"ah -#-r#/ i0u )un
'erin0angi /e'a*uan in"u!0ri. Ke%a! -aru= $ai0u 6-#r*ua!i6 $ang
'engua!ai 1ara )engha!i%an '#"e% -aru &/a)i0a%i!'e(= 'era!a
0a/ !enang !e-a- /e0ia"aan ha/.ha/ )#%i0i/. +ere/a 'e'in0a
!u)a$a )e'erin0ahan "i!erah/an /e)a"a 'ere/a $ang %e-ih
1a/a) "an )e'erin0ah -#%eh 6"iang/a06 a0au 6"i0urun/an6 #%eh
ra/$a0. ,i0a.1i0a )#%i0i/ -#r*ua!i a"a%ah "e'#/ra!i "an
)ar%e'en0ari!'e. Ia 'enun0u0 )engha)u!an !e/a%ian ha/.ha/
8e#"a% "an *uga 'enun0u0 )ene0a)an !i!0e' )engha!i%an "an
)e'-agian &"i!0ri-u!i $ang /a)i0a%i!0i!(.
Ta0/a%a ra*a "an )ara )en"e0an$a 0e0a) 'e')er0ahan/an ha/.
ha/n$a han1ur%ah 'ere/a "a%a' n$a%a re5#%u!i. 6Re5#%u!i
-#r*ua!i6 0ahun C?@A !e-agai -uah )er0en0angan $ang 0a/
C4
'engena% %e%ah an0ara 8e#"a%i!'e "engan /a)i0a%i!'e
'en*a"i/an negeri Pran1i! !e-agai )e%#)#r !e/ian -an$a/
re5#%u!i $ang /e'u"ian -er0uru0.0uru0 )e1ah "i !e%uruh Er#)a.
Na!i- ra*a Pran1i! &$ang "igu%ing/an( "i"eri0a *uga #%eh ra*a
Ru!ia $ang 'en1#-a.1#-a 'engung/ung -#r*ua!i "an -uruh
"engan )eran0araan /e!a/0ian 0a/ha$u% "an /e/era!an "i "a%a'
!e/a)an 8e#"a%i!'e $ang %a)u/ i0u.
,i0a.1i0a re5#%u!i#ner -er*a%an 0eru! 0an)a 'engin"ah/an a"an$a
)u/u%an= )e%uru "an !i/!aan $ang 0a/ 0er%u/i!/an 4a%au)un
"engan )ena )u*angga D#!0#$e5!/$. Di "a%a' gua.gua $ang
ge%a)= "i "a%a' 0a'-ang.0a'-ang "i Si-eria= "i "a%a' )en*ara
$ang 'e!u'= "ingin "an !e')i0 i0u= angan.angan "an /e'auan
re5#%u!i#ner 'e')er#%eh )e%a*aran $ang 0a/ 0erni%ai. Kera*aan=
gere*a "an Du'a &)ar%e'en "i Ru!ia( "a%a' 4a/0u $ang !ing/a0
ha-i! "i!a)u #%eh ge%#'-ang re5#%u!i#ner $ang 0a/ 0er-en"ung.
Da%a' re5#%u!i -uruh -u%an N#5e'-er CAC? /e%iha0an -ah4a
/e%a! -uruh 'e')un$ai /e/ua0an "an /e'auan $ang 'e%e-ihi
-#r*ua!i.
Ra*a Inggri!= Ge#rge III= $ang 0a/ 'engin"ah/an ri4a$a0
negerin$a !en"iri 'en$ang/a -ah4a ar'a"a $ang /ua0 "an
/e-e!aran /e/a$aann$a "a)a0 'erin0angi 0u'-uhn$a /e!#!ia%an.
ang!a A'eri/a U0ara "engan 0a/ 'engin"ah/an *u'%ahn$a
$ang /e1i%= /urangn$a )enga%a'an "a%a' !#a% )enerangan= uang
"an %ain.%ain a%a0 'a0eria%= "a)a0 'en1a)ai /e'er"e/aann$a
!e!u"ah 'enga"a/an )er%a4anan ha-i!.ha-i!an $ang 0a/ /ena%
%e%ah i0u.
aru !e0e%ah /ung/ungan e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ -erha!i%
"i)u0u!/an "ari i')eria%i!'e Inggri!= "a)a0%ah A'eri/a U0ara
'e%ang/ah 'enu*u /e/a$aan /e/ua!aan "an /e-u"a$aan $ang
!ungguh 0ia"a "ua "a%a' ri4a$a0n$a.
Sean"ain$a ia -e%u' "ua /a%i 'en1e-ur/an "iri /e"a%a' re5#%u!i
&)a"a 0ahun C@<D(= A'eri/a U0ara 0a/ a/an "i/ena% "unia !e%ain
!e-agai Au!0ra%ia "an Kana"a.
C3
Re5#%u!i !#!ia% -u/an%ah !e'a0a.'a0a 0er-a0a! "i Er#)a !a*a=
0e0a)i 'eru)a/an /e*a"ian u'u' $ang 0i"a/ -ergan0ung /e)a"a
negeri "an -ang!a. Ti"a//ah >e)ang <D 0ahun $ang %a%u &C@<@(
'enghan1ur/an !e/a%ian ha/.ha/ 8e#"a% "engan )eran0araan
re5#%u!i: Se!u"ah /e*a"ian i0u= %en$a)%ah Kera*aan +a0ahari
Ter-i0.
Pen"e/n$a "engan *a%an re5#%u!i "an )erang /e'er"e/aan
na!i#na%%ah &$ang "a)a0 "i'a!u//an "a%a' re5#%u!i !#!ia%7(=
'a/a !e/a%ian negeri -e!ar "an '#"ern 0an)a /e1ua%i=
'e%e)a!/an "iri "ari /ung/ungan /e%a! "an )en*a*ahan.
Re5#%u!i -u/an !a*a 'enghu/u' !e/a%ian )er-ua0an gana!=
'enen0ang /e1urangan "an /e%a%i'an= 0e0a)i *uga 'en1a)ai
!egena) )er-ai/an "ari /e1e%aan.
Di "a%a' 'a!a re5#%u!i%ah 0er1a)ai )un1a/ /e/ua0an '#ra%=
0er%ahir /e1er"a!an )i/iran "an 0eraih !egena) /e'a')uan un0u/
'en"iri/an 'a!$ara/a0 -aru.
Sa0u /e%a! "ari !ua0u -ang!a $ang 0i"a/ 'a')u 'engen$ah/an
)era0uran.)era0uran /#%#0 !er0a )er-u"a/an 'e%a%ui re5#%u!i=
ni!1a$a 'u!nah a0au 0er/u0u/ 'en*a"i -u"a/ a-a"i.
Re5#%u!i a"a%ah 'en1i)0a7
C<
II
IKHTISAR TENTANG RIWAYAT INDONESIA
C. Pengaruh Luar Negeri
Ri4a$a0 In"#ne!ia 0a/ 'u"ah "i-a1a= a)a%agi "i0u%i!/an. Ri4a$a0
negeri /i0a )enuh "engan /e!a/0ian= "#ngengan."#ngengan=
/arangan./arangan "an )er0en0angan. Ta/ a"a !e#rang *ua ah%i
ri4a$a0 "ari Kera*aan +a*a)ahi0 a0au +a0ara' $ang 'e')un$ai
)er!a'aan "engan ah%i ri4a$a0 -ang!a R#'a /ira./ira "i Ga'an
C4DD 0ahun $ang !i%a'= !e)er0i Ta1i0u! "an ,ae!ar. Ki0a 0er)a/!a
'enga/ui -ah4a /i0a 0a/ )ernah 'engena% ah%i ri4a$a0 $ang
*u*ur.
Pa%ing -an0er /i0a 1u'a 'e')un$ai 0u/ang.0u/ang "#ngeng=
)en*i%a0.)en*i%a0 ra*a $ang 'en1eri0a/an )e%-agai 'a1a'
/ein"ahan "an /ege'i%angan !u)a$a 0er0ari/ ha0i !i )en"engar.
Te0a)i 'e!/i)un "e'i/ian a"a *uga%ah -a0a! "ari /arangan.
/arangan "an )u0ar.'e'u0ar /e*a"ian $ang !e!ungguhn$a. Ta/
u!ah 0er%a')au *auh /i0a %ang/ahi -a0a! i0u= ni!1a$a -er*u')a%ah
"engan in0i!ari $ang !e-enarn$a. De'i/ian *uga%ah "engan
ri4a$a0.ri4a$a0 negeri /i0a. Di an0ara /e/u!u0an./e/u!u0an
"a%a' /arangan i0u= 0er-a$ang%ah /e-enaran= 0a')a/%ah
Ke)u%auan In"#ne!ia= /era*aan./era*aan "an /#0a./#0an$a $ang
-er"iri "an /e'u"ian run0uh= %a!/ar $ang -er"era)."era)=
-er)erang= /a%ah "an 'enang= /e/a$aan= /e!en0#!aan= "an
)a!ang.!uru0 /e-u"a$aan "an !e0eru!n$a. Ta/ "a)a0 "i)ung/iri
-ah4a "i +a%a/a= Su'a0era "an >a4a -er"iri negeri.negeri $ang
-e!ar. Di #rne# Tengah )un a"a !a0u /era*aan $ang aga/n$a 0a/
!e-era)a /urangn$a "ari Kera*aan +a*a)ahi0. Di !ana -er"iri
/#0a./#0a $ang -e!ar )enuh "engan ge"ung "an )erhia!an $ang
in"ah.in"ah= !e-agai'ana $ang "i-u/0i/an #%eh -arang.-arang
$ang "i*u')ai "i "a%a' 0anah hingga 4a/0u !e/arang.
Da)a0 )u%a "i)a!0i/an= -ah4a In"#ne!ia -e%u' )ernah
'e%ang/ah /e%uar "ari 'a!$ara/a0 8e#"a%i!'e= "an -ah4a ia *auh
C?
0er1e1er "ari 8e#"a%i!'e "i Er#)a. ang!a Yunani *auh %e-ih
0inggi "ari -ang!a In"#ne!ia B "a%a' ha% ini +a*a)ahi0 -i%a
/era*aan ini "iangga) !e-agai 0ing/a0an $ang !e0inggi.0inggin$a
B "a%a' ha% )e'erin0ahan negeri= )#%i0i/= i%'u hu/u' "an
/e-u"a$aan. Ya= ra/$a0 +a*a)ahi0 !e-enarn$a 0a/ )ernah
'engena% 1i0a.1i0a )e'erin0ahan negeri. era-a".a-a"
)e'erin0ahan i0u -u/an un0u/ "an 'i%i/ ra/$a0. Per/a0aan; 6agi
Tuan/u%ah= $a= >un*ungan/u= /e'er"e/aan= /e)un$aan "an
n$a4a )a0i/=6 )ernah "an -eru%ang.u%ang "iu1a)/an ra/$a0
In"#ne!ia 0erha"a) ra*a.ra*an$a77 Di !ana 0a/ a"a Ora1hu!=
+agna ,har0a "an 0a/ a"a )enge0ahuan $ang "i!e%i"i/i "engan
-e0u%.-e0u% !e)er0i $ang "i)erguna/an Ari!0#0e%e!= P$0hag#ra!
"an Ph#0#'eu!. Penge0ahuan 'en"iri/an ge"ung.ge"ung "an
i%'u #-a0.#-a0an /i0a 'a!ih "a%a' 0ing/a0an )er1#-aan.
Kea*ai-an #r#-u"ur /i0a 0a/ !ea*ai- !egi0iga P$0hag#ra!= !e-a-
$ang )er0a'a -erar0i *a%an 'a0i= !e"ang $ang /e"ua 'enun0un
'anu!ia 'enu*u )e%-agai 'a1a' )enge0ahuan. Di 'ana)un 0a/
a"a *e*a/ &-e/a!.-e/a!( )enge0ahuan !er0a )un1a/ /e1er"a!an
)i/iran7
iar%ah= 0a/ u!ah /i0a 1eri0a/an i%'u /e-a0inan Ti'ur7 Ha% ini
a"a "i %uar -a0a! )i/iranH 0a'-ahan %agi -ang!a ara0 "i Ia'an
Kege%a)an &A-a" Per0engahan( )un !u"ah 'engena% i0u. Lagi
)u%a= /e-a0inan 0i"a/%ah -er!an"ar/an /e)a"a /e-enaran !e"i/i0
*ua= -ah4a 'a!$ara/a0 /i0a !enan0ia!a 'e')er#%eh "ari %uar "an
0a/ )ernah 'e')un$ai 1i0a.1i0a !en"iri. Aga'a Hin"u= u"ha
"an I!%a' a"a%ah -arang.-arang i')#r= -u/an /e%uaran negeri
!en"iri.
Se%ain i0u= 1i0a.1i0a ini 0a/ -egi0u !u-ur 0u'-uhn$a !e)er0i /e.
Kri!0en.an "i Er#)a ara0. +e!in )enggera/ !egena) )e'a!u/an
aga'a Hin"u= u"ha "an I!%a' !a')ai /e)a"a 'a!a /e"a0angan
/a)i0a%i!'e e%an"a= !er0a !e'ua )erang !au"ara "i 4a/0u i0u
a"a%ah -era"a "i %uar negeri. In"#ne!ia a"a%ah 4a$angn$a
!enan0ia!a= "an %uar negeri "a%angn$a.
C@
2. ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang A!%i
Di Ga'an "ahu%u= 0a0/a%a -ang!a In"#ne!ia a!%i "i"e!a/ #%eh
-ang!a Ti#ngh#a "an Hin"u /e %uar negerin$a B Hin"ia.
e%a/ang B "an 'e%ari/an "iri /e Nu!an0ara In"#ne!ia= 'ere/a
0e%ah 'e')un$ai !ua0u )era"a-an. Pa/ 0ani "i Ga'an i0u
'en*e%'a 'en*a"i -a*a/ %au0 $ang !anga0 -ua! "an "i0a/u0i
#rang. Dengan Vin0a! &!e'a1a' )erahu( /e1i%n$a= 'ere/a
'engarungi !e%uruh /e)u%auan an0ara "ua %au0an -e!ar= an0ara
A'eri/a "an A8ri/a. Pen"u"u/ a!%i "ari In"ia "an O1eania
"i0a/%u/ann$a. Ri'-a ra$a hingga )un1a/ gunung "i*a"i/ann$a
hu'a. Ru'ah $ang -agu!.-agu! "i"iri/ann$a= )er'ainan "an
)enge0ahuan "i'a*u/ann$a. Ta0/a%a -ang!a ara0 "an Ti'ur
'en$e'-ah /e)a"a )e"ang >engi! Khan "an Ti'ur%eng !er0a %ari
/e0a/u0an= 4a/0u i0u 'ere/a -u/an !a*a 'enen0ang= 0e0a)i "a)a0
)u%a 'engun"ur/an %a!/ar +#ng#%ia. a*a/ %au0 -erna'a
Pa/#"a0# "ari Kera*aan Singa)ura "i Se'enan*ung Tanah
+e%a$u )a"a 0ahun 3DD "a)a0 'engge%e0ar/an Kera*aan
Ti#ng/#/ "an Hin"u!0an "engan ang/a0an ar'a"a !er0a
)e"angn$a.
3. Pengaruh Hin"u
Aga/n$a ha4a 0r#)i/a "i %ing/ungan /a0u%i!0i4a%ah= $ang
0eru0a'a 'en$e-a-/an 0e/ni/ /i0a 0a/ 'a*u. Ha4a $ang !u-ur
"an 'e%e'ah/an i0u= !er0a !e"i/i0n$a )en"u"u/= 'en*a"i/an
/au' 0ani $ang !enang hi"u)n$a i0u= 0ingga% "ia' "an 'eneri'a=
!e"ang/an /e)u%auan $ang !anga0 -an$a/ i0u 'enari/ ha0i
)en"u"u/ "i )an0ai.)an0ai= /e)a"a )eran0auan "an )enga%a'an.
+enuru0 ri4a$a0 "a)a0 "i/e0ahui -ah4a= !e!u"ah "i-a4a
)engaruh Hin"u= /e-u"a$aan 'ere/a -er0a'-ah nai/ "an
'ere/a 'u%ai -er/ena%an "engan )era')a!. Ke*a"ian i0u
-er%ang!ung !e!u"ah -ang!a /i0a -er1a')ur "arah "engan
)en*a*ah.)en*a*ah -ang!a Hin"u. Kini 0er-a$ang%ah "a%a' -ena/
/i0a /e*a"ian./e*a"ian $ang "a)a0 "iga'-ar/an #%eh /e*a"ian.
/e*a"ian i0u= $ang 'e'-ang/i0/an 0enaga 0er)en"a' i0u *a"i
"ina'i!. u/an #%eh )er1a0uran hi"u) /i0a !en"iri &'e%a4an a0au
an0ara /e%a!./e%a!( 'a/a )enguraian /i0a )eriha% 0e/ni/
CA
/e-u"a$aan 8e#"a%i!0i! !e)er0i 0er!e-u0 "i a0a!= 0e0a)i "i!e-a-/an
)engaruh $ang "a0ang "ari %uar.
iar%ah /i0a 0ingga%/an "i !ini )eriha% )era0uran 'a0riar1haa0
&)u!a/a 0urun /e)a"a /e'ena/an( "i +inang/a-au $ang
-erhu-ungan "engan /ea"aan a%a' "an /e"u"u/ann$a $ang
0er)en1i%. Dengan 'en"iri/an "e'#/ra!i !a0u.!a0un$a "i
In"#ne!ia= /i0a 0ingga%/an )u%a ri4a$a0 Sri4i*a$a "an /era*aan
%ain.%ain "i Pu%au >a4a= "engan 'enun*u//an gari!.gari! $ang
-e!ar !a*a. Aga'a -ang!a In"#ne!ia= ani'i!'e= "i"e!a/ #%eh
aga'a Hin"u "an u"ha= "e'i/ian%ah /a0a #rang /e)a"a /i0a.
ang!a $ang %e-ih )in0ar i0u 'enga*ar/an )e'erin0ahan negeri=
0e/ni/ /e-u"a$aan $ang %e-ih !e')urna. Pen"u"u/ Pu%au >a4a
$ang !u/a "a'ai i0u -e%u' 'e')un$ai )er0en0angan /e%a! "a%a'
an0i $ang !e%ua!.%ua!n$a. +ere/a 0i"a/ 'e'-eri /e!e')a0an
/e)a"a )engi/u0.)engi/u0 aga'a Hin"u un0u/ 'e')er0aruh/an
/e)er1a$aan 'ere/a "a%a' !e-uah )er0en0angan= $a/ni
Hin"ui!'e $ang ari!0#/ra0i! "an u"hi!'e $ang %e-ih
"e'#/ra0i!. Ke0a*a'an )er0en0angan aga'a= #%eh 'a!$ara/a0
>a4a $ang 0i"a/ 'engena% /e%a! i0u= "a)a0 "ire"a'. Se"i/i0 a0au
-an$a/= !e'ua 8i%!a8a0 Hin"u "i0eri'a #%eh )en"u"u/ Pu%au >a4a
$ang a!%i. Si4a= Wi!nu= "an "e4a."e4a aga'a u"ha $ang "i
negeri a!a%n$a !a0u "an %ainn$a -er'u!uhan !er0a -er)i!ah.)i!ah=
hi"u) -er!a'a "i Pu%au >a4a "engan "a'ain$a.
Da%a' ha% $ang !e)er0i i0u= I!%a' )un "a0ang "an a/hirn$a
'enga'-i% /e"u"u/an Hin"u "an u"ha.
Pen"u"u/ >a4a !e/arang a"a%ah 6/ri!0a%i!a!i6 "ari -er'a1a'.
'a1a' aga'a /e0uhanan "an aga'a "e4a."e4a &ani'i!'e(. Ia
-u/an !e#rang ani'i!= -u/an !e#rang Hin"u= -u/an !e#rang
u"ha= -u/an !e#rang Kri!0en "an -u/an !e#rang I!%a' $ang
!e*a0i. In"#ne!ia 'enuru0 a%a'= 0e0a)i Hin"u.Ara- "a%a'
)i/irann$a.
2D
4. Kegun"ahan &Pe!i'i!'e( E')u Se"ah
Di /era*aan Daha $ang /#/#h %agi 0er'a!hur $ang "i)erin0ah
#%eh Ra*a >a$a-a$a= !e#rang $ang 1er"i/ "an )an"ai= %agi
-i*a/!ana= a"a !e#rang ah%i nu*u' $ang -erna'a E')u Se"ah=
$ang !e%a%u gun"ah /arena !anga0 1uriga 0erha"a) )engaruh %uar
negeri $ang 'a/in %a'a !e'a/in -e!ar. Da%a' 0u%i!ann$a
"i!e-u0/an; 6Se-uah re5#%u!i "i Pu%au >a4a a/an 0i'-u%=
"i)i')in #%eh #rang $ang -er/u%i0 /uning "an a/an 'e')er#%eh
/e'enangan -ua0 -e-era)a %a'a6. Da%a' )er/a0aan !in"irann$a
0er0u%i! 6a/an 'e'erin0ah !eu'ur *agung6.
Ti"a//ah ra'a%an i0u /e'u"ian 0er-u/0i "engan /e'enangan
!e#rang Ti#ngh#a >a4a -erna'a +a! Garen"i $ang "a%a' 4a/0u
$ang !ing/a0 'enggengga' /#0a Kar0a!ura:
Di 'a!a E')u Se"ah= )engaruh -ang!a Ti#ngh#a 'a/in %a'a
-er0a'-ah -e!ar.
Su"ah )a"a 0e')a0n$a -ang!a Ti#ngh#a i0u !e"a)a0 'ung/in
'e')erguna/an -ang!a4an >a4a !e-agai a%a0 un0u/ 'e'enuhi
/e)en0ingan e/#n#'i 'ere/a7
i%a 'a/!u" ini 0a/ -erha!i% "engan )engaruhn$a i0u= a"a/a%an$a
"engan *a%an re5#%u!i 'ere/a 'en1#-a.1#-a 'ere-u0
)e'erin0ahan negeri. Te0a)i= !u)a$a 'ere/a "a)a0 0e0a)
'e')er#%eh /e'enangan 'e!0i%ah 'ere/a %e-ih /ua0 a0au
'en"iri/an !a0u /e%a!. +ere/a haru!%ah 'en*a"i ana/ negeri a0au
-er1a')ur "arah "engan -u'i)u0ra. aru%ah 'ere/a "a)a0
'ena/%u//an ra*a "engan )eran0araan /au' 0ani $ang 0i"a/
!enang i0u. Karena -ang!a Ti#ngh#a "a%a' ha% !#!ia% 0e0a)
0ingga% "a%a' /e Ti#ngh#aann$a "an 0a/ 'e')er#%eh -an0uan
'i%i0er "ari 0anah air 'ere/a= 'a/a 0a/ %a'a%ah 'ere/a !anggu)
'e')er0ahan/an /e'enangan a0a! ra*a.ra*a >a4a i0u.
Ru)an$a E')u Se"ah 'enger0i -e0a)a /e-en1ian ra/$a0 "an
re5#%u!i $ang a/an )e1ah. Se"ang /e/ua0an na!i#na% 0a/ 1u/u)
/ua0 'enahan re5#%u!i !#!ia% 0er!e-u0. I0u%ah $ang 'eni'-u%/an
/egun"ahann$a.
Di Kera*aan +a*a)ahi0 -er"iri -e-era)a )eru!ahaan -a0i/=
gen0eng "an /a)a% "engan /a)i0a% $ang 1u/u) -e!ar. Da%a'
2C
-e-era)a )eru!ahaan -e/er*a ri-uan /au' -uruh. Nah/#"a.
nah/#"an$a 0e%ah a"a $ang "engan /a)a%./a)a%n$a -er%a$ar
!a')ai /e Per!ia "an Ti#ng/#/. #%eh *a"i !ungguh -e!ar
'#"a%n$a= 'a%ah '#"a% #rang a!ing. Sau"agar.!au"agar $ang
/a$a "i -an"ar.-an"ar !e)er0i Nga')e%= Gre!i/= Tu-an= La!e'=
De'a/ "an ,ire-#n aga/n$a a"a%ah -ang!a a!ing a0au $ang
!u"ah -er1a')ur "arah "engan #rang.#rang >a4a. Nah/#"a
Da')u.A4ang= 'enuru0 1eri0an$a $ang -er%e-ih.%e-ihan=
'e')un$ai /a)a% $ang %a$arn$a !e0inggi Gunung #nang "an
/e/a$aann$a /era)/a%i "i*a"i/an i-ara0= ra!an$a !e#rang
Ti#ngh#a.>a4a. Sa0u !0a0i!0i/ "i Ga'an i0u 0a/ a"a )a"a /i0a7
Te0a)i -an$a/ -ang!a $ang "ia' "i Pu%au >a4a "a)a0 "i-u/0i/an
"engan )er/a0aan !e#rang )u*angga +a*a)ahi0= -erna'a
Pra)an1a= 6Ti"a/ hen0i.hen0in$a 'anu!ia "a0ang -er"u$un.
"u$un "ari -er'a1a'.'a1a' negeri. Dari Hin"ia.+u/a=
Ka'-#*a= Ti#ng/#/= Anna'= ,a')a= Karna0a/a= Gu"a "an Sia'
"engan /a)a% "i!er0ai 0i"a/ !e"i/i0 !au"agar ah%i.ah%i aga'a=
u%a'a "an )en"e0a rah'a $ang 0erna'a= !ia) "a0ang "i*a'u
"an !u/a 0ingga%.J
Su"ah 0en0u= )en"u"u/ -an"ar.-an"ar $ang 'a/in %a'a 'a/in
'a*u i0u 'era!a 'e')er#%eh rin0angan "ari /au' -ang!a4an "i
i-u/#0a. Se-agai'ana 0er*a"i "i negeri Er#)a= )en"u"u/ -an"ar
'e'in0a ha/ )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i %e-ih -an$a/. Dari
)er0en0angan an0ara )e!i!ir "engan "ara0= )er"agangan "engan
)er0anian= )en"u"u/ "engan )e'erin0ah= 0i'-u%%ah !a0u re5#%u!i
$ang 'e'-a4a Pu%au >a4a /e )un1a/ e/#n#'i "an
)e'erin0ahan.
i%a -an"arn$a 'e')un$ai in"u!0ri "an )er"agangan na!i#na%
$ang /ua0= ni!1a$a >a4a a/an 'enga%a'i !a0u re5#%u!i !#!ia%
$ang "i-ang/i0/an= "i)e1ah/an "an "i)i')in !a0u re5#%u!i !#!ia%
$ang "i-ang/i0/an= "i)e1ah/an "an "i)i')in #%eh 0enaga.0enaga
na!i#na% !e)er0i 0er*a"i "i Er#)a ara0= *a"i re5#%u!i -#r*ui!
0erha"a) 8e#"a%i!.
Te0a)i >a4a !e!ungguhn$a "i/ung/ung #%eh ra'a%an E')u
Se"ah ; 6#rang a!ing a/an 'e'i')in6.
Se#rang /e0urunan Hin"u -erna'a +a%i/ I-rahi' )a"a 0ahun
C4CA= "engan 'e'-a4a aga'a $ang -e%u' "i/ena% #rang "i
22
Pu%au >a4a= "a0ang "i Gre!i/ $ang /e0i/a i0u )en"u"u/n$a
/e-an$a/an #rang a!ing. Dengan 1e)a0 ia 'e')er#%eh )engi/u0.
>a"i -#%eh "i/a0a/an= "engan /e"a0angann$a $ang 'e'-a4a
aga'a I!%a' /e0i/a i0u= -u'i)u0ra -agai/an 'e')er#%eh 6"urian
run0uh6= /arena /e0i/a i0u !e"ang -era)i.a)i )er0en0angan an0ara
)en"u"u/ )e!i!ir "engan i-u/#0a.
Kea"aan -er0a'-ah /u!u0= "an )a"a a/hirn$a !a')ai /e
)un1a/n$a= $ai0u )en$erangan 0erha"a) ra*a.ra*a $ang "i)i')in
#%eh !e#rang Ti#ngh#a.>a4a= -erna'a Ra"en Pa0ah. Dengan
)er-ua0ann$a= Ra"en Pa0ah 'enghan1ur/an /era*aan $ang a"a.
Ha% i0u 'enun*u//an %agi -ah4a !e#rang a!ing= "engan
'e'-a4a )aha' -aru &aga'a I!%a'( "an un0u/
'e')er0ahan/an /e"u"u/an !au"agar.!au"agar a!ing "i )e!i!ir
i0u= -erha!i% 'en*a0uh/an /era*aan -ang!a4an !e0engah Hin"u.
Kera*aan De'a/ -er"iri "engan /e'a!hurann$a7 Te0a)i a/hirn$a
0er)e1ah -e%ah #%eh )erang !au"agar $ang "in$a%a.n$a%a/an #%eh
#rang a!ing $ang 1er"i/.*aha0.
>i)ang -er'u!uhan "engan Pa*ang= De'a/ "engan +a0ara'.
Se'ua )erang !au"ara ini= -e!ar a0au /e1i%= un0u/ /e)en0ingan
-ang!a a!ing= "a%a' 4a/0u !ing/a0 -era/hir "engan /e'enangan
!e#rang Ti#ngh#a.>a4a -erna'a +a! Garen"i.
3. Taruna*a$a
Se-agai'ana "i Kera*aan R#'a "an Ti#ng/#/= gun"u/an
)engen"a%i )e'erin0ahan $ang 0i"a/ 'en1#1#/i /e-enaran "i
i-u/#0a "i!a)u #%eh /e/ua0an -aru "ari "aerahH "e'i/ian%ah=
"arah Kera*aan +a0ara' a/an "i-er!ih/an "an "i/ua0/an #%eh
Taruna*a$a !er0a /a4an./a4ann$a.
Se#rang )u0era In"#ne!ia "a0ang "ari +a/a!ar $ang 'enge0ahui
*i4a &)!i/#%#gi( ra/$a0 >a4a 'en"a)a0 )engi/u0 $ang -e!ar= !er0a
-erha!i% 'enga%ah/an Ra*a +a0ara' $ang /e%uar "ari gari!
/e-enaran i0u. Pu%au >a4a /hu!u!n$a "an In"#ne!ia u'u'n$a
a/an 'e')un$ai ri4a$a0 %ain -i%a 0i"a/ "a0ang !a0u /e/ua!aan
-aru "i Pu%au >a4a. Ra'a%a' E')u Se"ah $ang %ain !e/arang
!ea/an.a/an 0er-u/0i= 6Pe'erin0ahan -ang!a a!ing= $ai0u /er-au
23
)u0ih $ang -er'a0a !e)er0i 'a0a /u1ing6 &/e-# -u%e !i4er
'a0ane(.
Dengan "a0angn$a /e/ua!aan e%an"a %en$a)%ah !ega%a !e!ua0u
$ang 'en$eru)ai /e'er"e/aan. Pengaruh -ang!a a!ing "an
)er1a')uran "arah "engan -ang!a A!ia %ain.%ain 'en$e-a-/an
gen1e0an $ang !e-ua!.-ua!n$a. Se/a%ian ha/.ha/ e/#n#'i "an
)#%i0i/ 6"i0e%an6 -ang!a i0u &e%an"a( "engan /e/era!an "an
/e1urangan= !e)er0i $ang -e%u' )ernah "i/ena% #%eh -ang!a
In"#ne!ia7 Pe'era!an $ang !eren"ah.ren"ahn$a &/e-ia"a-an(
!er0a /e%a%i'an 'en*a"i /e-ia!aan !e0ia) hari7
Taruna*a$a 0a/ "a)a0 'e%a4an /e/ua!aan e%an"a $ang
'e'a/ai !en*a0a a!ing &ara0(. +a/a /u1ing 'e%iha0 /ea"aan ini
"an un0u/ )er0a'a /a%i "i)erguna/an%ah *a%an )#%i0i/ "e5i"e e0
i')era= 'e'e1ah.-e%ah "an 'engua!ai= $ang 'a!hur i0u.
Se!u"ah Ra*a +a0ara' -er*an*i /e)a"a K#')eni Hin"ia Ti'ur
un0u/ 'e'-eri/an /e/ua!aan "an 0anah= 'u%ai%ah !e0an.!e0an i0u
-e/er*a.
Pane'-ahan "i +a"ura= !e#rang /a4an "ari Taruna*a$a=
"i!u'-a0 #%eh K#')eni Hin"ia Ti'ur "engan 'a! in0an "an
)er/a0aan $ang 'ani!.'ani! hingga 'ere/a "a)a0 -ergan"engan.
Se/arang Taruna*a$a -er"iri "i an0ara 60iga a)i6; e%an"a= ra*a
"an /a4an %a'an$a. Ini%ah $ang 'en$e-a-/an /a%ahn$a
Taruna*a$a "engan "i!a/!i/an #%eh K#')eni Hin"ia Ti'ur
!en"iri7
Kera*aan +a0ara' $ang 0a/ !e'anggah i0u 'en"a)a0
6/e'enangan6 a0a! !#/#ngan $ang 0a/ %ang!ung "ari K#')eni=
na'un !ua0u ha% $ang 0a/ !e'anggah i0u %a'-a0 %aun a/an
'en*a"i /en$a0aan *uga !e)er0i $ang 0er-u/0i )a"a a/hirn$a.
<. Di)#neg#r#
>a%an ra$a "ari An$er /e an$u4angi $ang 'e!0i 'e')er0a%i/an
"aerah."aerah $ang "ira')#/ i0u "i-angun #%eh Gu-ernur
>en"era% Daen"e%! "engan 1u1uran )e%uh "an 0aruhan n$a4a
#rang >a4a. Dengan a"an$a *a%an i0u= )r#!e! )enana'an /a)i0a%
*a"i 0era0ur. Te0a)i )r#!e! i0u 0i"a/ !e1ara !u/are%a "i0eri'a #%eh
24
-ang!a In"#ne!ia. Ia a"a%ah !a0u )r#!e! )a/!aan "an 0i"a/
'enuru0 un"ang.un"ang a%a'. Sau"agar "i -an"ar.-an"ar
"i"e!a/. Pe%a$aran "i'#n#)#%i #%eh e%an"a= -u'i)u0ra
"i%arangn$a 'e')un$ai ha/ 'i%i/. Pe'a!u/an /a0un "ari ara0
$ang 'urah hargan$a 'enghan1ur/an in"u!0ri "an )er"agangan=
-ai/ $ang /e1i% 'au)un $ang !e"ang. #r*ua!i >a4a a0au
!e0engah >a4a "a)a0 'eneru!/an %ang/ahn$a= $a/ni )er*a%anan
an0ara 8e#"a%i!'e 'enu*u /a)i0a%i!'e. A/an 0e0a)i= ia "i)era!
!a')ai /ering= #%eh /a)i0a% ara0 "an )erang/a0n$aH -egi0u%ah
8e#"a%i!'e +a0ara' $ang ha')ir 0engge%a' i0u.
Se#rang ana/ *an0an "engan /e'auann$a $ang /era! !e)er0i -a*a=
-er)engaruh %a/!ana -e!i -erani= $a/ni !e#rang %a/i.%a/i $ang "i
"a%a' "a"an$a 0er!i')an !i8a0.!i8a0 )u0era In"#ne!ia !e*a0i= 0a/
-er"a$a 'engu-ah na!i- $ang 'a%ang i0u. >i/a Di)#neg#r#
"i%ahir/an "i ara0 "an 'ene')a0/an "irin$a "i 'u/a !a0u
re5#%u!i "engan !anu-arin$a $ang !u1i i0u= -#%eh *a"i ia a/an
"a)a0 'en$a'ai !e)a/ 0er*ang ,r#'4e%% a0au Gari-a%"i. Te0a)i
ia 6'en#%#ng )erahu $ang -#1#r6= /e%a! $ang a/an %en$a).
Per-ua0an.)er-ua0ann$a= 'e!/i)un )enuh "engan /e!a0riaan=
"a%a' )an"angan e/#n#'i a"a%ah /#n0ra.re5#%u!i#ner. Dan
!anga0 !u!ah "i)a!0i/an= 'a1a' a)a/ah Di)#neg#r# "a%a'
)an"angan )#%i0i/= !e-a- 0a/ "a)a0 "i!ang/a% %agi -ah4a 1i0a.
1i0an$a a"a%ah 6Singga!ana Kera*aan +a0ara'6. Sa0u /e/ua!aan
$ang 'u"ah -eru-ah 'en*a"i /e%a%i'an.
Di)#neg#r# 'enun*ang /e!u-uran '#"a% !er0a )er%ua!an *a%an.
Karena i0u= ia 'engha%ang.ha%angi /enai/an )engha!i%an a0au
!e1ara e/#n#'i= /#n0rare5#%u!i#ner. Ta/ )ernah /i0a -a1a -ah4a
ia 'enen0ang /a)i0a%.i')eria%i!0i! "engan 'enghi"u)/an /a)i0a%
na!i#na%. Pen"e/n$a= ia 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai )r#gra' )#%i0i/ a0au
e/#n#'i. Ia 'era!a "i"e!a/ #%eh /e/ua!aan -aru "an !e0e%ah "ia
%iha0 -ah4a /e/ua!aan -aru i0u 'e')erguna/an /e/ua!aan
+a0ara' $ang -#-r#/ i0u !e-agai a%a0= 'a/a /e"ua 'u!uh i0u
)un "i0er*angn$a.
Se/iran$a Pu%au >a4a 'e')un$ai -#r*ua!i na!i#na% $ang
re5#%u!i#ner= Di)#neg#r# "a%a' )er*uangann$a 'e%a4an
+a0ara' "an K#')eni )a!0i%ah -er"iri "i !i!i -#r*ua!i i0u.
Dengan -egi0u ni!1a$a "a)a0%ah 0er1i)0a !ua0u )er-ua0an $ang
23
'u%ia "an )a!0i. Te0a)i i0u 0a/ a"a= -#r*ua!i $ang -er-au
/ei!%a'an "a%a' %a)angan e/#n#'i "ihan1ur/an #%eh /a)i0a%
e%an"a !a'a !e/a%i. Da%a' /e/e1e4aan $ang he-a0 0erha"a)
+a0ara' "an K#')eni= "a)a0%ah ia 'e')er!a0u/an "iri "i -a4ah
)i')inan K$ai +#*#= !e#rang ah%i aga'a I!%a' $ang 8ana0i/ "an
-er!e'-#$an 6Perang Sa-i%u%%ah6= -u/an /e-ang!aan.
+enari/ !a0u /e!i')u%an 0erha"a) )e'-er#n0a/an Di)#neg#r#
-u/an%ah !a0u )e/er*aan $ang 'u"ah. Karena ha% ini
!e!ungguhn$a )er*uangan /au' -#r*ua!i I!%a' >a4a 'enen0ang
/a)i0a% ara0 $ang "i!#/#ng #%eh !a0u /era*aan $ang ha')ir
0engge%a' &+a0ara'(.
A/i-a0n$a !ungguh *e%a!. Ta/ a"a !e#rang )un 'a')u=
-agai'ana)un )in0arn$a= 'en#%#ng !a0u /e%a! $ang %e'ah= -ai/
0e/ni/ 'au)un e/#n#'i! 'e%a4an !a0u /e%a! $ang 'a/in %a'a
'a/in /ua0.
Sa0u /e%a! -aru 'e!0i "i"iri/an "i In"#ne!ia un0u/ 'e%a4an
i')eria%i!'e ara0 $ang '#"ern.
A)a/ah /e!i')u%an "ari ri4a$a0.ri4a$a0 $ang 0er!e-u0 "i a0a!:
Per0a'a= -ah4a ri4a$a0 /i0a ia%ah ri4a$a0 Hin"u a0au !e0engah
Hin"uH /e"ua -ah4a )era!aan !e-agai /e'egahan na!i#na% *auh
"ari 0e')a0n$aH "an $ang )engha-i!an= -ah4a !e0ia) )i/iran
$ang 'en1i0a/an )e'-angunan &renai!!an1e( !a'a%ah ar0in$a
"engan 'engga%i ari!0#/ra0i!'e "an )en*a*ahan -ang!a Hin"u
"an !e0engah Hin"u $ang !u"ah 0er/u-ur i0u.
ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang !e*a0i "ari "u%u hingga !e/arang 'a!ih
0e0a) 'en*a"i -u"a/ -e%ian $ang )enuru0= -u%an.-u%anan "ari
)era')#/.)era')#/ a!ing.
Ke-ang!aan In"#ne!ia $ang !e*a0i 0i"a/ a"a /e1ua%i a"a nia0
'e'-e-a!/an -ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang -e%u' )ernah 'er"e/a i0u.
ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang !e*a0i -e%u' 'e')un$ai ri4a$a0 !en"iri
!e%ain )er-u"a/an.
Ri4a$a0 -ang!a In"#ne!ia -aru "i'u%ai *i/a 'ere/a 0er%e)a! "ari
0in"a!an /au' i')eria%i!.
2<
III
BEBERAPA MACAM IMPERIALISME
C. er-agai ,ara Pe'era!an "an Penin"a!an
6Tuhan 'en1i)0a/an "unia 'enuru0 ga'-aran.N$a !en"iri6.
Orang a!ing $ang 'en*a*ah A!ia !e%a'a 3DD 0ahun a"a%ah un0u/
'e'enuhi /e-u0uhan 'ere/a 'a!ing.'a!ing "an 'ere/a
'e'erin0ah negeri.negeri 0a/%u/ann$a "engan -er-agai 1ara.
A"a)un !e1ara e/#n#'i!= "ari "u%u !a')ai !e/arang "a)a0 "i-agi
!e-agai -eri/u0.
a. Pera')#/an 0erang.0erangan= "ahu%u "i%a/u/an #%eh P#r0ugi!
"an S)an$#%.
-. +#n#)#%i= $ang "a%a' )ra/0i/n$a !a'a "engan )era')#/an=
'a!ih 0eru! "i%a/u/an #%eh e%an"a "i In"#ne!ia !a')ai
!e/arang &K 0ahun CA2<= )en$.(.
1. Se0engah '#n#)#%i= 'u%ai "i%a/u/an #%eh Inggri! "i In"ia.
". Per!aingan -e-a!= 'u%ai "i%a/u/an #%eh A'eri/a "i 2i%i)ina.
,ara.1ara i')eria%i! %ain ha')ir "a)a0 "i!a'a/an "engan 1ara
$ang 0er!e-u0 "i a0a!.
A"a)un 1ara )enin"a!an "a%a' )#%i0i/ a"a%ah !e)er0i "i -a4ah
ini.
a. I')eria%i!'e -ia"a-= $a/ni 'enghan1ur/an !e/a%ian
/e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ -u'i)u0ra "an 'en*a%an/an
)e'erin0ahan $ang !e4enang.4enang= 'i!a%n$a a"a%ah
S)an$#% "i 2i%i)ina.
-. I')eria%i!'e au0#/ra0i!= $a/ni $ang ha')ir 0a/ -er-e"a
"engan $ang 0er!e-u0 )a!a% a !e)er0i e%an"a.
1. I')eria%i!'e !e0engah %i-era%= $a/ni i')eria%i!'e $ang
'e'-eri/an /e/ua!aan $ang !anga0 0er-a0a! /e)a"a
-u'i)u0ra $ang -er/ua!a &ra*a.ra*a a0au /e)a%a negara $ang
0urun.0e'urun !e)er0i Inggri! "i In"ia(.
2?
". I')eria%i!'e %i-era%= $a/ni i')eria%i!'e $ang 'e'-eri/an
/e'er"e/aan !e)enuhn$a /e)a"a 0uan 0anah $ang -e!ar
!er0a /e)a"a -#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra $ang 'u%ai nai/= 'i!a%n$a
a"a%ah i')eria%i!'e A'eri/a "i 2i%i)ina.
2. Se-a-.Se-a- Per-e"aan
Per-e"aan "a%a' 1ara )e'era!an "an )enin"a!an 0erha"a) !i
0er*a*ah "i!e-a-/an -u/an #%eh )er-e"aan 0a-ia0 'anu!ia "i
negeri.negeri i')eria%i! 0er!e-u0. Te0a)i /arena /e"u"u/an
/a)i0a% "ari 'a!ing.'a!ing negeri 4a/0u 'ere/a !a')ai "i A!ia=
"an *uga 1ara 'en*a%an/an /a)i0a% 0er!e-u0.
Wa/0u S)an$#% "an P#r0ugi! /ira./ira 0ahun C3DD "a0ang "i A!ia=
'ere/a -e%u' 0er%e)a! !a'a !e/a%i "ari 8e#"a%i!'e. P#r0ugi! "an
S)an$#% a"a%ah negeri )er0anian= )e/er*aan 0angan= /au'
-ang!a4an "an /au' aga'a &*a"i -e%u' a"a in"u!0ri(.
arang.-arang in"u!0ri $ang "a)a0 "i*ua% "i )a!ar.)a!ar 0anah
*a*ahan -e%u' a"a. +ere/a "a0ang /e /#%#ni./#%#ni un0u/
'era')#/ ha!i%.ha!i% "i !ana %a%u "i*ua% "i)a!ar Er#)a "engan
harga 0inggi. Karena 'ere/a !anga0 /era! 'e'e%u/ aga'a
Ka0h#%i/ $ang -aru !a*a 'engu!ir I!%a' "ari S)an$#%= 'a/a
-ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang 'e'e%u/ aga'a ani'i! "i 2i%i)ina i0u
"i)a/!a 'en*a"i #rang Kri!0en. Sia)a $ang 0i"a/ !u/a 'engi/u0
)a/!aan i0u "i)an1ung "engan )e"ang.
Wa/0u e%an"a 'engi/u0i S)an$#% "an P#r0ugi! !a')ai /e
In"#ne!ia /ira./ira 0ahun C<DD= !e-agian -e!ar "ari 8e#"a%i!'e
e%an"a 0e%ah "i"e!a/ #%eh -#r*ua!in$a. +ere/a 0e%ah
'e%e)a!/an "iri "ari 0in"a!an 8e#"a%i!'e !er0a Ka0h#%i/i!'e "an
'enga'-i% *a%an 'enu*u )er"agangan 'er"e/a= %i-era%i!'e "an
Pr#0e!0ani!'e. Negeri e%an"a a"a "i "a%a' Ga'an /a)i0a%i!'e
'u"a.
Inggri! $ang )a"a 0ahun C?3D "a)a0 -er"iri 0e0a) "i In"ia=
!e-enarn$a 0e%ah CDD 0ahun %a'an$a 'en$e%a'i re5#%u!i -#r*ua!i
"i -a4ah )i')inan ,r#'4e%%.
2@
Se0e%ah i0u /a)i0a%i!'e Inggri! !e'a/in 'a*u "engan !anga0
1e)a0n$a= "i!er0ai "engan )aha'.)aha' )er"agangan -e-a!=
%i-era%i!'e= /#n!0i0ua0i#na%i!'e "an /e)er1a$aan 'er"e/a.
A'eri/a !a')ai "i 2i%i)ina )a"a 0ahun C@A@ !e0e%ah 'enga%a'i
"ua re5#%u!i -#r*ua!i &C??3 "an C@<D(. Ia /#/#h 'e'egang
)aha' +#nr#e= "e'#/ra!i "an )#%i0i/ )in0u 0er-u/a.
3. A/i-a0 "ari er-agai +a1a' ,ara Pe'era!an "an Penin"a!an
Se-agai -uah "ari 1ara )era')#/an i0u= 'a/a P#r0ugi! "an
S)an$#% a/hirn$a "iha%au "ari 0anah *a*ahann$a &Sia)a/ah $ang
a/an "iha%au/an !e/arang(.
Se/a%i)un !e'anga0 re5#%u!i#ner "i In"#ne!ia !u"ah 'a0ang "an
'en$a%a.n$a%a 0e0a)i )er!e"iaan -e%u' 1u/u)= 'a/a
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a 'a!ih -er"iri.
Dengan *a%an 'e'-eri/an /#n!e!i./#n!e!i $ang -e!ar= /a%au
0er)a/!a= !er0a )#%i0i/ /#')r#'i! /e)a"a !eg#%#ngan #rang
In"ia= 'a/a i')eria%i!'e Inggri! 'a!ih -er"iri "i !ana.
Dengan -er/e"#/ un0u/ 'enga!uh= 'en#%#ng "an 'enga!ihi
'anu!ia !er0a 'e'-eri/an #0#n#'i.e/#n#'i= )#%i0i/ e/#n#'i
$ang -e!ar /e)a"a -u'i)u0ra "i 2i%i)ina 'a/a= i')eria%i!'e
A'eri/a 'a!ih "a)a0 'e'-ua0 /e/a1auan "i !ana.
a. India
+e!/i)un Waren Ha!0ing "an L#r" ,%i5e 'e'-unuh "an
'era')#/= )er-ua0an 'ere/a 0i"a/ -#%eh "i!a'a/an "engan
)er-ua0an Daen"e%!= 5an "en #!1h !er0a %ain.%ain= !e-a- !i!0e'
/#%#nia% Inggri! "ari !egi 6'a0eria% "an ri4a$a06 *auh %e-ih
'en"ingan "ari)a"a !i!0e' e%an"a &0en0u !a*a /i0a 0a/
'enghen"a/i i')eria%i!'e 'a1a' a)a )un(. Na8!u 'e'-unuh
"an 'era')#/ "ari i')eria%i!'e Inggri! 0a/ "a)a0
'enghan1ur/an /e'auan -ang!a In"ia.
2A
Ke'auan i0u 'e')er%iha0/an "irin$a 0eru0a'a "engan -arang.
-arang ha!i% In"ia $ang -e%u' "ira')#/ #%eh Inggri!. Se0e%ah
'enga%a'i -e-era)a )er*uangan )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i= "a)a0%ah
-ang!a In"ia 'en"iri/an in"u!0ri= )er0anian -e!ar= "an
)er"agangan -e!ar na!i#na%. Se%ain i0u= i')eria%i!'e Inggri!
'enga"a/an !e/#%ah "ari 0ing/a0an 0eren"ah !a')ai !e/#%ah.
!e/#%ah 0inggi &%e-ih "ari %i'a uni5er!i0a!( "an !e'en*a/
-e-era)a %a'a 0e%ah 'enga"a/an !i!0e' )e'erin0ahan !a')ai
/e)a"a 6"#'ini#n6 a0au %e-ih *auh %agi. In"ia 0e%ah 'e')un$ai
!e#rang Ti%a/= +aha0'a Gan"hi= Da!= Tag#re= Dr. ,. #!e "an
Dr. Na$e $ang 0er'a!hur /e !e%uruh "unia. Se/a%ian /au'
0er)e%a*ar ini "i%ahir/an "a%a' )enga/uan i')eria%i!'e Inggri!.
Karena Inggri! "i negerin$a !en"iri 'e')un$ai -ahan.-ahan
un0u/ in"u!0ri &arang "an -e!i(= "engan !en"irin$a ia 'en*a"i
-eng/e% "unia. Se-a- ia 0a/ 'e')un$ai /a)a! )a"a
)er'u%aann$a= "i*a"i/an%ah In"ia !e-agai /e-un /a)a!. Se%ain
i0u= !e-agai negeri in"u!0ri $ang 'e')un$ai )engha!i%an $ang
a'a0 -e!ar= Inggri! 'e'-u0uh/an )a!ar.)a!ar. Karena i0u%ah=
0anah Inggri! &negeri in"u!0ri !e'a0a i0u( 0er)a/!a -e/er*a
-er!a'a.!a'a "engan In"ia= 'e!/i)un )a"a )er'u%aann$a
!e1ara 0a/ %ang!ung. u/an/ah 8ir'a.8ir'a "an 'a!/a)ai.
'a!/a)ai= -ai/ i')#r a0au e/!)#r "a%a' )er"agangan $ang
!e"e'i/ian -e!arn$a an0ara Inggri! "an In"ia= 'e'-u0uh/an
/au' !au"agar )er0engahan -ang!a In"ia !e-agai )eran0araan:
Dan %agi -u/an/ah 0a/ !e%a'an$a 6-a$#ne06 "a)a0 'e'a/!a
!ua0u -ang!a un0u/ 'e'-e%i -arang.-arang: +au 0a/ 'au ia
'e!0i 'enai//an 0ara8 hi"u)= *i/a ia ingin 'e')er#%eh
)e'-e%ian $ang 0e0a). Ini%ah $ang 'e'a/!a i')eria%i!'e Inggri!
'e'-eri/an )en"i"i/an ara0 /e)a"a !eg#%#ngan -ang!a In"ia.
Se/#%ah Tinggi )er0a'a "i engga%a $ang !e/arang !u"ah
-eru!ia CDD 0ahun= $ang )a"a 'u%an$a han$a -#%eh "i'a!u/i
#%eh ana/ #rang /a$a "an ari!0#/ra!i= /e'u"ian "i-enar/an *uga
-ua0 ana/ #rang -ia!a.
Da%a' 4a/0u $ang !ing/a0= !e/#%ah.!e/#%ah 0inggi i0u )un
'engha!i%/an !e/ian -an$a/ /au' 0er)e%a*ar= hingga -ir#/ra!i
Inggri! 0a/ "a)a0 'eneri'a 'ere/a !a'a !e/a%i. Ti'-u%%ah "i
3D
!ana /e%a! $ang 0er"i"i/ !e1ara ara0 "an $ang 'era!a 0a/
!enang= $ai0u /au' -uruh ha%u!. Dari /e%a! ini%ah /e'u"ian %ahir
-e-era)a #rang )e'i')in )ergera/an /e'er"e/aan $ang
0er/ena% !e-agai e/!0ri'i!= $a/ni /au' /iri. De'i/ian%ah=
i')eria%i!'e Inggri! 'e%ahir/an 'u!uhn$a !er0a 'engga%i
/u-urn$a !en"iri.
Dengan )i')inan Ti%a/ $ang 0er'a!hur i0u= 0i'-u%%ah a/!i -#i/#0
)a"a 0ahun CADD.CAD3. +a/!u"n$a !u)a$a in"u!0ri "an
)er"agangan na!i#na% hi"u)= $ai0u "engan *a%an 'e'-#i/#0
-arang.-arang )a-ri/ Inggri! $ang "ii')#r /e In"ia &/a)a!
"i0ana' "i In"ia= !e!u"ah i0u "i/iri'/an /e negeri Inggri!=
"engan harga $ang -er%i)a0 gan"a "i*ua% )u%a /e)a"a )e'-e%i
-ang!a In"ia(.
Dengan 'e')erguna/an -arang.-arang $ang -e%u' "ira')#/
6!e-agai !en*a0a6= /au' 0er)e%a*ar 'e')er#%eh /e'enangan.
Tuan 0anah $ang -e!ar.-e!ar "an !au"agar.!au"agar 'e'-eri/an
)er0#%#ngan -eru)a /a)i0a%= !e'anga0 "an a%a0 un0u/ 'e'enuhi
)r#gra' /au' e/!0ri'i!. +e!/i)un )enuh "engan rin0angan.
rin0angan )#%i0i/= e/#n#'i= /euangan "an a%a0 $ang %uar -ia!a
"a)a0 *uga%ah Ti%a/ "an /a4an./a4ann$a 'eraih /e'enangan.
er-agai in"u!0ri= 0er'a!u/ in"u!0ri 0enun B in"u!0ri na!i#na%
4a/0u !e/arang B a"a%ah -uah 0angan $ang 0er)en0ing "ari Ti%a/
"an /a4an./a4ann$a. Pun in"u!0ri i0u !u"ah 'e')un$ai
%a)angan in0erna!i#na%. Se-agian -e!ar /e'enangan i0u *uga
0ergan0ung )a"a )er0#%#ngan -uruh "an 0ani -ang!a In"ia.
er"iri "i a0a! /e'enangan Ti%a/= "a)a0%ah +r. Gan"hi 'eraih
/e'enangan "a%a' )ergera/an n#n1##)era0i#n a0au gera/an
-#i/#0. Ha')ir !e'ua )a-ri/ 0enun "i #'-a$ &%e-ih /urang 2DD
*u'%ahn$a( !e/arang "i'i%i/i "an "i/e%#%a #%eh #0a/ "an 0enaga
In"ia. Ka)a! Inggri! 0er)u/u% "a%a' )er!aingan $ang he-a0=
-u/an !a*a "i In"ia 0e0a)i *uga "i A8ri/a= +e%a$u= Ti#ng/#/ "an
%a'a./e%a'aan *uga "i Er#)a.
Un"ang.un"ang )er"agangan In"ia -e%a/angan ini 'e%in"ungi
/a)a! /e%uaran In"ia. Ti"a/ !e"i/i0 /e-un./e-un 8ir'a "an -an/
3C
!e/arang -e/er*a "engan /a)i0a% In"ia "an "i)i')in #%eh -ang!a
In"ia. In"u!0ri.in"u!0ri !e)er0i arang "an -e!iH !er0a in"u!0ri
%#ga' $ang '#"ern !e/arang "i)egang #%eh -ang!a In"ia. >i/a
4a/0u )erang "unia Inggri! 'e'-e%i ger#-a/ /ere0a a)i "ari
6Ta0a ,#$6= !e/arang &!e'en*a/ %e-ih /urang 2 0ahun( ia
'e'-ua0 )er*an*ian a/an 'e'-e%i *uga 'e!in.'e!in /ere0a a)i.
Pen"e/n$a= 0an)a /e/era!an i')eria%i!'e Inggri!= /a)i0a%
na!i#na% In"ia -er"iri B $ang -era/i-a0 )er*uangan $ang 0a/
'au /a%ah= $ang /a"ang./a"ang 'eni'-u%/an )er0u')ahan
"arah. In"ia !e/arang a"a "i Ga'an in"u!0ri -e!ar $ang '#"ern.
Negeri Inggri! -u/an %agi *a"i )u!a0 -eng/e% "i "unia 'e!/i)un
"i "a%a' /era*aann$a !en"iriH "an In"ia -u/an %agi /e-un /a)a!
-agi ri0ania.
Se0e%ah Inggri! 0a/%u/ "a%a' )er1a0uran e/#n#'i= 0er)a/!a%ah ia
'enga/ui /e'enangan In"ia "a%a' )#%i0i/. Di !ana !e/arang
-er"iri in"u!0ri na!i#na% $ang /e)en0ingan 'a0eria%n$a "a%a'
-e-era)a ha% -er!a'aan "engan /e)en0ingan )en*a*ah. Tingga%
%agi -agi Inggri! 'e'-eri/an /#n!e!i./#n!e!i )#%i0i/ /e)a"a
4a/i%.4a/i% 0uan 0anah $ang -e!ar "an -#r*ua!i '#"ern.
+e'ang ini%ah ar0in$a /er*a i!%ah )e'erin0ahan negeri $ang
0e%ah -er0ahun.0ahun "i%a/u/an B +#n0ageu,he%'!8#r"!)%an.
Daerah -e!ar.-e!ar $ang -er)en"u"u/ 3D=DDD=DDD !e)er0i
engga%a "an Daerah Tengah !e0e%ah "ia"a/an i!%ah
&her5#r'ing( "engan )eran0ara 'a*e%i!.'a*e%i! "aerah= ha')ir
*a0uh /e 0angan -ang!a In"ia !e)enuhn$a. Pe'i%ihan "e4an $ang
0er0inggi &Du'a -ang!a In"ia(= "i)engaruhi #%eh /au' S4ara$=
'i%i0er= )erguruan= "an )enga"i%an= "a%a' -e-era)a 0ahun ini
"i!e"ia/an . "i0e')a0i #%eh )u0era.)u0era In"ia $ang 1a/a) "an
!e0ia.
+e!/i)un "e'i/ian= -e%u'%ah a"a !a0u )er4a/i%an ra/$a0
&)ar%e'en( "an /a-ine0 $ang -er0anggung *a4a-. Sungguh)un
i!%ah )e'erin0ahan In"ia *auh %e-ih !e')u'a "ari De4an Ra/$a0
a%a e%an"a= 0e0a)i -e%u' !a')ai !e)er0i D#'ini#n ,ana"a=
/#n!0i0u!i 2i%i)ina a0au +e!ir. Te0a)i !e*u'%ah )e'i')in "an
/au' e/!0re'i! "a)a0 "i0ari/ ha0in$a #%eh i!%ah i0u. Karena i0u
32
)ergera/an /au' re5#%u!i#ner un0u/ !e'en0ara 4a/0u
60er/an"a!6 hingga i')eria%i!'e Inggri! 'e')er#%eh
/e!e')a0an un0u/ 'enari/ na)a!.
b. Filipina
Kea"aan "i 2i%i)ina -er%ainan !e"i/i0 "engan "i In"ia. ang!a
A'eri/a "a0ang= )a"a 0ahun C@A@= 4a/0u -ang!a 2i%i)ina 0e%ah
60iga )ere')a0 -erha!i%6 'e%e')ar/an /e/ua!aan S)an$#%.
A4a%n$a A'eri/a -er%a/u !e-agai /a4an= 0e0a)i !e0e%ah /#/#h
)en"iriann$a "ia 0ingga% 0eru! "a%a' negeri i0u. Perang 2i%i)ina
.A'eri/a $ang 33 0ahun %a'an$a &C@A@.CADC( 0a/ -erha!i%
'engha%au )en1uri i0u. Se-e%u' /e"a0angan A'eri/a= -ang!a
2i%i)ina !u"ah "a)a0 'enun*u//an -e-era)a na!i#na%i! -e!ar
!e)er0i Dr. RiGa% &$ang "i0e'-a/ #rang S)an$#% "ari -e%a/ang(H
!e#rang #rgani!a0#r= #ni8a1i#= !e#rang "i)%#'a0 +ah-ini "an
)ang%i'a )erang Luna !er0a ALuina%"#.
Karena i0u )er%u%ah "i)a/ai !ua0u 0i)u "a$a $ang !anga0 8i!i/
un0u/ 'enge%a-ui 'a0a !e-uah -ang!a $ang gagah %agi 1er"i/=
!e)er0i ra/$a0 2i%i)ina i0u.
Di!e-a-/an #%eh /e-e!aran "an /e/a$aan A'eri/a "an #%eh
!a%ah !a0u )aha' an0i.i')eria%i!'e "i an0ara -ang!a A'eri/a
$ang -er)engaruh= "engan !egera /au' i')eria%i! 'enger*a/an
i!%ah. P#%i0i/ "a%a' negeri= "engan )eran0ara 6Sena06 "an 6H#u!e
#8 Re)re!en0a0i5e6= !e/arang -#%eh "i/a0a/an a"a "i "a%a'
0angan -u'i)u0ra. Se'ua 4a/i% "ari /e"ua "e4an i0u B /e1ua%i
"ari -e-era)a "aerah I!%a' B "i)i%ih "engan ha/ 'e'i%ih $ang
!e)enuh.)enuhn$a "an !e'uan$a a"a%ah #rang 2i%i)ina.
Se-agian -e!ar gu-ernur "ari "aerah."aerah a"a%ah *uga #rang
2i%i)ina. Han$a -e-era)a /e)a%a "e)ar0e'en !a*a #rang A'eri/a.
Di "a%a' !a0u /#n!0i0u!i= A'eri/a 'e!0i -er*an*i a/an
'e'-eri/an 6/e'er"e/aan6 $ang !e%ua!.%ua!n$a 6/e)a"a -ang!a
2i%i)ina !e0e%ah 'ere/a "a)a0 'enun*u//an /e1a/a)an
'en"iri/an )e'erin0ahan $ang 0e0a)6.
33
Se/#%ah ren"ah "i)erha0i/an "engan !ungguh.!ungguh "an
'e'en0ing/an )er0anian.
Peru!ahaan $ang 'en*a"i )#/#/ "ari e/#n#'i 2i%i)ina !e/arang
"i)egang #%eh -u'i)u0ra !e)enuhn$a. e-era)a )a-ri/= ru'ah.
ru'ah )er"agangan "an 'a!/a)ai.'a!/a)ai /a)a% a"a%ah
/e)un$aan a0au "i)i')in #%eh #rang 2i%i)ina. E')a0 -uah
Uni5er!i0a! "an -e-era)a !e/#%ah 0inggi !e0ia) 0ahun 'e%u%u!/an
)u0era "an )u0eri 2i%i)ina "a%a' *u'%ah -e!ar un0u/
'e')er0ahan/an -ang!a $ang C2=DDD=DDD *i4a i0u "ari 0i)u "a$a
"an /e1urangan A'eri/a.
Han$a !e"i/i0 !e/a%i )en"u"u/ $ang -u0a huru8. #%eh "i/a0a/an
!e'ua ana/.ana/ 'a!u/ !e/#%ah. Hingga !a')ai /e !u"u0.!u"u0
$ang *auh= !e%ain "ari -aha!a !en"iri= )e'u"a.)e'u"an$a
'enger0i -aha!a Inggri!.
iar)un )erguruan "i !ana 0a/ 'en$enang/an ha0i !e#rang
e%an"a $ang 0er)e%a*ar !e)er0i Dr. Nieu4en!hui! . $ang 0en0u
!e/a%i a/an !e%a'an$a 'en*i%a0.*i%a0 /u"i! )e'erin0ahann$a
!en"iri= !a'-i% 'enghina/an )er-ua0an #rang %ain= 0e0a)i /arena
/e0inggian in0e%e/ 2i%i)ina= #rang.#rang A'eri/a $ang he-a0 "an
/a$a./a$a i0u 0a/ "a)a0 -er-ua0 !e!u/a ha0in$a !en"iri.
Se-a- A'eri/a )a"a 0ahun CA23 'e!0i 'e'-a$ar harga /are0 8
34D=DDD=DDD %e-ih -an$a/ "ari)a"a 0ahun CA24 /e)a"a Inggri!=
0i'-u%%ah )i/iran #rang A'eri/a un0u/ 'e'-u/a /e-un "i
2i%i)ina Se%a0an $ang 0anahn$a -agu! -ua0 /are0.
Te0a)i )e'i')in.)e'i')in 2i%i)ina -e/er*a /era! un0u/
'enghin"ari 0er/a'an 6!eriga%a./are06 -ang!a A'eri/a.
Se-e%u' 'ere/a -er0in"a/ %e-ih *auh -ua0 'e')er#%eh 0anah
$ang %ua! un0u/ /e-un /are0= "a%a' /#n!e!i B -er/a0 u!aha
)e'i')in.)e'i')in 2i%i)ina= angg#0a Sena0 "an H#u!e "engan
hu/u' 0anah &%an"4e0( n$a $ang %a'a "i0en0u/an -ah4a 60i"a/
%e-ih "ari 23DD a1re! &!a0u a1re 4@4D $ar" )er!egi( $ang -#%eh
"i!e4a/an /e)a"a #rang a!ing. e%u' -era)a %a'a -er!e%ang
!eriga%a /are0 i0u= "engan )eran0araan 2ire!0#ne "a0ang 'e'in0a
34
/#n!e!i un0u/ /e-un /are0 i0u. +ere/a "i!a'-u0 "engan
)er/a0aan -ah4a hu/u' 0anah 2i%i)ina 60i"a/ 'e'-eri iGin6.
Pe'i')in.)e'i')in 2i%i)ina -er)en"a)a0 -ah4a a)a-i%a
A'eri/a 'enana' /a)i0a%n$a "i 2i%i)ina= !e%ain ra/$a0 !egera
a/an 'en*a"i !eng!ara &!e)er0i "i >a4a( *uga A'eri/a a/an
'en"a)a0 !a0u a%a!an un0u/ 'erin0angi /e'er"e/aan 2i%i)ina.
I')eria%i!'e A'eri/a $ang 0i"a/ /urang 1er"i/n$a "ari
i')eria%i!'e Ang%#!a/!#n -u/an/ah /e%a/ "a)a0 'enga0a/an=
-ah4a !a0u /eg#n1angan -#%eh *a"i a/an 'un1u% /arena
/e)ergian A'eri/a $ang -e%u' )a"a 4a/0un$a: Ke)en0ingan.
/e)en0ingan A'eri/a 'e'-aha$a/an "i 2i%i)ina.
Ini%ah !e-a-n$a 'a/a )e'i')in.)e'i')in 2i%i)ina "engan
0erge!a.ge!a 'enge%uar/an hu/u' 0anah 0er!e-u0 "ari /i0a-
un"ang.un"ang "an 'e'-e-er/ann$a /e)a"a !e%uruh ra/$a0...
La$a/n$a !e-uah /a')ung /e"a0angan !ee/#r 'a1an.
Se-uah -ang!a $ang !u"ah 0er-u/a 'a0an$a !e)er0i 2i%i)ina=
0a'-ahan )u%a "i-eri 4a4a!an #%eh !ura0.!ura0 /a-ar -u'i)u0ra
&"i!e-a-/an !e/#%ah 0inggi $ang "i/u0u/i Dr. Nieu4en!hui! $ang
0er)e%a*ar i0u7(= "a)a0 'e%iha0 "an 'e%a/!ana/an /e-enaran "ari
)e'i')in.)e'i')inn$a. Dengan "iiringi #%eh !e%uruh ra/$a0=
"a)a0%ah )e'i')in.)e'i')in 2i%i)ina !e0ia) 4a/0u 'e'anah
!eriga%a /are0 i')eria%i!'e A'eri/a "engan )anah hu/u' 0anah
$ang %ia0 i0u.
Ti"a/ !e#rang )un $ang 'en1e%a !i!0e' )erguruan $ang 0i"a/
na!i#na% i0u !e%ain "ari )e'i')in.)e'i')in 2i%i)ina !en"iri.
Se%ain i0u )un a"a /e!u%i0an./e!u%i0an un0u/ 'enga'-i% )eran
)er"agangan "ari -ang!a a!ing. Te0a)i !e'uan$a 'ere/a !e/a0a
&!e'u8a/a0( -ah4a !i!0e' )erguruan $ang !eha0 "an )eru-ahan
e/#n#'i $ang !e-ai/.-ai/n$a han$a "a)a0 "i%a/u/an "engan
!e')urna !e0e%ah 0er1a)ai /e'er"e/aan -ang!a. Dan "i !u"u0
"unia 'ana/ah ha% i0u "i)an"ang !e1ara -er%ainan: A"an$a
Gu-ernur >en"ra% $ang 'e')un$ai ha/ 'en1egah &re1h0 5an
5e0#( 'en*a"i rin0angan -agi i!%ah e/#n#'i $ang !e'a0a.'a0a
-agi -ang!a 2i%i)ina. I0u%ah !e-a-n$a= !au"ara.!au"ara /i0a "i
33
!e-e%ah u0ara !ana 'a!ih 0eru! -er*uang !e'a0a.'a0a un0u/
/e'er"e/aan $ang !e%ua!.%ua!n$a.
K#n!e!i $ang -e!ar.-e!ar= $ang "engan 0er)a/!a "i-eri/an #%eh
A'eri/a 'u%ai 23 0ahun $ang !i%a' 0a/ "a)a0 'en"ingin/an
!anu-ari -ang!a 2i%i)ina un0u/ 'era')a! ha/ /e%ahiran "an
/e'er"e/aann$a.
Sean"ain$a $ang "i)er0uan -ang!a 2i%i)ina -u/an A'eri/a &!a0u
negeri $ang 0er/ua0 "an 0er/a$a "i a0a! "unia(= 0e0a)i 6)era')#/
"i 0e)i Lau0 U0ara &e%an"a( $ang 0er'a!hur i0u6= ni!1a$a 0e%ah
%a'a $ang "i)er0uan i0u "iha%au 'ere/a 'a!u/ /e "a%a' nera/a.
Inggri! 'engua!ai /are0 %e-ih "ari "ua )er0iga "an A'eri/a
'e'a/ai ?2 M "ari ha!i% "unia. Di!e-a-/an 'a!ih -er%a/un$a
6S0e5en!#n Ru--er Re!0ri10i#nN! )#%i1$6= 0uan.0uan /e-un "an
'ere/a $ang 'e')un$ai '#n#)#%i= -ang!a Inggri! !a*a%ah $ang
'engua!ai /are0 !e"unia ini B 5er!%ag /a'er 5an /##)han"e%
A'eri/a $ang "iu'u'/an "a%a' +ani%a Tri-une= 2< >u%i N23.
1. In"#ne!ia
Kea"aan In"ia "an 2i%i)ina $ang !a$a /e'u/a/an "i a0a!= !a$a
'a/!u"/an un0u/ 'ena'-ah )enge0ahuan /i0a 0en0ang
i')eria%i!'e.
Periha% In"#ne!ia= !e/arang "an nan0i= a/an /i0a urai/an "i
-e%a/ang "engan )an*ang %e-ar. Se0e%ah 'e')erha0i/an !e'ua
$ang "iurai/an "i a0a!= ni!1a$a 0a/ !u"ah -agi )e'-a1a un0u/
'engar0i/an )era')#/an= )e'-a/aran= "an )e'-unuhan $ang
"i%a/u/an #rang e%an"a. Karena i0u= /i0a 0i"a/ a/an -er%a'a.
%a'a 'engga'-ar/an h#ngi.h#ngi &'eri1a "i A'-#n(= /e-un
/#)i $ang !e/arang "i)anggi% )enana' 'er"e/a. Se'uan$a 0e%ah
0er/ena% "an "i/u0u/i #%eh !e0ia) 'anu!ia $ang -er#0a/.
>auh "ari 'a/!u" /i0a 'enga0a/an -ah4a !e/a%ian /e*a"ian i0u
a"a%ah !e'a0a.'a0a )er-ua0an 6'anu!ia6 e%an"a. Ki0a !en"iri
0e%ah 1u/u) 'engena% )e/er0i "an 0a-ia0 -ang!a e%an"a. Te0a)i
3<
%aga/ "an %agu i')eria%i!'e e%an"a 'en*a"i/an !e#rang -ang!a
e%an"a !e)er0i $ang /i0a /ena% "u%u "an !e/arang B *aha0 "an
-engi!.
Ta0/a%a e%an"a 'engarah/an /a)a% )e'-a*a/n$a /e In"#ne!ia=
4a/0u i0u negeri 'ere/a han$a%ah negeri 0ani "an 0u/ang 4arung
/#)i $ang /e1i%./e1i%.
>uga !e/arang negeri i0u 'a!ih 0e0a) 0ingga% !e-agai negeri 0ani
"an !au"agar. Dan ia 0i"a/ a/an 'en*a"i %ain= /arena ia 0a/
'e')un$ai -ahan "a!ar un0u/ in"u!0ri -e!ar= $a/ni arang= -e!i
"an /a)a!. Se/iran$a negeri e%an"a 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai 0anah
*a*ahan ni!1a$a ia 0a/ "a)a0 'en$a'ai e%gia a0au S4e"ia.
Se0inggi.0inggin$a ia han$a !a0u negeri 0ani "an !au"agar.
!au"agar /e1i% $ang !un$i !e)er0i Den'ar/.
Dengan /e-eranian "an /e'auan !e#rang -a*a/ %au0 !er0a
/e0a'a/an !e#rang 0u/ang 4arung /#)i $ang /e1i%= ha-i!%ah
!e/a%ian ha!i% negeri In"#ne!ia "ira')a!n$a. Ta/ a"a !e-u0ir
-a0u )un un0u/ )eru'ahan e/#n#'i -u'i)u0ra $ang /e0ingga%an.
agai'ana 'ung/in /i0a hara)/an )e'erin0ahan -i*a/!ana "ari
-a*a/ %au0= 0u/ang 4arung /e1i% ini 7 &H#e /an 'en #//
5##rui0Gien!hei" en !0aa0!'an!1ha) 5an een )iraa0 . /rui"enier
5er4a1h0en7(.
Se-e%u' "a0ang K#')eni Hin"ia.Ti'ur= #rang Ti#ngh#a=
Hin"u.Ara- &%a'a./e%a'aan( 'en*a"i #rang >a4a a0au !e0i"a/.
0i"a/ 0eru! 0ingga% "i negeri ini= 0e0a)i -ang!a e%an"a "a0ang /e
In"#ne!ia "an -a%i/ /e negerin$a "engan /arung $ang )enuh
-eri!i. Di !ana "iha'-ur.ha'-ur/an uang In"#ne!ia "an "i
!ana%ah 'ere/a 'en$e"#0 "ana )en!iunn$a "ari )e0i uang
In"#ne!ia. A/i-a0n$a= -#1#r "an /ering%ah e/#n#'i In"#ne!ia7
Se/iran$a negeri e%an"a a"a%ah !e-uah negeri in"u!0ri $ang
'a*u ni!1a$a %a'-a0 %aun 0er)a/!a%ah ia !e)er0i Inggri! "an
A'eri/a= 'e'a/ai )#%i0i/ $ang %ain.
3?
Ia 0en0u a/an 'e'a/ai )#%i0i/ %i-era% 0erha"a) #rang >a4a a0au
In"#.>a4a !er0a -ang!a4an >a4a. Dengan "e'i/ian= /e'a*uan
)#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i !e-agai !e/arang 0er*a"i "i 2i%i)ina "an
In"ia= -#%eh *uga 0er*a"i "i In"#ne!ia. iar)un e%an"a !e'en*a/
2D 0ahun -e%a/angan ini 'u%ai 'engin"u!0ria%i!a!i In"#ne!ia=
0e0a)i 0u*uann$a 0e0a) '#n#)#%i. Ka)i0a%n$a 0e0a) /a)i0a% %uar
negeri.
>urang an0ara )en*a*ah "an !i 0er*a*ah !e/arang 'a!ih 0e0a)
!e-agai "i Ga'an Daen"e%! "an 5an "en #!1h. Han$a !uara
re5#%u!i $ang ge'uruh !a*a%ah $ang "a)a0 'eni'-un *urang
$ang "a%a' i0u.
Te0a)i aga/n$a #%eh /arena ha% ini%ah 'a/a In"#ne!ia "an
negeri.negeri A!ia $ang %ain /e%a/ 'e'-eri !e%a'a0 /e)a"a
i')eria%i!'e $ang "i)er0ahan/an e%an"a i0u. Se-a- "ari
)er0en0angan !#!ia% $ang 0a*a' "i In"#ne!ia i0u= !a0u 'a!a
ni!1a$a a/an 0i'-u% /#"ra0 -aru $ang "a)a0 'e%e)a!/an
In"#ne!ia "an !e%uruh A!ia "ari 0in"a/an ara0 un0u/ !e%a'a.
%a'an$a.
3@
IV
KAPITALISME INDONESIA
Ka)i0a%i!'e "i In"#ne!ia a"a%ah 1ang/#/an "ari Er#)a $ang
"a%a' -e-era)a ha% 0a/ !a'a "engan /a)i0a%i!'e $ang 0u'-uh
"an "i-e!ar/an "a%a' negerin$a !en"iri= $a/ni Er#)a "an
A'eri/a U0ara.
C. Ka)i0a%i!'e $ang +a!ih +u"a
Karena /a)i0a%i!'e "i In"#ne!ia 'a!ih 'u"a= )r#"u/!i "an
)e'u!a0ann$a -e%u'%ah 'en1a)ai 0ing/a0 $ang !e'e!0in$a.
Kira./ira !e)ere')a0 a-a" -e%a/angan -aru "i'u%ai
in"u!0ria%i!a!i "i In"#ne!ia. aru )a"a 4a/0u i0u%ah "i)erguna/an
'e!in $ang '#"ern "a%a' )eru!ahaan.)eru!ahaan gu%a= /are0=
0eh= 'in$a/= arang "an 0i'ah.
In"u!0ri In"#ne!ia= 0eru0a'a in"u!0ri )er0anian= 'a!ih 0e0a)
0er-a0a! "i >a4a "an "i -e-era)a 0e')a0 "i Su'a0era. Tanah $ang
%ua!= $ang -ia!an$a !anga0 !u-ur "an 'engan"ung -arang.-arang
%#ga' $ang 0a/ 0erni%ai hargan$a= !e)er0i Su'a0era= #rne#=
Su%a4e!i "an )u%au.)u%au $ang %ain 'a!ih 'enunggu.nunggu
0angan 'anu!ia. +e!/i)un Pu%au >a4a "a%a' ha% )er/e-unan
"an a%a0.a%a0 ang/u0an !u"ah 'en1a)ai 0ing/a0an $ang 0inggi=
0e0a)i u'u'n$a )u%au %uar >a4a= /e1ua%i Su'a0era= 'a!ih ri'-a
ra$a.
In"u!0ri '#"ern $ang !e-enarn$a 0i"a/ a/an "ia"a/an "i Pu%au
>a4a. Ia a/an 0e0a) 0ingga% 'en*a"i 0e')a0 in"u!0ri )er0anian.
Se-a- %#ga'.%#ga' !e)er0i -e!i= arang= 'in$a/ 0anah= e'a! "an
%ainn$a= 0i"a/ a0au han$a !e"i/i0 !e/a%i "i"a)a0 "i !ana.
Su'a0era%ah $ang 'en*a"i 0e')a0 in"u!0ri '#"ern $ang
!e-enarn$a. Ha% ini !e/arang !e-agian /e1i% 0e%ah 0er-u/0i.
Arang= 'in$a/ 0anah= e'a! "an 0i'ah ha!i% Su'a0era &/e%a/ *uga
-e!i( -e!ar ar0in$a= -ai/ "i /a%angan na!i#na% 'au)un
in0erna!i#na%.
3A
Inggri!= negeri in"u!0ri $ang 0er0ua "i "unia= )a"a )er0engahan
a-a" $ang %a%u 'enga"a/an )eru-ahan $ang 0e)a0 "a%a'
)erin"u!0riann$a. Negeri.negeri Er#)a $ang %ain "an A'eri/a
U0ara 'engi/u0i )u%a -erang!ur.ang!ur. Te/ni/ "an )era0uran
-e/er*a "i !ana !e/arang 0e%ah !a')ai )a"a 0ing/a0 $ang !e0inggi.
0inggin$a !e)er0i $ang -e%u' )ernah "i/ena% #%eh ri4a$a0 "unia.
Tenaga )r#"u/!i "an "i!0ri-u!i *auh 'e%e4a0i -a0a! /e)er%uan
na!i#na%. Er#)a "an A'eri/a U0ara 0e%ah 'en*a"i negeri /a)i0a%i!
$ang 'a0ang.
Ka)i0a% 'e'i!ah/an /#0a "engan "e!a. K#0a 'engha!i%/an
)r#"u/!i in"u!0ri "an )r#"u/!i )er0anian. +a/in 'a*u
/a)i0a%i!'e= !e'a/in -an$a/ )en"u"u/ $ang 0a"in$a "i "e!a.
"e!a "i0ari/ /e /#0a./#0a. u/an/ah "i /#0a !e4a/0u /ea"aan
)#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i -ai/= /i0a )er#%eh %e-ih -an$a/ )e/er*aan=
%e-ih -an$a/ ru'ah.ru'ah )en"i"i/an "an %e-ih -an$a/
/e!enangan "ari)a"a "i "e!a."e!a: Pa"a 0ahun C?AD "i /#0a./#0a
-er"ia' 3.4M "an "i "e!a."e!a A<.<M )en"u"u/ "ari !e%uruh
)en"u"u/= "an )a"a 0ahun CA2D 'en*a"i 3C M "an 4AM. Di
0ahun C@?D ang/a.ang/a i0u *a"i 2CM "an ?AM "an "i 0ahun CACD
*a"i 3C M "an 4AM. >a"i= *u'%ah )en"u"u/ "i "e!a."e!a )a"a
0ahun CA2D %e-ih /e1i% "ari )en"u"u/ /#0a. Ang/a.ang/a ini
'e'-u/0i/an !e1ara n$a0a )a"a /i0a )eriha% /e'a*uan /#0a./#0a
A'eri/a= !e-agai a/i-a0 "ari /e'a*uan in"u!0ria%i!a!i. Di negeri
Inggri! )r#!e! )e'-agian i0u &)eriha% /#0a "an "e!a( !a'a 0era0ur
"an !a'a 1u/u)n$a. Pa"a 0ahun C@3D "i /#0a./#0a -er"ia' 4AM
)en"u"u/ "ari !e%uruh )en"u"u/. Pa"a 0ahun CADD )er-an"ingan
ini 'en*a"i ??M "an 23M= &The re%a0i#n G#5erne'en0 0#
in"u!0r$= +.L. Regua(.
+enuru0 8##"! N#. ?3 0ahun ini= *u'%ah )en"u"u/ "an /#0a./#0a
$ang 'e')un$ai %e-ih CD=DDD *i4a "i >a4a "an +a"ura -aru
<DM "ari !e%uruh )en"u"u/.
>i/a /i0a )a/ai )er-an"ingan an0ara )en"u"u/ /#0a "an "e!a
!e-agai u/uran /e'a*uan in"u!0ri !a0u.!a0u negeri= ni!1a$a
in"u!0ri In"#ne!ia 'a!ih "i "a%a' /ea"aan -a$i.
>i/a /i0a a'-i% )u%a *u'%ah )an*angn$a *a%an /ere0a a)i un0u/
'engga'-ar/an /e'a*uan in"u!0ri !e%a/u )en*e%a!an uraian /i0a
$ang "i a0a!= n$a0a%ah /e)a"a /i0a -ah4a negeri >er'an= "engan
4D
C??=DDD 'i% )er!egi %ua!n$a "an )en"u"u/n$a $ang %e-ih !e"i/i0
"ari In"#ne!ia= )a"a 0ahun CAC3 'e')un$ai 3@=@DA 'i% *a%an
/ere0a a)i= !e"ang In"#ne!ia $ang %ua!n$a ?33=DDD 'i% )er!egi=
)a"a 0ahun CACA han$a a"a 'e')un$ai 3=AC4 'i%.
Periha% *u'%ah )er"agangan &i')#r.e/!)#r( "i In"#ne!ia CA24
&!e!u"ah )erang "unia( a"a 8 2=2D@=@DD &'enuru0 In0erna0i#na%
O1ean= n#. 32<= Negeri >er'an )a"a 0ahun CAC3 O!e-e%u'
)erangP a"a 8 C3=3?3=DDD.DDD(. Ang/a.ang/a ini 'enun*u//an
/e'un"uran /i0a. Te0a)i *i/a "i-an"ing/an "engan negeri !e)er0i
Inggri!= In"ia= "an 2i%i)ina= /e%iha0ann$a In"#ne!ia -e%u' -era)a
'un"ur. Dan -i%a "i-an"ing/an "engan Tur/i= Sia'= "an
Ti#ng/#/= In"#ne!ia *auh %e-ih -ai/. Dengan 'e'-ua0
)er-an"ingan i0u !e-agai'ana $ang !u"ah /i0a %a/u/an=
!e-e0u%n$a ini 0e%ah 'e%e-ihi "ari /e'e!0ian. +a/!u" /i0a 0a/
%ain ia%ah un0u/ 'enerang/an -e0a)a 'u"an$a /a)i0a%i!'e "i
In"#ne!ia.
2. Tu'-uh Ti"a/ "engan Se'e!0in$a
Ka)i0a%i!'e "i In"#ne!ia 0i"a/ "i%ahir/an #%eh 1ara.1ara )r#"u/!i
-u'i)u0ra $ang 'enuru0 /e'auan a%a'. Ia a"a%ah )er/a/a! a!ing
$ang "i)erguna/an un0u/ /e)en0ingan a!ing $ang "engan
/e/era!an 'en"e!a/ !i!0e' )r#"u/!i -u'i)u0ra.
i%a /i0a )erha0i/an )er/e'-angan /a)i0a%i!'e "i Er#)a "an
A'eri/a= n$a0a%ah )a"a /i0a -ah4a 1ara )r#"u/!i $ang 0ua
-er0uru0.0uru0 "igan0i/an #%eh $ang 'u"a. ia!an$a /e*a"ian i0u
0i"a/ 0a')a/ *e%a!= 0e0a)i a"a/a%an$a 1e)a0 !ehingga 1u/u) *e%a!.
Ke*a"ian $ang -e%a/angan ini ia%ah #%eh a"an$a )en"a)a0an.
)en"a)a0an -aru. iar -agai'ana)un /ea"aan !aa0 i0u= ia a"a%ah
/e'a*uan 'enuru0 a%a'= !e-a- 0enaga $ang 'en"#r#ng/an )a"a
/e'a*uan i0u a"a "i "a%a' gengga'an 'a!$ara/a0 "i Er#)a "an
A'eri/a !en"iri.
Se-agai'ana $ang 0e%ah /i0a 0un*u//an= /e'a*uan in"u!0ri "i
!e0ia) negeri !e*a*ar "engan 0i'-u%n$a /#0a./#0a $ang
'enge%uar/an 0eru0a'a -arang.-arang in"u!0ri !e)er0i -arang.
-arang -e!i= )er/a/a! )er0anian= #-a0.#-a0an "an %ain.%ain. De!a.
4C
"e!a 'enge%uar/an -era!= !a$ur.'a$ur= -ina0ang 0erna/= !u!u
"an %ain.%ain. arang.-arang /#0a $ang -er%e-ih B $a/ni -arang
i0u "i)an"ang )en"u"u/ /#0a !e-agai /e)er%uan hi"u)n$a
"i0u/ar/an "engan -arang.-arang "e!a $ang -er%e-ih i0u.
Di A'eri/a )a"a 4a/0u $ang -ia!a !e)er0i )a"a 0ahun CAC3=
!e%agi negeri ini 0er)en1i% "an /urang i')eria%i!0i!= !e)er0i
!e/arang ini= -#%eh "i/a0a/an !a'a -e!arn$a )er-an"ingan an0ara
-arang.-arang in"u!0ri "engan )er0anian &harga )a!ar an0ara
/e"ua -arang i0u ha')ir !a'a(. >a"i "a%a' )e'an"angan
e/#n#'i /#0a 'e'enuhi /e)er%uan "e!a= "e!a 'e'enuhi
/e)er%uan /#0a.
Di In"#ne!ia !e-agai a/i-a0 /e'a*uan e/#n#'i $ang 0i"a/
0era0ur !e-agai'ana 'e!0in$a= 0i"a/ !e)er0i "i a0a! /ea"aann$a.
K#0a./#0a /i0a 0a/ "a)a0 "iangga) !e-agai /#n!en0ra!i "ari
0e/ni/= in"u!0ri= "an )en"u"u/. Ia 0a/ 'engha!i%/an -arang.
-arang -ai/ un0u/ "e!a 'au)un un0u/ )er"agangan %uar negeri=
"ari /a)i0a%i!./a)i0a%i! -u'i)u0ra. +e!in.'e!in )er0anian=
/e)er%uan ru'ah 0angga= -ahan.-ahan un0u/ )a/aian "an %ain.
%ain 0i"a/ "i-ua0 "i In"#ne!ia= 0e0a)i "i"a0ang/an "ari %uar negeri
#%eh -a"an.-a"an )er"agangan i')eria%i!0i!. De!a."e!a /i0a 0a/
'engha!i%/an -arang /e-u0uhan un0u/ /#0a./#0a= /arena un0u/
'ere/a !en"iri )un 0a/ 'en1u/u)i. era! 'i!a%n$a= 'a/anan
ra/$a0 $ang 0eru0a'a 'e!0i "i"a0ang/an "ari %uar= "i 0ahun CA2C
!eharga 8 CC4=C<D=DDD= 'e!/i)un -ang!a /i0a u'u'n$a !anga0
)an"ai 'enger*a/an 0anahn$a "an !e'ua !$ara0 un0u/
'engha!i%/an -era! -agi /e)er%uan !en"iri -ah/an "a)a0 )u%a
'enge%uar/an -era!n$a $ang -er%e-ih. De!a."e!a /i0a
'enge%uar/an gu%a= /are0= 0eh= "an %ain.%ain -arang )er"agangan
$ang 'enga$a/an !au"agar a!ing= 0e0a)i 'e'i!/in/an "an
'e'e%ara0/an /au' 0ar!iH /#0a./#0a /i0a -u/an%ah 'en*a"i )u!a0
e/#n#'i -ang!a In"#ne!ia= 0e0a)i 0eru!.0eru!an 'en*a"i !u'-er
e/#n#'i $ang 'enga%ir/an /eun0ungan un0u/ !e0an.!e0an uang
%uar negeri.
ahan $ang 'en$e-a-/an /a)i0a%i!'e -u/an%ah In"#ne!ia B
'enginga0 ri4a$a0 negeri /i0a $ang 0er!e-u0 "i a0a! B 0erang%ah
-agi /i0a.
42
Su"ah /i0a %iha0 -ah4a )#%i0i/ )era')#/ -ang!a e%an"a=
'e'u!nah/an !e/a%ian -enih.-enih in"u!0ri -u'i)u0ra $ang
'#"ern. H#ngi.h#ngi 1u%0uur !0e%!e%= '#n#)#%i !0e%!e% "an
gen1e0an )a*a/ $ang 0a/ a"a a')unn$a. Dan )e'a!u/an
!au"agar.!au"agar Ti#ngh#a $ang 0era0ur "i Ga'an K#')eni
Ti'ur >auh &VO,( 'enghan1ur%u%uh/an !e/a%ian a%a0.a%a0 !#!ia%
e/#n#'i "an 0e/ni/ na!i#na% $ang /ua0.
>i/a !e/iran$a -ang!a In"#ne!ia 0i"a/ "ira')#/= "an 'e')un$ai
/e)an"aian 0e/ni/= !er0a "i)engaruhi #%eh #rang a!ing= 0en0u%ah
#rang In"#ne!ia a"a /e!e')a0an un0u/ 'e'enuhi /e'auan
a%a'.
#%eh *a"i "engan !e1ara "a'ai &!e)er0i "i >e)ang( a0au "engan
)eran0ara )e'-#i/#0an na!i#na% &!e)er0i "i In"ia( /au'
'enengah In"#ne!ia a0au In"# "engan *a%an 'engu')u%/an
/a)i0a% na!i#na% 'en"iri/an in"u!0ri un0u/ 'e'enuhi /e-u0uhan
na!i#na% !e)er0i 0enun -e!i.
De'i/ian%ah= /a)i0a% In"#ne!ia 0i'-u% "engan 0era0ur )u%a an0ara
%a)i!an.%a)i!an !#!ia% In"#ne!ia "an 'e')un$ai )erhu-ungan
$ang 0era0ur. Sau"agar In"#ne!ia $ang "u%u /e1i% !e/arang !u"ah
'en*a"i -an/ir a0au 'enge)a%ai )eru!ahaan $ang -e!ar.-e!ar.
Pene')a -e!i= 0u/ang 0u/ang gu%a= !au"agar -a0i/ $ang "u%u
/e1i% 'en*a"i )e'i')in in"u!0ri %#ga'= gu%a a0au 0enun. Te0a)i
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a "a%a' 3DD 0ahun 0a/ 'ening/a0/an a)a
)un un0u/ -ang!a In"#ne!ia= !e'ua ha-i! "iang/u0 /e negerin$a.
Ia 'e'un0ah/an /a)i0a%i!'e /#%#nia% e%an"a $ang 0i"a/ a"a
"uan$a "i "unia.
+a*u /e "a%a' )er*uangaan e/#n#'i 'e%a4an ra/!a!a a!ing=
"engan 'a/!u" 'ening/a0/an in"u!0ri na!i#na% !a'a "engan
6'en*aring angin6.
3. Ka)i0a% In"#ne!ia I0u In0erna!i#na%
I')eria%i!'e Inggri! "engan in"u!0ri na!i#na%n$a $ang n#'#r
4ahi" "an ar'a"a $ang %uar -ia!a= !e'en*a/ !e'u%a 'era!a
)er%u 'enga"a/an /#')r#'i "engan ra*a.ra*a= "an 0uan.0uan
0anah -ang!a In"ia= un0u/ 'e')er0ahan/an "iri 0erha"a) -#r*ua!i
-u'i)u0ra $ang -aru 0i'-u%. Te0a)i 0a0/a%a $ang 0er!e-u0
43
-e%a/angan ini /e%uar "ari 'e"an )er*uangan "engan
/e'enangan &"i 0ahun CADD.CAD3 "an CACA.CA22(= Inggri!
'engu%ur/an 0angann$a.
er!a'a "engan ra*a.ra*a= 0uan.0uan 0anah "an -#r*ua!i In"ia
$ang -aru i0u= "ia )ergi 'e')er/u"a )unggung ra/$a0 $ang
'enggeru0u i0u. agai'ana)un !u%i0n$a i')eria%i!'e Inggri!= ia
'a!ih 'e')un$ai 0u*uan "i "a%a' /era*aan !en"iri.
I')eria%i!'e e%an"a 'e'u/u% "an 'enen"ang 6/er-au6 $ang
!a-ar i0u= !e/ian %a'an$a= hingga !e/arang /er-au i0u
'e')erguna/an 0an"u/n$a.
e%an"a /e1i% $ang "i 4a/0u "u%u 'ene%an !ega%an$a un0u/
"irin$a !en"iri= !e/arang 0er)a/!a 'e'-agi.-agi/an i0u "engan
negeri.negeri $ang %e-ih /ua0.
A"a)un /e/urangan /a)i0a% "an in"u!0ri= a"a%ah !e-a- $ang
0er)en0ing "ari 0in"a/an e%an"a i0u= 'a/a !e'en*a/ -e-era)a
0ahun= /a)i0a% Inggri! 'e'egang )eranan -e!ar "i In"#ne!ia.
Ra88%e! $ang -i*a/!ana i0u !u"ah %a'a 'e%iha0 ha% ini "an 0i"a/
)ua! !e-e%u' ia "a)a0 'enge%a-ui 'a0a e%an"a.0ani i0u. Se0e%ah
)erang "engan Na)#%e#n -erhen0i= Inggri! 'enge'-a%i/an
!e/a%ian /#%#ni e%an"a. Per-ua0an ini !ea/an.a/an !anga0
-er0en0angan "engan )#%i0i/ $ang 4a/0u i0u "i)a/ai Inggri!=
0e0a)i !e0e%ah "i1er'a0i )er-ua0an i0u a"a%ah )#%i0i/ Inggri! $ang
!e%i1in.%i1inn$a "an !e'urah.'urahn$a "a%a' 'e'a/ai e%an"a
!e-agai #)a! un0u/ /a)i0a% $ang "i0ana'n$a "i In"#ne!ia.
A)a/ah )enga'-i%a%ihan !e%uruh a"'ini!0ra!i $ang a"a "i
In"#ne!ia 'e'-eri 0anggung *a4a- "an /e!u!ahan /e)a"a
Inggri!: Ka)i0a% Inggri! $ang -e-era)a 0ahun -e%a/angan ini
'a/in hari 'a/in -e!ar= -agi e%an"a B /e1i% !anga0
'eng/ha4a0ir/an= "an -ang!a In"#ne!ia !e/arang 0a/ !a-ar %agi=
hingga e%an"a !e/arang -ernia0 'e'a/ai 6)#%i0i/ )in0u
0er-u/a6. I!0i%ah $ang !e-enarn$a "ia'-i% "ari /a'u! A'eri/a
ini !ungguh 1#1#/ "engan )#%i0i/ e%an"a "i Ti'ur. Da%a' /a0a.
/a0a -ia!a= ia -er-un$i; 6Dan 0erha"a) /a)i0a% Inggri! !er0a
-ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang 0e%ah 0er*aga "ari 0i"urn$a= !e'e!0in$a
e%an"a %e-ih /ua0 -i%a 'e')un$ai A'eri/a $ang "e'#/ra0i!.
Te0a)i negeri ini 'e!0i "i0ari/ /e In"#ne!ia. Ka)i0a%n$a "i0ana'
"i In"#ne!ia "engan !ega%a "a$a u)a$a "an= *i/a )er%u= "i-eri/an
44
ha/.ha/ $ang %uar -ia!a. >i/a 0i-a 'a!an$a= /e%a/ A'eri/a
-ergan"eng 0angan "engan e%an"a6.
Uang "an !u!ah )a$ah 0a/ "i)erhi0ung/an "e'i /a)i0a% A'eri/a.
Se#rang 'en0eri )ernah -er/a0a 0eru! 0erang "i "a%a' /a'er=
-ah4a; Ke"a0angan /a)i0a% A'eri/a !anga0 'u"ah /arena
un"ang.un"ang "i In"#ne!ia !e/arang. Kun*ungan 2#1/ /e
+ani%a )a"a 0ahun CA23= "an /e"a0angan -e-era)a /a)a% )erang
/e 2i%i)ina= 'en"u"u//an !e#rang /#n!u% *en"ra% "i Ne4 Y#r/
$ang /er*an$a !e%ain hi%ir 'u"i/ "engan )erun"ingan "an
)er*an*ian *uga 'engha'-ur.ha'-ur/an uang -ua0 re/%a'e=
)a'8%e0 "an 'a*a%ah $ang !e%a'a -er0ahun.0ahun 'e'ua0 )eriha%
>a4a !ang negeri a*ai- &>a5a 0he W#n"er%an"(. Se'uan$a i0u
a"a%ah un0u/ 'e'i/a0 )e%an1#ng.)e%an1#ng "an /a)i0a%i!
A'eri/a !u)a$a "a0ang -er"u$un."u$un /e In"#ne!ia.
era)a -e!ar /a)i0a% e%an"a i0u "a)a0 /i0a %iha0 )a"a ang/a.
ang/a "i -a4ah ini.
Da%a' -u/u Han"-##/ 5##r 1u%0uur en han"!#n"erne'ingen in
Ne". In"ia "i0u%i! #%eh Agu%5an0= /a)i0a% $ang "i0ana' "i
In"#ne!ia "i0a/!ir !e*u'%ah 8 3.2?D.DDD.DDD. Di an0aran$a 8
C.2?=DDD=DDD "i "a%a' /e-un./e-un= 'in$a/ 8 ADD=DDD=DDD.
Da%a' -an/ "an )er"agangan 8 ?3D=DDD=DDD.
Peru!ahaan /a)a%= /ere0a a)i "an 0ra' 'a!ing.'a!ingn$a 8
23D.DDD.DDD= 8 22D.DDD.DDD "an 8 2DD=DDD=DDD. Ta'-ang.
0a'-ang 8 ?D=DDD=DDD "an 'a!/a)ai.'a!/a)ai a!uran!i 8
<D=DDD=DDD.
Ka)i0a% $ang "i0ana' "i Su'a0era Ti'ur )a"a 0ahun CA24
!e*u'%ah 8 43A=DDD=DDD. Di an0aran$a 33.3M /e)un$aan e%an"a
"an 44.?M /e)un$aan -ang!a a!ing. Ka)i0a% -ang!a a!ing $ang
"i0ana' "a%a' in"u!0ri )er0anian !e*u'%ah 8 2DD=DDD=DDD. Di
an0aran$a 8 C4?=3DD=DDD a"a%ah /a)i0a% Inggri!= 8 3DD=DDD=DDD
'i%i/ Pran1i! "an e%gia= 8 C3.?DD.DDD 'i%i/ >e)ang "an 8
4.DDD.DDD 'i%i/ >er'an &In0erna0i#na% O1ean. N#. <= CA2<(.
Lua! /e-un /are0 )a"a 0ahun CA24 !e-e!ar 24C=33? -au On#0e CP.
Di an0aran$a 42.2M /e)un$aan -ang!a a!ing "an 32.4M
/e)un$aan Inggri!. erhu-ung "engan '#n#)#%i Inggri!= /a)i0a%
/are0 A'eri/a -e-era)a 0ahun -e%a/angan ini !anga0 1e)a0
43
'ening/a0n$a "i Su'a0era. Lua! /e-un 0eh "i >a4a CC<=<<4 -au.
Ke)un$aan -ang!a a!ing 23.@M "an Inggri! C?.@M.
Dari 0u*uh 'a1a' ha!i% u0a'a $ang "i/iri'/an /e )a!ar.)a!ar "i
!e%uruh "unia= e/!)#r gu%a "i 0ahun CA24= 8 4AC=CDD=DDD a0au
32.C M "ari *u'%ah e/!)#r. Kare0 8 2D2=<DD=DDD= a0au C3.2M "ari
e/!)#r. +in$a/ 0anah 8 C3@=3DD=DDD= 0e'-a/au 8 C23=<DD=DDD=
/#)ra 8 A?=4DD=DDD= 0eh 8 A3=<DD=DDD "an /#)i 8 3<=<DD=DDD $a/ni
'a!ing.'a!ing CD.3MH @.CMH <.4MH <.CMH "an 4.3M "ari *u'%ah
e/!)#r !e'uan$a.
Pa"a 0ahun CA24 e/!)#r /e 0anah Inggri! "an "i *a*ahann$a
42.33M "ari !e'ua e/!)#r "an /e negeri e%an"a han$a CA.?M=
!e"ang 4D.4M "ari Inggri! "an 0anah *a*ahann$a.
>a"i 0erang%ah= -ah4a )er"agangan Inggri! "i In"#ne!ia %e-ih
-e!ar "ari !e'ua negeri a!ing= !e"ang/an "i "a%a' )eru!ahaan
'in$a/ "an /e-un./e-un $ang 0er)en0ing= /a)i0a% Inggri!
'e'egang )eranan $ang 0er-e!ar "i an0ara /a)i0a% -u/an
e%an"a. >a"i 0i"a/%ah 'engheran/an 'enga)a #rang e%an"a
0erge!a.ge!a 'e'i/a0 /a)i0a% A'eri/a.
e0u% -e-era)a 0ahun -e%a/angan ini= /arena iri ha0i 'e%iha0
Inggri! 'en*a%an/an )#%i0i/ /are0 "engan 1ara '#n#)#%i=
A'eri/a 'u%ai 'enana' /a)i0a%n$a "i /e-un /are0 "i Su'a0era
Ti'ur. A/an 0e0a)i= ha% i0u -e%u' 'en*a"i !a0u /e)a!0ian= a)a/ah
A'eri/a hen"a/ 'enana'/an /a)i0a%n$a "i Su'a0era "an >a4a
!a*a= !e-a- "i +in"anau &2i%i)ina Se%a0an( "an Li-eria a"a 0anah
$ang !u-ur un0u/ /e-un /are0.
+enga/ui "an 'e%in"ungi in"u!0ri -u'i)u0ra $ang '#"ern
!e)er0i "i In"ia 'enuru0 )an"angan e/#n#'i -aru 0i"a/ a/an a"a
!a'a !e/a%i= !e-a- in"u!0ri -u'i)u0ra '#"ern 'e'ang 0i"a/ a"a.
Ra/$a0 han$a "i)era!= "iin*a/.in*a/ "an "i0i)u. Pe'e1a0an /au'
-uruh -u/an%ah !a0u /eanehan= "an 1eng/ra'an )a*a/ 'a/in
%a'a 'a/in era0. E/#n#'i ra/$a0 0a/ )er%u "i!e-u0.!e-u0 !e-a-
negeri e%an"a 0eru0a'a -ergan0ung )a"a /a)i0a% %uar negeri.
On#0e CP C -au E 3DD 0#'-a/ )er!egi a0au ?DA< '2.
4<
V
KEADAAN RAKYAT INDONESIA
C. Ke'e%ara0an
era)a ri-u= -ah/an -era)a ra0u! ri-u ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia $ang
'ering/u/ "engan )eru0 /#!#ng "i a0a! -a%ai.-a%ai !e0ia) hari
!aa0 'e%e)a! %e%ahn$a= 0a/ 0er*e%a!/an "engan 0e)a0. Pe'erin0ah
)un$a 1a0a0an ang/a.ang/a $ang %eng/a) 0en0ang /e-un./e-un
"an )eru!ahaan $ang 'engun0ung/an= 0eru0a'a na'a.na'a
#rang $ang 4a*i- 'e'-a$ar )a*a/= 0e0a)i %u)a 'e'-eri
/e)a!0ian 0en0ang )enghi"u)an ra/$a0 !e%uruhn$a. e0u% /a"ang.
/a"ang "i-en0u/ #%eh )e'erin0ah !ua0u )ani0ia= 0a)i -a"an i0u 0a/
'e4a/i%i ra/$a0= "an 0en0u !a*a )ani0ia i0u 0i"a/ )ernah
'en"a/4a /a)i0a% -e!ar= 'e!/i)un 'en1e%a !a*a. Pe'eri/!aan
60era0ur6 "an 6'er"e/a6 !e-agai -u/0i 'a/!u".'a/!u" $ang
!u1i= -e%u' )ernah /e"engaran.
>i/a /i0a 'au 0ahu -era)a *u'%ah -uruh in"u!0ri= /e-un./e-un
"an )engang/u0an= 0en0u%ah "engan *a%an i0u /i0a /e0ahui -era)a
-an$a/n$a 6-u"a/ -e%ian /#%#nia%6 $ang /e%a)aran "i In"#ne!ia
!e-a- !e-agian -e!ar "ari -uruh in"u!0ri i0u 'i!/in= !e-a- /e)a"a
)eru!ahaan -e!ar.-e!ar i0u= 'ere/a haru! 'en*ua% a0au
'en$e4a/an 0anahn$a= hingga a/hirn$a /ehi%angan 0anah "an
'a0a )en1aharian.
Ha% i0u 0i"a/ 'ung/in "i!e-a-/an #%eh /e0a/)e"u%ian "an
/e%a%aian )e'erin0ah. +e!/i)un /i0a -e/er*a "engan ang/a.
ang/a $ang 0a/ 1u/u)= ini -e%u' -erar0i -ah4a /ea"aan ra/$a0
In"#ne!ia a"a%ah -u/u $ang 0er0u0u) -agi /i0aH -ah/an !e-a%i/n$a
0a/ "a)a0 "i"uga -ah4a "ua !a')ai 0iga *u0a -u"a/ $ang
0er0in"a! 'eneri'a u)ah $ang han$a 1u/u) -er0ahan agar 'a0i
/e%a)aran. agian $ang 0er-e!ar "ari 'ere/a -er#rgani!a!i.
+ere/a i0u 'i!a%n$a -uruh /ere0a a)i= 0u/ang !a)u= /u%i -arang
"an 0u/ang re'= $ang 'u%ai -e/er*a "engan ga*i 8 C3 B "engan
!a0u !a')ai "ua ru)iah /enai/an !e0ia) 0ahun B "an 'en1a)ai
'a/!i'u' 8 3D !a')ai 8 4D !e-u%an a)a-i%a 'ere/a !u"ah
4?
-eru-an. Sungguh ga*i i0u 0er%a%u !e"i/i0 "i Ga'an /a)i0a%i!'e=
"an ha% ini !anga0 'en$e"ih/an= 'enginga0 /e)a"a /e1er'a0an
"an 0anggung *a4a- !e/u')u%an -uruh i0u -ergan0ung hi"u)
-eri-u.ri-u 'anu!ia.
>i/a -era0u! ri-u -uruh gu%a $ang /arena 0a/ -er#rgani!a!i 0i"a/
-erani 'e'in0a 0a'-ah ga*in$aH >i/a /au' 0ani $ang /ehi%angan
0anah han$a -e/er*a -e-era)a -u%an "a%a' !e0ahun "engan ga*i
3D a0au 4D !en !ehari= $a/ni "i 4a/0u 'e'#0#ng 0e-uH *i/a 23D
!a')ai 3DD ri-u /u%i /#n0ra/ B $ang "ina'a/an 6/u%i 'er"e/a6
"i Su'a0era Ti'ur B 'en"a)a0 u)ah 3D !a')ai 4D !en !ehari=
!ia)a/ah $ang -erani 'enga0a/an -ah4a "i 'a!a ini !e!e#rang
&'e!/i)un ia !e#rang in%an"er7(= "engan ana/ -inin$a= "a)a0
hi"u) !e-agai 'anu!ia "engan u)ah C2 !a')ai "engan 23 ru)iah
!e-u%an: >i/a a"a #rang $ang -er/a0a !e)er0i i0u= ia a"a%ah !ee/#r
/e%e"ai a0au %e-ih hina %agi a"a%ah !e#rang 6)eng/hiana06.
Tu/ang.0u/ang -e!i !eg#%#ngan -uruh $ang -e!ar ga*in$a "i
negeri.negeri %ain= "i Sura-a$a !anga0 ren"ah ga*in$a= 0ingga%
!e)er0i "i /an"ang an*ing= 'a/anan= )a/aian "an /e)er%uan hi"u)
%ain.%ain 0a/ 1u/u)= hingga /e/a%%ah 'ere/a *a"i 'ang!a %in0ah
"ara0 Ti#ngh#a "an Ara-. Ki0a 'a!ih 'en"engar ga*i 'ere/a
an0ara 3D !a')ai 4D ru)iah. Di Sura-a$a $ang "i/ena% !e-agai
/#0a "agang= ga*i i0u -erar0i !e/a"ar )engha%ang agar *angan
!a')ai 'a0i.
Sia)a/ah na'a gu-ernur *en"ra% $ang )a"a !ua0u hari "engan
'a%u.'a%u 'en1eri0a/an -ah4a -eri-u.ri-u /u%i "i )e%a-uhan
>a/ar0a= !e-a- u)ah 'ere/a 0i"a/ 1u/u) un0u/ 'en$e4a gu-u/
$ang !anga0 "i1in0ai #%eh #rang.#rang >a4a: Su"ah -egi0u
'e'a%u/an "an 0a/ 'enen0un$a na!i- /au' -uruh $ang n#0a
-ene 'a!ih /er*a i0u= -agai'ana/ah ha%n$a /au' )enganggur
$ang 'a/in %a'a 'a/in -an$a/ i0u:
Da%a' Ver!%ag 5an "e Sui/er EnLue0e ,#''i!!ie &h%'. AA( /i0a
-a1a /a%i'a0 $ang !anga0 -erar0i; 6Aga/n$a !e0engah "ari
/e%uarga ra/$a0 "i Pu%au >a4a 0er'a!u/ #rang $ang 'e')un$ai
0anah= "an !e%e-ihn$a hi"u) "ari )eru!ahaan "an )er"agangan
4@
-u'i)u0ra a0au)un -u/an. Di !ana 0en0u%ah -era0u! ri-u 'anu!ia
$ang 0a/ )un$a a)a.a)a= $ang /a"ang./a"ang -e/er*a )a"a !a%ah
!e#rang )e%a"ang "an "engan 0i"a/ )a"a 0e')a0n$a 'ena'a/an
"irin$a )e0ani6. Se%ain i0u= "i /#0a./#0a 0i"a/ !e"i/i0 #rang $ang
-erge%an"angan "i !e)an*ang *a%an= 'a/an !e!ua) /a%a )agi "an
!e!ua) /a%a )e0ang. Ki0a 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai !0a0i!0i/ $ang %eng/a)=
-enar "an !ah 0en0ang -era)a *u'%ahn$a.
Te0a)i !ia)a)un $ang )ernah 0ingga% "i /#0a gu%a !e)er0i
an$u'a!= S#%#= Ke"iri "an Sura-a$a= !er0a ia !ungguh
'e')erha0i/an /ehi"u)an ra/$a0= ia a/an 0er1engang "engan
6/e!a-aran6 "an 6/e-e0ahan6 ra/$a0 'enanggung /e!u!ahann$a=
-ah4a )a*a/ *auh 'e%e4a0i /e!anggu)an )en"u"u/= 0i"a/ a!ing
%agi -agi #rang.#rang )e'erin0ah.
Se'ua "an !e0ia) $ang -ern$a4a &'e!/i)un "ia 0i"a/
-er)en1aharian( 'e!0i 'e'-a$ar )a*a/. Ku0i)an./u0i)an "ari
!ega%a )iha/ "a)a0 /i0a 1an0u'/an= 0e0a)i= /arena /i0a angga)
0i"a/ -er8ae"ah= 0a/ )er%u /i0a 0a'-ah/an "i !ini.
&Se)in0a! %a%u /i0a /a0a/an -ah4a in"u!0ri -e!ar.-e!ar "an
/#ng!i./#ng!i )er"agangan *uga 'e'-a$ar )a*a/. A/an 0e0a)i=
ha% i0u a"a%ah )er/ara )er*an*ian -e%a/a= /arena "engan -er-agai
1ara= )a*a/ i0u "a)a0 "i0i')a/an "i a0a! /e)a%a ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia
$ang 'e%ara0 "an 0a/ )un$a ha/ %agi i0u(.
Pa"#uF= )ena!iha0 )e'erin0ah Ti#ng/#/ "a%a' 6+e'#ran"u'
8#r 0he Na0i#na% ,#''i!!i#n 8#r S0u"$ #8 2inan1ia% Pr#-%e'6=
'enen0u/an -ah4a !e0ia) /e)a%a "i 2i%i)ina= In"#.,ina= Pran1i!=
Sia'= In"#ne!ia= "an Ti#ng/#/ 'a!ing.'a!ing 'e'-a$ar )a*a/
Q?.3D= @.3D= A.3D= C3.3D= "an C=2D.
>a"i= )a*a/ $ang 0er0inggi "i In"#ne!ia7 $ai0u "ua /a%i 2i%i)ina=
ha')ir "ua /a%i In"#.,ina= Pran1i!= "an "ua -e%a! /a%i Ti#ng/#/.
Perhi0ungan i0u "ia'-i% 'enuru0 )er-an"ingan !e-e%u' 0ahun
CA23. Wa/0u i0u 'a!ih a"a 6In%an"!1h Ver)#n"ing6 B !a0u
)er-ua0an hina $ang 0i"a/ 0ahu 'a%u B !e-agai'ana $ang -e%u'
4A
)ernah "i%a/u/an #%eh !e#rang ra*a $ang !e%a%i'.%a%i'n$a "i
>a4a.
+r. Yee/e! 'enerang/an "a%a' 6"e O)-#u46 &0ahun CA23(
-ah4a )en"a)a0an ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia )u/u% ra0a 8 CA< !e0ahun.
Dari )en"a)a0an i0u -an$a/ $ang haru! "i/e%uar/an !e-agai
)e'-a$ar )a*a/= "an "i %uar >a4a un0u/ r#"i )u%a= hingga
)en"a)a0an !e-u%an 0ingga% 8 C3. Sa0u ang/a $ang *auh "i -a4ah
'ini'u'. Perhi0ungan +r. Yee/e! ini a"a%ah un0u/ !e%uruh
In"#ne!ia= *a"i )en"a.)a0an ra/$a0 "i >a4a Tengah 0en0u %e-ih
!e"i/i0 %agi.
Ki0a "i Ga'an '#"ern ini !e"ih "an heran 'e%iha0 #rang >a4a
$ang 0ingga% "i )#n"#/.)#n"#/ r#'-eng a0au 0a/ -er0e')a0
0ingga% !a'a !e/a%i= /e%a)aran "an -er)a/aian /#0#r 1#')ang.
1a')ing= hi"u) "a%a' i/%i' $ang !anga0 'e'-aha$a/an !e-agai
"i In"#ne!ia= /urang 0era4a0 /e!eha0ann$a= "i!e-a-/an 4a-ah
'a%aria= 1a1ing 0a'.R-ang= /#%era "an !a')arH 6han$a6 ra0u!an
ri-u $ang 'a0i "i 4a/0u )en$a/i0 i0u 'era*a%e%a.
Sua0u /eu%e0an $ang )a0u0 "i)u*i7
2. Kege%a)an
+a!ih !a*a 6)e'erin0ah 0ani "an 0u/ang 4arung6 e%an"a 0a/u0
/e)a"a Uni5er!i0a! "an Se/#%ah Tinggi !e)er0i /e)a"a han0u.
+a!ih !a*a -e%u' 0er%e)a! ia "ari gangguan '#'#/ 6-uruh
in0e%e/0ua%6. Ia !u"ah -er-ua0 /e%iru "a%a' )an"angan )#%i0i/
)enga*aran Inggri! "an 'enga'-i% /e!i')u%an $ang !a%ah. Ia
0er%a%u -#"#h un0u/ 'e'i/ir/an -ah4a -erhu-ung "engan
4a4a!an "an /e1a/a)an i')eria%i!'e Inggri!%ah= 'a/a "u%u
!u"ah a"a /au' 0er)e%a*ar "i In"ia $ang )a"a 'a!a !u%i0
/era)/a%i 'e'-an0u )e'erin0ah Inggri!= "an *uga -er/a0 a"an$a
/e%a! in0e%e/0ua%= 0er'a!u/ *uga /au' e/!0ri'i!= 'a/a Ti%a/ "an
+aha0'a Gan"hi -er#%eh /e'enangan e/#n#'i "engan gera/an
-#i/#0n$a $ang %ua!. Dan )u%a /arena Inggri! -e/er*a !a'a
"engan -#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra '#"ern= "i %a)angan )#%i0i/ "an
3D
e/#n#'i= 'a/a Inggri! "a)a0 'e'erin0ah 0eru! "i In"ia
4a%au)un "ige')ur #%eh gera/an n#n1##)era0i#n -aru.-aru ini.
Pe'erin0ah e%an"a "i "a%a' )er"e-a0an !e%a%u 'enge'u/a/an
)e%-agai /e-era0an 0erha"a) )en"irian uni5er!i0a! "i In"#ne!ia=
$ai0u /e-era0an $ang han$a "a)a0 "i0eri'a #%eh ana/.ana/ /e1i%.
Se'ua "a%i%n$a han$a 0er)a/ai "i Ga'an 0i'-u%n$a )en*a*ahan
"an "a)a0 "i!i')u%/an "a%a' a%a!an.a%a!an "i -a4ah ini.
C. ah4a )e'erin0ah ini= !e!u"ah 'en$e!a%= !eharu!n$a
!e/arang 'en*a"i/an "irin$a )en"i"i/ ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia "engan
-e%an*a ra/$a0 !en"iri "an !e)a0u0n$a 'e'-eri )enga*aran $ang
!e-ai/.-ai/n$a /e)a"a ana/.ana/ In"#ne!ia= *i/a ia 0i"a/ "#$an
#'#ng /#!#ng.
2. ah4a -ang!a In"#ne!ia -ai/ #0a/ 'au)un /e-ang!aan 0i"a/
%e-ih 0inggi= *uga !e-a%i/n$a 0i"a/ %e-ih ren"ah "ari -ang!a 'ana
!a*a= "an -ah4a 'ere/a i0u !ungguh 'a0ang un0u/ 'eneri'a
)enga*aran $ang 'a1a' 'ana !e/a%i)un.
3. ah4a uni5er!i0a! In"#ne!ia $ang )er0a'a 0a/ )er%u
1ang/#/an a0au 0iruan "ari Er#)a=0e0a)i "engan 'e')erha0i/an
)erguruan 0inggi "i Er#)a -er"a!ar/an )a"a /e1er"a!an r#hani
"an /ea"aan 'a!$ara/a0 In"#ne!ia !en"iri )a"a 'a!a ini.
2i%i)ina B $ang C2 *u0a )en"u"u/n$a B !u"ah 'e')un$ai
e')a0 uni5er!i0a! "an -e-era)a !e/#%ah 0inggi= 0a)i In"#ne!ia
"engan )en"u"u/n$a $ang %i'a /a%i %e-ih -an$a/ -e%u'
'e')un$ai !e-uah *uga.
Se/e*a) )un 0a/ /i0a %u)a/an= -ah4a -i%a 6#rang e%an"a6
'en"iri/an uni5er!i0a! "i In"#ne!ia= )enga*arann$a ni!1a$a "an
)a!0i %e-ih 0inggi "ari)a"a "i /#%#ni %ain !e-agai'ana= /a0an$a=
uni5er!i0a! e%an"a *auh %e-ih 0inggi "ari)a"a uni5er!i0a! "i
'ana )un. Tan)a 'e')e"u%i/an 0a-ia0 'enuru0/an /a0a ha0i
!en"iri i0u= /i0a han$a ingin 'enga0a/an /e)a"a e%an"a=
6,#-a%ah "u%u 0un*u//an /e1a/a)an'u i0u "i In"#ne!ia76
3C
6Per-ua0an i0u%ah $ang !e-enarn$a haru! /a'u -u/0i/an76
Te0a)i= !e%ain "ui0 $ang -agi !e#rang e%an"a %e-ih -era0
0i'-angann$a "ari)a"a 1i0a.1i0a "an a%a!an )#%i0i/= a"a )u%a
)an"angan )#%i0i/ %ain $ang 0a/ "a)a0 /i0a hara)/an "ari !i
e%an"a 0ani "u!un $ang "ungu i0u.
e%u' !e%ang -era)a %a'a Tuan Har"e'an= Ke)a%a De)ar0e'en
Penga*aran= 'enerang/an "a%a' !i"ang De4an Ra/$a0 -ah4a
'en"iri/an !ua0u )erguruan 0inggi -e%u' 0en0u 'e%ahir/an -uruh
0er)e%a*ar= /arena /e-u0uhan a/an -uruh )e%a*ar i0u un0u/
!e'en0ara 4a/0u ini -er/urang= "i!e-a-/an /e!u/aran e/#n#'i
$ang nan0i 0en0u a/an )u%ih. Dengan ini %en$a)%ah 6'#'#/6
!e)er0i $ang "i-ua0 #%eh >a5a #"e= 0angga% 3D >uni.
A/i-a0 )#%i0i/ )enga*aran e%an"a "i !ana.!ini /e%a/ a/an /i0a
u%a! %agi. Di !ini /i0a ingin 'e'a!0i/an= "engan ang/a.ang/a=
-ah4a )erguruan ren"ah= 'enengah "an 0inggi= !e'en*a/ "u%u
0i"a/ 1u/u) un0u/ ra/$a0 $ang -er*u'%ah 33 *u0a. Ha% i0u haru!
"ia/ui 0an)a 'engin"ah/an a%a!an /#!#ng "ari $ang 'en$e-u0
"irin$a 6)e'erin0ah6.
Ki0a %e4a0i !e)in0a! %a%u !e/#%ah.!e/#%ah 0inggi $ang !u"ah
-e-era)a 0ahun= /a0an$a= 'enge%uar/an -er)u%uh.)u%uh "#/0er=
'i!0er= "an in!in$ur. Ki0a 0u*u/an )e'-i1araan !e-en0ar /e)a"a
!#a% !e/#%ah ren"ah. >u'%ah ana/ana/ $ang haru! 'a!u/ !e/#%ah
)a"a 0ahun CACA a"a%ah !e-agai -eri/u0; H.I.S. CM= Se/#%ah
Ra/$a0 3M= Se/#%ah De!a @M !a')ai C4M. Le-ih /urang @<M
ana/.ana/ $ang !eharu!n$a -er!e/#%ah 0a/ 'en"a)a0 0e')a0
&'enuru0 %a)#ran /#ngre! N.I.O.G. 0ahun CA23 $ang "iu'u'/an
"a%a' In"i!1he ,#uran0(. +ere/a $ang -i!a 'e'-a1a "an
'enu%i! !e/arang "i0a/!ir 3M !a')ai <M= 'ung/in *uga 2M
!a')ai 3M.
>u'%ah -e%an*a )erguruan "i 0ahun CACA 'enuru0 /a-ar $ang !ah
a"a%ah 8 2D=DDD=DDD "an 8 ?3=DDD=DDD un0u/ C3D=DDD #rang ana/.
ana/ Er#)a "an 8 C2=3DD=DDD un0u/ ana/.ana/ "ari 33=DDD=DDD
0u/ang -a$ar )a*a/ ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia. Pa"a 0ahun CA23 -e%an*a
32
)erguruan i0u 8 34.432.DDD. >a"i= un0u/ !e#rang ana/ -u'i)u0ra
)a"a 4a/0u i0u "i/e%uar/an 3D !en= !a'a ar0in$a CS? "ari $ang
"i/e%uar/an un0u/ ana/ 2i%i)ina.
Un0u/ -a"an.-a"an %ain= $ang 'e')er%iha0/an 1#n0#h $ang -ai/
/e)a"a ra/$a0 $ang 0a/ !enang= !e)er0i )#%i!i= 'i%i0er "an ar'a"a=
)a"a 0ahun i0u "i/e%uar/an -e%an*a !e-e!ar 8 C3<=2?4=DDD.
Ta'-ahan )u%a !e)er0i $ang !u"ah "i'u8a/a0i an0ara "ia !a'a
"ia= "i %ain 0ahun a/an "i-e%an*a/an 8 3DD=DDD=DDD. Sa0u -e-an
$ang -era0 !e/a%i "i a0a! -ahu !i Kr#'# $ang 'erana i0u.
Ki0a= /au' re5#%u!i#ner= )a"a 0ahun CA2C -er'a/!u" un0u/
'e')er-ai/i /e0e%e"#ran )e'erin0ah "a%a' )en"i"i/an i0u
"engan 'en"iri/an !e/#%ah.!e/#%ah !en"iri. Dengan 'ene')uh
)e%-agai 'a1a' /e!u!ahan= !e)er0i /e!u%i0an 0e/ni!=
/e)ega4aian= /euangan= )#%i0i/ "an )#%i!i= a/hirn$a "a)a0 /i0a
"iri/an "i !e%uruh >a4a 32 -uah !e/#%ah "engan /ira./ira 3D=DDD
#rang 'uri" "an *u'%ah i0u -er0a'-ah -an$a/. A/an 0e0a)i=
!e/#%ah i0u "igen1e0 "engan /e/era!an. Dengan a%a!an $ang 0a/
1u/u) !e0ia) 4a/0u guru.guru "i !e/#%ah i0u "i%arang 'enga*ar=
"an #rang0ua 'uri".'uri" "i0a/u0.0a/u0i. Pu/u%an )engha-i!an
"i*a0uh/an Seri/a0 Hi*au &!e-uah /u')u%an )en$a'un $ang
"i/erah/an= "iu)ah "an "i)i')in #%eh )e'erin0ah "an #rang.
#rangn$a(. Pen$a'un u)ahan ini "i!uruh 'e'-a/ar !e/#%ah=
'ena/u0.na/u0i "an 'engania$a #rang= 'uri" "an guru.gurun$a.
Dan )erin0ah "i*a%an/an #%eh 'ere/a "engan !ungguh.!ungguh.
Se-uah )ergera/an ra/$a0 $ang !eha0 'enu*u /e )e'-eran0a!an
-u0a huru8 $ang "i)i')in "engan ge'-ira "an 0a/ 'e'an"ang
!u!ah )a$ah #%eh /au' re5#%u!i#ner "i Priangan )a"a 0ahun CA22
"i0i')a na!i- $ang !e-uru/ i0u )u%a.
P#%i0i/ )e'erin0ah ini "a%a' !#a% )enga*aran -#%eh "i!i')u%/an
"engan )er/a0aan; 6-ang!a In"#ne!ia= haru! 0e0a) -#"#h !u)a$a
/e0en0era'an "an /ea'anan u'u' 0er )e%ihara6 .
33
3. Ke%a%i'an "an Per-u"a/an
+e!/i !u"ah 3DD 0ahun In"#ne!ia -er/ena%an "engan )era"a-an
ara0= 'a!ih !a*a ra/$a0 /i0a hi"u) "i "a%a' /ea"aan $ang 0a/
'engena% a0au 'e')un$ai ha/. Pa/ 0ani 0a/ )ernah !ehari *uga
'en"a)a0 /e)a!0ian 0en0ang /e)e'i%i/an= /e'er"e/aan -ah/an
n$a4an$a !e/a%i)un. Se0ia) 0ahun !/ru) )a*a/ ra/$a0 !e'a/in
/era! )u0arann$a. Kau' -uruh 0i"a/ -#%eh 'enga"a/an
)erhi')unan a0au 'enge'u/a/an /e-era0ann$a. Per'#h#nan
ra/$a0 $ang )an0a! 0i"a/ "i"engar/an. Pen"i"i/an "an )e'i')in
ra/$a0 $ang "i)er1a$ai ra/$a0 "i1a) "an "i)er%a/u/an !e)er0i
)engha!u0 "an -an"i0= "an /arena i0u= "engan 0i"a/ "i)eri/!a
0er%e-ih "ahu%u= "i'a!u//an /e "a%a' )en*ara= "i!e/a) "i /a'ar
0i/u!= "iha%au /e%uar negeri a0au "i/e0#/ /e)a%an$a !a')ai 'a0i.
Per'in0aan "an )r#0e! $ang -era%a!an "i'u!nah/an #%eh
-ir#/ra!i $ang ru)an$a %e-ih !u/a 0engge%a' "a%a'
/e-u!u/ann$a !en"iri.
Se/arang 'ari%ah /i0a )er!i%a/an Pr#8. Van V#%%enh#$en $ang
0er'a!hur i0u -er-i1ara "an 'en1e%a !i/a) )e'erin0ah e%an"a=
!e)er0i $ang 0er0u%i! "a%a' -u/u -e%iau In"#ne!ier en Gi*n Gr#n".
In"#ne!ia -#%eh *a"i 'e')un$ai 0i"a/ /urang "ari ?DM
)en"u"u/ $ang hi"u) "ari )er0anianH "an /arena i0u%ah= 'a/a
)en0ing -agi !e#rang 0er)e%a*ar B $ang /eh#r'a0an "an
/e"u"u/ann$a -e%u' )ernah "i1urangi #rang B !u)a$a
'en"engar a)a/ah $ang !u"ah "i)er-ua0 0erha"a) !i 0ani "a%a'
-e-era)a 0ahun #%eh !e-uah /e/ua!aan $ang 'enga/u "irin$a
!e-agai 6)enga!uh ra/$a06 !er0a 'era!a -er-ua0 !eru)a i0u.
Ki0a -u/an hen"a/ 'eng#re/.#re/ $ang !u"ah 0er*a"i 'a/a %e-ih
"u%u "i)er-in1ang/an /e*a"ian./e*a"ian !e'en*a/ <D 0ahun "ari
a-a" $ang !i%a'. Sia)a !a*a 0en0u 0ahu "an 'e'-enar/an
)er/a0aan -ah4a "i 0ahun.0ahun i0u 6#rang >a4a "iania$a6. A/an
0e0a)i 0i"a/ !e'ua #rang "engan %e/a! 'e%iha0 'a1a' a)a "an
!a')ai /e 'ana -a0a! )enggen1e0an a0a! 'i%i/ /au' 0ani i0u.
Un0u/ 'enge0ahui ha% ini= 0a/ u!ah /i0a -a1a -u/u.-u/u
/e%a%i'an )e'erin0ah e%an"a ini !e-agai 6/au' )engha!u0 "an
)en$e-ar /e-en1ian6= 0e0a)i /i0a a'-i% !a*a )er!%ahann$a !en"iri.
34
Ke!e4enang.4enangan Daen"e%!= -iar -agai'ana -u!u/n$a=
'a!ih "a)a0 "iangga) %uar -ia!a. %a 'e')un$ai /e/ua!aan
!en"iri a0a! !a4ah "an %a"ang ra/$a0 un0u/ 'engga*i )ega4ai
-u'i)u0ra &h%'. C2 "an "%%(.
Se0eru!n$a 5an V#%%enh#5en -er/a0a; 6"i-an"ing/an "engan
)era0u!an ra*a.ra*a >a4a $ang ha')ir !a'a -u!u/ "engan
/e-ia!aan /i0a= 6'a!ih 0er-a0a!6 "a%a' /era*aann$a !a*a= Ke"u=
Y#g$a/ar0a "an Sura/ar0a= 0e0a)i /i0a 'e%ua!/ann$a !a')ai
'e%i)u0i !e%uruh )u%au i0u6 &h%'. C<(.
Pega4ai.)ega4ai "e!a 'enga'-i% !ua0u /e)un$aan ra/$a0 $ang
-ai/ un0u/n$a "an "i-eri/ann$a $ang -uru/ /e)a"a ra/$a0 $ang
-#"#h. Se'ua i0u )er-ua0an !e4enang.4enang &h%'. C?(.
6A)a/ah $ang /i0a hara)/an !e/arang:J 0an$a 5an V#%%enh#5en
!e0eru!n$a. A)a/ah /i0a -erang!ur.ang!ur a/an 'enghen0i/an
/ere4e%an )er/ara !a4ah %a"ang /ar'a )a*a/ 0anah &ini !u"ah
0er*a"i(. A)a/ah /i0a -erang=!ur.ang!ur 0i"a/ %agi a/an
'enga'-i% !a4ah %a"ang "an /e-un )a/!aan ra/$a0 &ini !u"ah
0er*a"i(. A)a/ah /i0a a/an 'engurangi "an 'engha)u!/an a/i-a0
$ang 'erugi/an "ari /er*a )a/!a a0a! 0anah.0anah /e)un$aan
ra/$a0 &ini !u"ah 0er*a"i(. Dan !e%an*u0n$a /i0a -e%a*ar
'en"ia'/an 0angan /i0a $ang ga0a% i0u. Yang -e%a/angan ini
-e%u' 0er*a"i &h%'. 2D(.
i%a )a"a 0ahun CACA !e#rang >a4a $ang ha/n$a a0a! 0anahn$a
"irugi/an 8 C=DDD "a0ang 'enga"u/an ha%n$a /e)a"a /#n0r#%ir= ia
a/an "ihu/u' "e%a)an hari /er*a )a/!a. i%a ia 'engha"a)
Pre!i"en Penga"i%an Negeri= ia a/an "i*a4a-= 6Ti"a/ a"a 4a/0u76
"an -i%a #rang i0u )ergi 'in0a )er%in"ungan Wa%i Negeri= 6Sri
Pa"u/a Tuan e!ar 0i"a/ -er/enan 'en*a4a-6. Da%a' -aha!a
e%an"a $ang aga/ ha%u! "i!e-u0 ha% i0u 6g#"!ge/%aag"6 &h%'.
2<(.
Sering/a%i 0er*a"i "i 0engah.0engah !e-i"ang 0anah $ang a/an
"i-eri/an )e'erin0ah /e)a"a 0uan.0uan -e!ar /e-un a"a !a4ah
a0au %a"ang -u'i)u0ra. +enuru0 un"ang.un"ang= 0anah i0u 0i"a/
33
-#%eh "ia'-i% /e1ua%i *i/a un0u/ /e)er%uan )e'erin0ah !en"iri.
A/an 0e0a)i "a%a' )ra/0i/n$a #rang -eri/h0iar 'e'-u*u/ !i
in%an"er !u)a$a 'au 'enu/ar ha/n$a "engan uang &h%'. 2<(.
eri/u0 ini a"a%ah /e!i')u%an "ari Pr#8. 5an. V#%%enh#5en $ang
0a/ "a)a0 "i1e%a /e-enaran "an /en$a0aann$a i0u.
6Te0a)i ru)an$a ini%ah $ang !e)en0ing.)en0ingn$a #rang
In"#ne!ia $ang )un$a 0anah !en"iri= !ungguh !anga0 !u!ah a/an
'e')un$ai )era!aan !e%ain "ari )e%anggaran 0eru! 'eneru!H
"u!0a "an )eni)uan a0a! ha/ 0anahn$a $ang !ah "i a0a! /er0a!=
!e-agai "a$a u)a$a $ang 0a/ ha-i!.ha-i!n$a un0u/ 'era')a!i
ha/n$a 0a"i a0au -er"a$a u)a$a !u)a$a ia *angan "a)a0
'e')erguna/ann$a6 &h%'. 2@(.
Ki0a 'a!ih "a)a0 'engu0i) -e-era)a guga0an "an /e!i')u%an
5an V#%%enh#5en $ang -er/enaan "engan )eni)uan a0a! 0anah
"engan *a%an 'engu-ah /a%i'a0 un"ang.un"ang= "engan 'eru!a/
"an 'e%anggar un"ang.un"ang i0u !en"iri "an 0en0ang !e-a-.
!e-a- )e'-er#n0a/an "i Su'a0era= #rne#= $a/ni )en1urian
0anah. A/an 0e0a)i= /u0i)an 0er!e-u0 "i a0a! !u"ah 'e'a"ai.
Dan 0i"a//ah !e'ua /enai/an )a*a/ !e/arang i0u a"a%ah !ua0u
/e!e4enang.4enangan $ang /a!ar *i/a /i0a 'engguna/an
)er/a0aan Pr#8. 5an Va%%enh#5en i0u !en"iri: A"a/ah ra/$a0 /i0a
"i-eri0ahu 4a/0u )e'erin0ah 'enga'-i% !ua0u /e)u0u!an "an
'e')er-in1ang/an /e)e'i%i/an= )e/er*aan "an /e'er"e/aan
/i0a:
Ti"a/ )ernah7 Per!i! !e-agai'ana )e'erin0ah 0i"a/ )ernah
-er0an$a /e)a"a /i0a= 6A)a/ah /i0a 'en$u/ain$a a0au 0i"a/:6
ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang 33 *u0a i0u 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai 4a/i%
!e#rang *ua )un "a%a' )e'erin0ahan ini $ang -#%eh
'e')er"engar/an !uara a0au na!iha0= )r#0e! a0au 1e%aan.
Ger#'-#%an 'i%i0eri! "an -ir#/ra!i $ang 'enghi!a) "arah "an
'engua!ai na!i- /i0a= 0a/ )ernah /i0a !u/ai "an /i0a )i%ih.
+ere/a 0a/ "a)a0 /i0a hen0i/an !e-a- /i0a 0a/ )un$a /e/ua!aan
)#%i0i/. +ere/a ini 'e!0i /i0a 0er*ang -i%a /i0a 0i"a/ !u/a /e)a"a
3<
'ere/a= %ain 0i"a/7 Ke!i')u%ann$a= !e/a%ian "an )era0uran $ang
'engua!ai /i0a "i In"#ne!ia "i-ua0 !e!u/a ha0i 'ere/a !en"iri
"an )e'-a$aran )a*a/ "a%a' 0e#ri a0au )ra/0i/= !e'uan$a a"a%ah
6)en1urian6.
+ari%ah /i0a )erha0i/an na!i- 3DD.DDD /u%i /#n0ra/= $ang
6/a0an$a6 "i%in"ungi #%eh )e'erin0ah ini. U)ah $ang /urang
%e-ih 8 C2 !e-u%an !ungguh ha')ir 0a/ 1u/u) un0u/ 'e'-e%i
)a/aian $ang -ia!an$a /#$a/./#$a/= !e-a- !e0ia) hari "i)a/ai
/er*a "i /e-un. Sehari -e/er*a C4 !a')ai C@ *a'= !e-a- /e-un.
/e-un 0e'-a/au -ia!an$a *auh %e0a/n$a "ari )#n"#/an /u%i= %e-ih
0e)a0 /an"ang /u%i= 'e!/i)un "i "a%a' /#n0ra/ han$a 0er0u%i! CD
*a'.
Per%a/uan )enga4a!.)enga4a! /e-un -ang!a Er#)a %e-ih 0e)a0
"iga'-ar/an !e-agai )eni/a'an= )e'-a1#/anH )engania$aan
"an )e'-unuhan a0a! a!i!0en.a!i!0en /e-un "an 6/eha%u!an $ang
"iu!i/.u!i/ hingga 'en*a" /e/e*a'an76 Di !ini%ah 0er*a"i
)ergau%an !#!ia% $ang "ira1uni #%eh *u"i= 1an"u "an )er!un"a%an
$ang 'eren"ah/an 0a-ia0 /u%i./u%i "an 'en$e-a-/an 'ere/a
-an$a/ -eru0ang /e)a"a 'a*i/ann$a= hingga /#n0ra/ 'ere/a
0er)a/!a !e%a'an$a "i)er-aharui.
S$ara0.!$ara0 /er*a !e)er0i i0u B %ang!ung a0au 0i"a/ B
"i)i/u%/an "i a0a! /au' 0ani $ang /e-an$a/an -u0a huru8 "an
"unguH 'ere/a "i0e/an "a%a' !a0u 6/#n0ra/6 $ang "ia/ui #%eh
)e'erin0ah. Da%a' /#n0ra/ i0u "i!e-u0/an 'ere/a 60a/ -#%eh
-er#rgani!a!i "an '#g#/6 B $ang "engan *a%an i0u 'ere/a "a)a0
'enagih u)ah "an !$ara0.!$ara0 /er*a $ang !e"i/i0 'en"ingan
!e)er0i "i negeri.negeri %ain. Ha% i0u "ia/ui #%eh )e'erin0ah.
Sungguh ha% i0u han$a "a)a0 "i)er0ahan/an #%eh 6!au"agar
-u"a/6 "i Ga'an -ia"a-.
+ari%ah /i0a inga0 /e*aha0an./e*aha0an $ang "i%a/u/an "i De%i.
+ari%ah /i0a inga0 )engania$aan -aru.-aru ini $ang "i%a/u/an
#%eh #rang.#rang Er#)a "i La')ung "an Su'a0era Se%a0an= $ai0u
/e*aha0an $ang "iangga) !e-agai "#ngeng !a*a "i a-a". ah/an
3?
%e-ih "ari "#ngeng= $ai0u ringann$a hu/u'an $ang "i*a0uh/an
#%eh )e'erin0ah a0a! 6-a*ingan.-a*ingan6 Er#)a i0u.
Kau' -uruh in"u!0ri= )er/e-unan "an )engang/u0an $ang
-era0u! ri-u a0au -e-era)a *u0a "i >a4a "an %ainn$a= $ang
"i)er-u"a/ 0i"a/ "engan /#n0ra/= $ang /a0an$a 6-uruh
'er"e/a6= -erna!i- 0a/ %e-ih -ai/ "ari)a"a -u"a/ /#n0ra/ a!%i.
Sa0u )er !a0u /a/in$a "ii/a0 "engan ran0ai a0uran= hingga 0a/
"a)a0 -er#rgani!a!i "an -er*uang 'e%a4an /a)i0a%i! $ang
!e4enang.4enang. Di "a%a' De4an Ra/$a0= +a*e%i! Tinggi "an
Ren"ah= "an !ura0.!ura0 /a-ar $ang -er%ain.%ainan 0u*uan i0u=
0e%ah -eru%ang.u%ang "i)er-in1ang/an ha/ #rgani!a!i "an ha/
'#g#/ "ari /au' -uruh In"#ne!ia7 Ta/ )er%u /i0a u%ang %agi "i
!ini= a0au /i0a urai/an hu/u'.hu/u' )a/!a i0u. Se/a%i %agi
"i/a0a/an un"ang.un"ang i0u -u/an%ah 'enuru0 )era!aan
'#"ern= 0e0a)i a0uran )a/!a $ang "iha"a)/an #%eh !eger#'-#%an
/au' -ir#/ra0 /e)a"a -uruh In"#ne!ia= -ua0 )engi/a0 !ega%a "a$a
u)a$a 'ere/a 'enu*u )er-ai/an na!i-.
Se'ua un"ang.un"ang $ang "i*a%an/an i0u 'en$e-a-/an /i0a
0eringa0 /e)a"a Ga'an -ia"a- "an )er-u"a/an $ang ge%a).
egi0u -an$a/ un"ang.un"ang )a/!a 0erha"a) )#%i0i/ gera/an
!ehingga 0a/ "a)a0 /i0a 0eru!.0erang 'enga0a/an a0au 'enu%i!
!e!ua0u 'engenai !i )en*a*ah a0au $ang "a)a0 'e'-u/a/an 'a0a
ra/$a0 $ang 0er-e%enggu ini.
Ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia 'e!0i 'enu0u) 'u%u0n$a *i/a 0er*a"i
)engania$aan a0a! "iri )e'i')in.)e'i')in $ang 'ere/a
)er1a$ai "an /a!ihi= *uga a)a-i%a "engan !enga*a )ara )e'i')in
"ira')a! -e-era)a -u%an /e'er"e/aann$a a0au 0an)a "i)eri/!a
%e-ih "u%u 0eru! "i-uang !e-a- "iangga) -er-aha$a a0au !e1ara
/hiana0 "i0i/a'= "i-a1#/= "i/e0#/ /e)a%an$a !a')ai 'a0i= a0au
"i1a-u0 n$a4an$a "engan )e%uru.
i%a "i1eri0a/an /e)a"a ra/$a0 -ah4a !e#rang )e'i')in $ang
"i1in0ai= !e)er0i Ha*i +i!-a1h $ang /a0an$a 'a0i 6"i!e-a-/an
"e'a' hi0a'6 )a"a !a0u )e'-uangan $ang "i0en0u/an #%eh
)e'erin0ah= 'au 0i"a/ 'au= 'ere/a 'e!0i )er1a$a !a*a.
3@
i%a'ana ra/$a0 'en"engar -ah4a !e#rang )e'u"a $ang
0er)e%a*ar "an !#)an= !e)er0i S#eg#n# /i0a= )e'i')in V.S.T.G
$ang /a0an$a 6'e'-unuh "iri6 "a%a' )en*ara= !e"ang/an )a"a
/e)a%a "an 0angann$a 0er"a)a0 -e/a!.-e/a! )engania$aan "an
!e-uah *arin$a han1ur !a'a !e/a%i= ra/$a0 60a/ "a)a0 'en"a/4a6=
*uga 0i"a/ -#%eh 'enga*u/an )r#0e! !a'a !e/a%i.
Dan )e'erin0ah $ang 6/a0an$a6 *a"i )enga!uh "an )e%in"ung
ra/$a0 /i0a= 0i"a/ 'enga"a/an )e'eri/!aan !a/!a'a 0en0ang
!e-a-.!e-a- /e'a0ian $ang !e/#n$#ng./#n$#ng "ari )e'i')in
ra/$a0 $ang 1a/a) -er*uang "engan "a"a 0er-u/a "an )en"e/
/a0a "i1in0ai "an "i)er1a$ai ra/$a0. Dia 0i"a/ 'e')e"u%i/an a0au
0a/ )un$a /e-eranian '#ra% a/an 'enga/ui "an 'e'-e0u%/an
/e!a%ahann$a "an 'enghu/u' $ang -er!a%ah 'enuru0 un"ang.
un"ang 2ia0 *u!0i0iarua0e 1e%%u'.
&>a%an/an%ah /ea"i%an 'e!/i)un %angi0 a/an run0uh7(
Kea"i%an "i In"#ne!ia han$a -agi !eg#%#ngan /e1i% $ai0u !i
)en*a*ah /u%i0 )u0ih. agi -ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang -erha/ a0a!
negeri i0u= 0a/ a"a /ea"i%an "an )enga"i%an.
3A
VI
KEADAAN SOSIAL
Ke1urangan 0u/ang 4aning e%an"a $ang !u"ah 0iga ra0u! 0ahun
"a%a' "unia i')eria%i!0i! $ang "i!e-u0 /#%#ni!a0#r 'en1i)0a/an
)er0en0angan !#!ia% "an /e-ang!aan $ang !a0u.!a0un$a "i !e%uruh
A!ia. Di !a0u )iha/ 0a')a/ /a)i0a% $ang -erana/ )ina/ "a%a'
)er0anian $ang !anga0 '#"ern= "engan )r#"u/!i $ang !anga0
0inggi "an "engan *a%inan hu-ungan in0erna!i#na% $ang -er!a0u
"a%a' !e*u'%ah !in"i/a0 "an 0ru!0 $ang 'e'-eri un0ung $ang
-er%i)a0 gan"a. Di %ain )iha/= 0a')a/ /au' 0ani= )e"agang.
)e"agang /e1i% "i*a"i/an -uruh. +ere/a -er*u-e%.*u-e% !e-agai
-uruh in"u!0ri "i /#0a./#0a "an -uruh 0ani "i /e-un./e-un.
Se'ua ini 'e%ahir/an /e!eng!araan= )er-u"a/an "an
/ege%i!ahan.
>i/a )er0en0angan /e%a! $ang !e-enarn$a 'en$eru)ai !a0u *urang
$ang 0a/ "a)a0 "i0i'-un= $ang "i negeri.negeri ara0 "an >e)ang
'eni'-u%/an !#!ia%i!'e= anar/i!'e "an -#%!$e5i!'e= "i
In"#ne!ia *urang i0u "i)er"a%a' %agi #%eh )er0en0angan -ang!a
e%an"a /#n0ra In"#ne!ia. Per0en0angan ini= 'e!/i)un -u/an !a0u
!e-a- $ang 0er)en0ing= 0e0a)i 'ung/in !e/a%i "a)a0 'e'an1ing
)erang.)erang /e'er"e/aan. 6Per0en0angan6 e%an"a /a)i0a%i!0
"engan -uruh In"#ne!ia= i0u%ah ni!-ah !#!ia% /i0a $ang -er-e"a
"engan negeri.negeri %ain. Per0en0angan ini %ahir "a%a' -en0u/
$ang !e0a*a'.0a*a'n$a. Ke0a*a'an i0u -u/an !a*a "i!e-a-/an
#%eh /e0ia"aan /a)i0a% '#"ern "ar -ang!a In"#ne!ia= 'e%ain/an
*uga #%eh )er-e"aan aga'a= -ang!a= -aha!a= a"a0 i!0ia"a0 an0ara
)en*a*ah "an !i 0er*a*ah.
Di negeri.negeri /a)i0a%i! $ang 'a*u= )er0en0angan !#!ia% 0er-agi
a0a! "ua /e%a!; /e%a! /au' /a)i0a%i! "engar )ara )engi/u0n$a "an
/e%a! -uruh. Kau' /a)i0a%i! ia%ah $ang 'e')un$ai 0anah=
)a-ri/= /ere0a a)i= /a)a% "an -an/= "an 'ena'-ah /e/a$aan
"a%a' /ea"aan -ia!a "engan *erih )a$ah /au' -uruh $ang 0i"a/
"i-a$ar= $ang "i%u/i!/an #%eh +arF 6'e0 "e Gi*n /a)i0aa%
gea11u'u%een/ 'eer4aar"e6. Kau' -uruh ia%ah 'ere/a $ang
/e)un$aan "an 0anahn$a "ira')a! #%eh /a)i0a%i!. +ere/a $ang
"u%un$a a"a%ah )e0ani "an )e"agang /e1i%= 0e0a)i 4a/0u ini !ega%a
<D
'i%i/n$a )unah !a'a !e/a%i /e1ua%i 0enaga= -a"an "an n$a4a.
Harga 0enaga ini 60un"u/6 /e)a"a 0urun nai/n$a harga "i )a!ar
0enaga. Kau' /a)i0a%i! hi"u) "ari )e'era!an "an /au' -uruh
"ari u)ah /er*an$a. U)ah ini "i!e-a-/an #%eh 6un"ang.un"ang
-e!i6 "a%a' 60a4ar.'ena4ar6 "i )a!ar 0enaga B 0i"a/ "a)a0
'enu0u) harga /er*a $ang "i%a/u/an &/arena )er!aingan he-a0 "i
)a!ar 0enaga "an /e1e'a!an a/an 'a0i /e%a)aran= 0er)a/!a -uruh
i0u 'eneri'a u)ah $ang !eren"ah.ren"ahn$a(.
Su)a$a "a)a0 'enga"a/an )e'era!an a0a! /e%a! -uruh $ang
*u'%ahn$a %e-ih -e!ar= /e%a! /a)i0a%i! $ang *u'%ahn$a /e1i%=
'e')erguna/an 6!en*a0a gai-6= !e)er0i !e/#%ah= gere*a a0au
'a!*i"= "an !ura0 /a-ar= *uga )er/a/a! /e%a! !e)er0i )#%i!i=
0en0ara= )en*ara= "an *u!0i!i. Par%e'en= 'a!*i"= gere*a= !e/#%ah
"an !ura0.!ura0 /a-ar -er"a$a u)a$a 'eni"ur/an "an
'e%e'ah/an ha0i -uruh "engan )en"i"i/an $ang -an$a/
'engan"ung ra1un. i%a 'ere/a 0a/ "a)a0 -er%a/u !e)er0i i0u=
"i)erguna/an%ah )en*ara= )#%i!i "an 'i%i0er.
Per!aingan e/#n#'i !e!a'a /au' /a)i0a%i! 'en$e-a-/an
0i'-u%n$a /#ng!i. +ere/a "a)a0 'e%a4an 'u!uh.'u!uhn$a
$ang 0er)en1i%. Ka%au /#ng!i "a%a' )er!aingan 6'a0i.'a0ian6 0a/
"a)a0 'ena/%u//an %a4ann$a= ia 'en1#-a 'enga"a/an
/#')r#'i. Ke"ua /#ng!i $ang "u%un$a -er'u!uhan= !e/arang
'en*a"i !a0u !in"i/a0. De'i/ian%ah 'ere/a "a)a0 'enai//an
harga -arang-arangn$a "engan !e!u/a ha0i= !ehingga 'erugi/an
!i )e'-T%i &-uruh "an 0ani 'i!/in(.
>a"i= !in"i/a0 i0u a"a%ah ga-ungan "ari -e-era)a /#ng!i. A/an
0e0a)i /#ng!i -e/er*a i0u 'enuru0 1aran$a !en"iri "an 'er"e/a
!e)er0i -ia!a. Su)a$a /e/ua0ann$a -er0a'-ah -e!ar "an 0er)u!a0
/e !a0u )i')inan un0u/ )er*uangan e/#n#'i= "i-en0u/%ah !a0u
0ru!0. >a"i= !in"i/a0 'e')un$ai -an$a/ /e0ua= !e"ang/an 0ru!0
!e#rang !a*a= "an -egi0u *uga 1ara /er*an$a= !e-uah 0ru!0 "a)a0
!e1ara %e-ih !e')urna 'engua!ai )a!ar "unia "ari)a"a !in"i/a0.
Di )a!ar negeri.negeri ara0= 0eru0a'a A'eri/a= /i0a %iha0
!e*u'%ah 0a'-ang arang= in"u!0ri -e!i= )a-ri/.)a-ri/ 'in$a/ "an
'a!/a)ai /a)a% $ang "u%un$a 0er)e1ah.)e1ah !e/arang -er!a0u
"a%a' 0ru!0 $ang -e!ar= "i/e)a%ai #%eh ra*a.ra*a 0ru!0. Ki0a "engar
<C
na'a.na'a !e)er0i +#rgan Ra*a an/= R#1/e8ei%er Ra*a
+in$a/= ,arnagie Ra*a a*a "an 2#r" Ra*a +#-i%.
Di >er'an /i0a %iha0 -agai'ana 0ru!0 $ang -an$a/ i0u "ii/a0
'en*a"i !a0u 6ga-ungan 0ru!06. Pa-ri/.)a-ri/ -e!i= arang "an
/er0a!= 'a!/a)ai /a)a% "an /ere0a a)i !e'uan$a 0un"u/ "i -a4ah
)i')inan S0inne! $ang -aru 'eningga% "unia. De'i/ian%ah=
S0inne! "a)a0 'engua!ai harga -ahan.-ahan 'en0ah "an -arang.
-arang )a-ri/= !e%an*u0n$a #ng/#! )engang/u0an "an a"5er0en!i
"ari -arang.-arang )a-ri/ i0u. Pe'-en0u/an 0ru!0 !e)er0i ini "i.
0iru )u%a #%eh -an/.-an/ $ang 'en$a0u/an "iri "ari 'a!/a)ai
'en*a"i !in"i/a0= "ari !in"i/a0 /e 0ru!0 "an "ari 0ru!0 /e ga-ungan
0ru!0.
an/ 'e'in*a'/an uang /e)a"a in"u!0ri "an )er/e-unanH -an/
i0u !enan0ia!a -er0a'-ah /a$a #%eh -unga uang $ang 0inggi= $ang
"i-a$ar #%eh !i )e'in*a'. A/an 0e0a)i= -unga uang $ang 0inggi
i0u "i0ari/ !i )e'in*a' "ari -uruh 'ere/a= "an !i -uruh 'enari/
han$a "ari /eringa0 "an 0enagan$a. Ke)a"a negara= -an/ *uga
'e'in*a'/an uang $ang 'e!0i "i-a$ar "engan -unga $ang 0i"a/
ren"ah. an/ negara )a"a gi%irann$a 'enari/ )a*a/ $ang -an$a/
!e/a%i "ari /au' -uruh &!e-a- 'ere/a%ah $ang 0er-an$a/
*u'%ahn$a( un0u/ 'e'-a$ar u0ang i0u -e!er0a -ungan$a. Ke
negeri.negeri a!ing= -an/ 'e'i'*a'/an uangn$a "engan -unga
$ang !eru)a. an/= 6-en0eng /a)i0a%i!'e6= *a"i )engua!a
in"u!0ri= )er0anian "an )e'erin0ahan !ua0u negeri= "an "engan
)enana'an '#"a% "i negeri a!ing i0u= ia *uga 'engua!ai negeri.
negeri i0u.
Su)a$a 0e0a) 'e')er#%eh -unga= 'a/a ia *uga%ah $ang
'engang/a0 "an 'e'-erhen0i/an /e)a%a./e)a%a in"u!0ri= ah%i
negara "an ah%i )#%i0i/= "an %ang!ung a0au 0i"a/ 'engga*i a0au
'en$ua) 'ere/a. Dengan a"an$a 0ru!0 'a/a "i0aruhn$a
)i')inan )eru!ahaan -an/ /e 0angan -e-era)a -an/ir. >a"i=
-ang/ir%ah )a"a ha/i/a0n$a $ang *a"i )e'i')in in"u!0ri=
)engang/u0an= )er0anian )er"agangan= negara "an )#%i0i/=
)en"e/n$a 'a!$ara/a0 /a)i0a%i! '#"ern.
Dengan 'e')erha0i/an ha% 0er!e-u0 "i a0a!= 0a')a/%ah /e)a"a
/i0a -ah4a 'a/in 'a*u /a)i0a%i!'e= 'a/in !e"i/i0 #rang $ang
-erhar0a "an *u'%ah /au' -uruh 'i!/in 'en*a"i %e-ih -e!ar. Di
<2
negeri.negeri /a)i0a%i!0i! $ang 1er"a! !e)er0i Inggri!= >er'an "an
A'eri/a= *u'%ah -uruh $ang )an"ai "an $ang 0i"a/ /urang %e-ih
?3M "ari )en"u"u/. >u'%ahn$a )e'ang/u 0angan= 0e0a)i
-er/a)i0a% "an )r#"u/!i 'a/in %a'a 'a/in !e"i/i0. Ke/ua!aan
"an /e/a$aan 'ere/a !e'a/in -e!ar. >u'%ah -uruh= 0a)i 0a/
'e')un$ai a)a.a)a= 'a/in %a'a 'a/in -an$a/= "an #rgani!a!i
'ere/a "e'i/ian )u%a. Per0en0angan /au' )e'ang/u 0angan
"engan -uruh 'i!/in 'a/in %a'a !e'a/in 0a*a' "an a/hirn$a
'eni'-u%/an re5#%u!i !#!ia%.
Di In"#ne!ia )r#!e! /a)i0a%i!a!i i0u ha')ir 0i"a/ -er-e"a "engan
gari!.gari! -e!ar $ang "iurai/an "i a0a!. Sau"agar.!au"agar
In"#ne!ia "an )eru!ahaan $ang /e1i%./e1i% !u"ah %a'a %en$a)
"ari 'a!$ara/a0.
e-era)a *u0a *i4a !e/arang hi"u) "a%a' /ea"aan 6)agi 'a/an=
)e0ang 0i"a/6. +ere/a 0i"a/ -er0anah "an -era%a0 %agi= 0i"a/
-er)enghara)an "i -e%a/ang hari. Ke/ua!aan a0a! 0anah )a-ri/=
a%a0.a%a0 )engang/u0an "an -a"an )er"agangan= /ini !e'uan$a
"i)e!a0/an "a%a' 0angan -e-era)a !in"i/a0 !e)er0i A5r#!=
Sui/er!$n"i/aa0= Han"e!%5ereeniging A'!0er"a' "an %ain.%ain.
Pi')inan !in"i/a0.!in"i/a0 -e!ar i0u 0ergan0ung "i 0angan
-e-era)a #rang /a)i0a%i!.
Per0en0angan !#!ia% an0ara /a)i0a%i! "an -uruh "i In"#ne!ia B
-erhu-ungan "engan !a0u "an %ain ha% B %e-ih 0a*a' "ari)a"a
a)a $ang /e%iha0an #%eh 'a0a. Keun0ungan -e!ar "ari gu%a=
'in$a/= /are0= /#)i= 0eh "an %ain.%ain !e-agian -e!ar 'enga%ir /e
Er#)a= /e /an0#ng -ang!a e%an"a= "an !e-agian /e1i% a"a *uga
/e'-a%i /e In"#ne!ia= 0e0a)i -u/an !e-agai /enai/an ga*i -uruh=
'e%ain/an !e-agai )ena'-ah 6/a)i0a%6 $ang !u"ah a"a= -ua0 *a"i
6a%a0 )enghi!a)6 $ang -aru )u%a. Se-agian -e!ar /eun0ungan i0u
a"a "i negeri e%an"a !e-agai ga*i uang 5er%#8 a0au )en!iun
)ega4ai.)ega4ai e%an"a.
Ke'a%angan na!i- -uruh In"#ne!ia han$a "a)a0 "i)er-ai/i
"engan *a%an 'enai//an ga*i 'ere/a $ang !e)a"an &"engan
'e')erha0i/an( harga -arang /e)er%uan !ehari.hari. Dengan
)e'-u/aan -e-era)a /e-un -e!ar= 'e'ang a"a /au' -uruh a0au
)enganggur $ang 'en"a)a0 )e/er*aan= 0e0a)i !e-a%i/n$a 0anah
'ere/a "i!e4a/an "an "i*ua% hingga -an$a/ )e0ani $ang
<3
/ehi%angan 'i%i/n$a. Ta'-ahan %agi= /arena )er%ua!an
/a)i0a%i!a!i i0u= -arang /e)er%uan !ehari.hari -er0a'-ah 0inggi
hargan$a. Sungguh 0a/ "a)a0 "i)ung/iri -ah4a /enai/an harga
-arang "a%a' !e)u%uh 0ahun -e%a/angan ini 0i"a/ !e*a%an "engan
/enai/an ga*i -uruh.
De'i/ian%ah ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia 0a'-ah %a'a 0a'-ah 'i!/in !e-a-
ga*i 'ere/a 0e0a) !e)er0i -ia!a &'a%ahan /era)/a%i "i0urun/an(=
!e'en0ara -arang.-arang 'a/anan !e'a/in 'aha%. Dan #%eh
)er!aingan $ang 'a/in %a'a 'a/in he-a0= /arena 1a1ah *i4a
1e)a0 !e/a%i -er0a'-ahn$a "an /ua0= -er/urang%ah /e)a!0ian a/an
'en"a)a0 )e/er*aan.
>i/a /au' /a)i0a%i! i0u -ang!a In"#ne!ia= 0en0u%ah /e'i!/inan
"an /e'e%ara0an 0a/ a/an !e)e"ih i0u !e-a- !i!a /eun0ungan $ang
!anga0 -an$a/ i0u 'ung/in "i%e')ar/an )a"a ra/$a0. Ga*i -uruh
-#%eh *a"i "inai//anH )enga*aran= /#)era!i ra/$a0= in"u!0ria%i!a!i
"an /e!eha0an 'ung/in "i)erha0i/an "an "i)er-ai/i. Se/arang
0a/ !e'ua i0u 0er*a"i= !e-a- un0ung $ang -er%i)a0 gan"a 0eru!
'eneru! "iang/u0 "ari In"#ne!ia /e%uar negeri.
Se%ain "ari )r#!e! )engeringan ini= )er0en0angan !#!ia%
"i)er0a*a' #%eh )er-e"aan -ang!a "an a)a !a*a $ang
-er!ang/u0an "engan ha% i0u. Kau' /a)i0a%i! -er-aha!a %ain "ari
ra/$a0 "an )e'erin0ah -u/an )e'erin0ah ra/$a0. Kau' /a)i0a%i!
"an )e'erin0ah 'e'e%u/ aga'a %ain= 'e')un$ai /e!u!i%aan "an
/e-ia!aan %ain= !er0a i"e#%#gin$a -er-e"a "engan ra/$a0. Da%a'
)ergau%an !ehari.hari an0ara /a)i0a%i! "an -uruh= an0ara
)e'erin0ah "an ra/$a0= $ang 0er!e-u0 0a"i )en0ing !e/a%i.
Ka)i0a%i! e%an"a 0i"a/ 'engena% -uruhn$a= )e'erin0ah e%an"a
'engena% ra/$a0n$a. u/an "ia 0a/ ingin 'engena% ra/$a0.
+e!/i)un "ia !e/iran$a 'au -er-ua0 !eru)a i0u= 0i"a/%ah 'u"ah
-agi e%an"a a/an 'en$e%a'i -a0in )enghuni /ha0u%i!0i4a ini
!e-a- 'ere/a 0i"a/ 'en$ia)/an 8a/0#r.8a/0#r $ang )er%u= !e)er0i
)en"i"i/an= -aha!a )ergau%an !#!ia% "an /e)er1a$aan ra/$a0.
O%eh /arena i0u%ah= e%an"a $ang /a0an$a 6!#)an6 /era)/a%i
'enge%uar/an /a0a./a0a $ang /#0#r 0erha"a) -ang!a In"#ne!ia.
ang!a In"#ne!ia 0i"a/ a/an 'en$u/ai )e'erin0ah e%an"a.
Se-agai'ana 2i%i)ina $ang 0a/ %ang!ung 'era!a/an /e/ua!aan
Gu-ernur >en"era% A'eri/a "an -#%eh "i/a0a/an 0i"a/ 'en"a)a0
<4
/e!u!ahan "ari )e'-e!ar.)e'-e!ar A'eri/a= 'a!ih !a*a 0eru!
'ere/a 'enun0u0 /e'er"e/aann$a= "e'i/ian *uga%ah -ang!a
In"#ne!ia.!e%a0an a/an 0e0a) 'enagih /e'er"e/aan $ang 'u0%a/
"an !e%ua!.%ua!n$a. Se-agai'ana !e#rang 'anu!ia 0a/ !u/a "i.
ganggu "an "i/ua!ai #%eh #rang %ain= "e'i/ian )u%a ra/$a0.
+ere/a %a'a./e%a'aan 0a/ a/an 'e'-iar/an "irin$a "i*a*ah a0au
"i/ua!ai #%eh -ang!a %ain.
Ter!erah /e)a"a /i0a 'e')erha0i/an= a)a/ah )er0en0angan
e%an"a /a)i0a%i! "an In"#ne!ia -uruh a/an 0e0a) !e%a'a.
%a'an$a a0au !e'en0ara 4a/0u !a*a7
Per0en0angan ini %a'-a0 %aun -er/urang -i%a )e'erin0ah
!e/arang= -u/an nan0i= 'enga"a/an )eru-ahan -e!ar= )er-ai/an
e/#n#'i= )#%i0i/ "an !#!ia% $ang 'e')er-ai/i /ea"aan !e%uruh
ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia.
Ha/ ini han$a 0er*a"i "engan 'en"iri/an in"u!0ri -aru &/a)a!=
/are0= )a-ri/.)a-ri/ 'e!in= )er/a)a%an= 0a'-ang "an %ain.%ain(=
'e'-u/a )er0anian -e!ar.-e!ar "an 'e')er-an$a/ *a%an.*a%an
ra$a= 'en"iri/an /#)era!i ra/$a0 "engan -unga $ang ren"ah=
'e'-eri -an0uan )i/iran "an -ahan /e)a"a /au' 0ani= 0anah
/e)a"a -e/a!.-e/a! )e0ani $ang 'i!/in= 'enai/an ga*i -uruh "an
'engurang/an *a' -e/er*a= 'eringan/an a0au 'engha)u!/an
)a*a/ "an 'e'-e!ar/an )a*a/ )er/e-unan a0au /e-un./e-un
-e!ar= "an in"u!0ri "i*a"i/an ha/ -er!a'a= $ai0u )e'erin0ah=
'e'-eri/an ha/ "a%a' )e'i%ihan u'u' $ang !e%ua!.%ua!n$a
/e)a"a -u'i)u0ra= 'en"iri/an )er4a/i%an ra/$a0 $ang 6!e*a0i6
$ang "ari)a"an$a "i)i%ih !a0u -a"an $ang -er0anggung *a4a-
!e)enuh.)enuhn$a /e)a"a ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia= 'engha)u!/an
!ega%a -a"an -ir#/ra!i $ang 0a/ -er8ae"ah= !e)er0i Raa" 5an
In"ie= "e A%0 ge'eene Se1re0ari! "an %ain %ain.
Ten0u 0a/ a/an 0er*a"i7
Se0engah "ari i0u )un 0a/ a/an 0er*a"i. Taruh%ah !e1ara 0i-a.0i-a
i')eria%i! e%an"a 'e%e')ar/an 6)#%i0i/ 4arung /e1i%n$a6 "an
'e')erguna/an )#%i0i/ /#%#nia% !e!ungguhn$a= i0u !u"ah
0er%a'-a07 Se/a%i %agi 0er%a'-a07 I')eria%i!'e e%an"a 0a/ )un$a
1i0a.1i0a= /e-eranian "an a%a0.a%a0 un0u/ 'enga"a/an )eru-ahan
$ang -erar0i !e"i/i0. Ia 0er%a%u 6"ai86 &%e'ah( un0u/
<3
'e%a/u/ann$a "an 0i"a/ a"a )u%a -#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra '#"ern
"a)a0 'e'-an0un$a.
A"a)un 6/a)i0a% %uar negeri6 $ang -er0i0i/.0i0i/ -e-era)a "#%%ar
"ari 4a%%!0ree0 han$a !eu')a'a -e-era)a -u0ir /eri/i% $ang
"i%e')ar/an un0u/ 'eni'-uni *urang $ang !anga0 "a%a' an0ara
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a "an ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia.
Per-ai/an ra"i/a% !e)er0i "i 2i%i)ina "a)a0 "an 'au A'eri/a
*a%an/an= -i%a ia 'eneri'a /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ "i In"#ne!ia "ari
e%an"a !i 0u/ang 4arung i0u. >i/a 0er*a"i $ang !e)er0i ini=
A'eri/a "a%a' 4a/0u $ang !ing/a0 ni!1a$a a/an "a0ang "i
In"#ne!ia "engan -e-era)a ri-u *u0a ru)iah. Te0a)i 'u!0ahi%7
Se-a- -er0en0angan "engan /e)en0ingan "an 6/eh#r'a0an6
e%an"a. Se-a- /a)i0a% A'eri/a $ang -e!ar "i In"#ne!ia a/an
'en"e!a/ /a)i0a% e%an"a /e !i!i7 Dan /a%au /euangan 0eri/a0=
/a)i0a% e%an"a 0a/ -erar0i &"an 0u/ang 4arung e%an"a 0er)a/!a
*a"i -#ne/a.-#ne/a Pa'an Sa'(.
Ten0u !a*a 6+eneerge6 0i"a/ 'au7 Ta'-ahan %agi $ang 0a/
/urang )en0ingn$a= ini -erar0i /e/ua!aan e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/
A'eri/a a/an -er0a'-ah -e!ar "i -agian $ang !0ra0egi! "an
)en0ing !e/a%i "i Pa!i8i/. Ha% i0u 0en0u%ah "engan !e/ua0./ua0n$a
a/an "i0en0ang #%eh Inggri! "an >e)ang $ang "eng/i= "an
'ung/in a/an 'eni'-u%/an )erang "unia $ang %a'a "an
"ah!$a0.
O%eh !e-a- i0u= -agi e%an"a 1i%i/ $ang enggan 'u!nah= %e-ih
-ai/ ia -er-ua0 !e!u/an$a !a'-i% 'enunggu /erun0uhann$a. Lagi
)u%a= )en*a*ah %ain &Inggri!= A'eri/a "an >e)ang( %e-ih -ai/
'e'-iar/an e%an"a -ergu'u% "engan *a*ahann$a $ang 'u%ai
"urha/a.
<<
VII
KEADAAN POLITIK
C. Tin*auan /e e%a/ang
6P#%i0i/6 "i In"#ne!ia -e%u' )ernah *a"i 6a 1#''#n g##"6=
/e)un$aan u'u' ra/$a0. Paha' /enegaraan 0a/ )ernah
'e%e4a0i !eger#'-#%an /e1i% )en*a*ah Hin"u a0au !e0engah
Hin"u.
Se-agai'ana "a%a' /e-an$a/an negeri 8e#"a%i!0i! "i In"#ne!ia=
)e'erin0ahan negeri "i)egang #%eh !e#rang ra*a "an
/#')%#0ann$a. Se#rang ra*a !e!u"ah -erha!i% 'en*a%an/an )eran
6*ag#an6= %a%u 'engang/a0 "irin$a *a"i ra*a $ang -er0uan.
Ana/n$a $ang -#"#hn$a %e-ih "ari !ee/#r /er-au a0au !e#rang
0u/ang )e%e!ir= "i -e%a/ang hari= 'enggan0i/an a$ahn$a !e-agai
$ang "i)er0uan "i "a%a' negeri. Pera0uran 0urun.0e'urun ini
6%en$a)6 a)a-i%a !e#rang 6*ag#an6 -aru "a0ang 'en*a0uh/an
$ang %a'a= "ari 'engang/a0 "irin$a )u%a *a"i ra*a.
K#n!0i0u!i 0i"a/ a"a $ang 'enen0u/an )en#-a0an a0au
)e'a/!u%an !e#rang ra*a "engan 'en0eri.'en0erin$a= !er0a
'ene0a)/an "engan !a/!a'a. Se'ua /e/ua!aan "an 1a/u)an
)engaruhn$a -er!an"ar/an )a"a /e/era!an "an /e'auan ra*a=
*uga /e)er1a$aan "an )erha'-aan 'a!a. Pe'erin0ahan "ari
ra/$a0= un0u/ ra/$a0= ra/$a0 !e-agai $ang "i/a0a/an Lin1#%n 0a/
)ernah "i/ena% "i In"#ne!ia.
Ka"ang./a"ang a"a !e#rang ra*a%e%a $ang 6aga/ a"i%6 "i
)anggung )#%i0i/. A/an 0e0a)i= ha% ini a"a%ah !ua0u )er/e1ua%ian=
/e-e0u%an "an /e%uar-ia!aan. Ti"a/ a"a $ang "a)a0 "i%a/u/an
ra/$a0 *i/a 0ia"a ra*a $ang -egi0u !e%ain -er#n0a/. In"#ne!ia
han$a 'engena% )e'erin0ahan -e-era)a #rang "an 0a/ )ernah
'engena% hu/u'.hu/u' $ang 0er0u%i!.
Kea"aan "i +inang/a-au !e"i/i0 -er%ainan. Pe'erin0ahan #%eh
a"a0 "i!erah/an /e)a"a 4a/i%.4a/i% ra/$a0 )ara )enghu%u= $a/ni
<?
"a0u/."a0u/. +ere/a 'e!0i 'e'erin0ah 'enuru0 un"ang.un"ang
0er0en0u. Ke/ua!aan 0er0inggi -erna'a 6'u8a/a06 $ang "i)er#%eh
"ari )erun"angan "a%a' !a0u ra)a0.
Tia).0ia) ra)a0 'e!0i 0er-u/a !e%ua!.%ua!n$a "an 'enuru0
/e-ia!aan $ang )a!0i. La/i.%a/i "an )ere')uan "a%a' ra)a0
'e')un$ai ha/ -i1ara !e)enuh.)enuhn$a $ang "engan 1ara
-agai'ana)un 0a/ -#%eh "i/urangi. ai/ 0erha"a) )er/ara "aerah
a0au na!i#na%= 6un"ang.un"ang%ah6 $ang -er/ua!a !e0inggi.
0inggin$a.
A/an 0e0a)i= /ea"aan !e)er0i i0u 0er"a)a0 "i +inang/a-au !a*a=
$ai0u "aerah /e1i% 0er)en1i% "i Ke)u%auan In"#ne!ia. O%eh !e-a-
i0u%ah= #rang "i !ana 0i"a/ !e-era)a 0er)engaruh #%eh Hin"u "an
Ara-= )en"e/n$a= "a%a' ha% )#%i0i/.
+e!/i)un #rang e%an"a= an"ai/a0a ingin 'e')er%a/u/an ra/$a0
In"#ne!ia "engan h#r'a0 !e)er0i 0erha"a) !e!a'an$a= 'i!a%n$a
!e)er0i "i -agian %ain.%ain "ari In"#ne!ia= "a%a' 'eran1ang "an
'en*a%an/an un"ang.un"ang "an "a%a' 'e'-en0u/ "an
'e'a/!u%/an )e'erin0ah= 6ra/$a0 0i"a/ -#%eh 1a')ur 0angan6.
a. P#/#/ Un"ang.Un"ang +inang/a-au
6Ana/ /e'ena/an -era*a /e)a"a )enghu%u=
Penghu%u -era*a /e)a"a 'u8a/a0.
+u8a/a0 -era*a /e)a"a a%ur "an )a0u06.
De'i/ian )u%a ha%n$a "i Kera*aan P#/#.Da0#= Sri4i*a$a=
+a*a)ahi0 "an +a0ara'.
Karena ra/$a0 0i"a/ 1a')ur 0angan "a%a' )e'erin0ahan negeri=
"a)a0%ah K#')eni Hin"ia.Ti'ur 'ena/%u//an a0au
-er/#')r#'i "engan ra*a.ra*a In"#ne!ia= "an 'en"a)a0
/e/ua!aan !e"i/i0 /e !e"i/i0= "an a/hirn$a !e%uruh In"#ne!ia
*a0uh /e 0angann$a.
<@
-. Per4a/i%an Ra/$a0 a0au S#5ie0
Se%a'a )en*a*ahan e%an"a= 0er%ahir ni!-ah !#!ia% $ang %a'-a0
%aun 'e'in0a )e'e1ahan a0a! !#a% !u!unan negara 0e0a)i
)e'erin0ahann$a -e%u' 0en0u !e1ara )ar%e'en a0au S#5ie0.
Par%e'en0ari!'e "i negeri.negeri ara0 "i%ahir/an #%eh /au'
-#r*ui! !e4a/0u /e/ua!aan !e4enang.4enang 'era*a%e%a "i !ana
"an /au' -#r*ui! "engan )erniagaan "an in"u!0rin$a $ang
!e'a/in 'a*u 'era!a "igen1e0 "a%a' 'e')er-e!ar
)eru!ahaann$a= #%eh ra*a.ra*a 8e#"a%; $ang 'erin0angi "engan
)e%-agai 1u/ai "an )a*a/ $ang 0inggi.0inggi= !e'en0ara -#r*ua!i
0i"a/ 'e')un$ai ha/ )#%i0i/. Da%a' /ea"aan -egi0u%ah %ahir
+agna ,har0a= ,r#'4e%%i!'e= "an Re5#%u!i Pran1i!. Se%an*u0n$a
V#%0aire= )e'i')in -#r*ua!i $ang he-a0 ha-i!.ha-i!an
'engge')ur aga'a Ka0h#%i/ "an )en"e0a.)en"e0an$a= %a%u ia
'enga*ar/an )aha' 6a0hei!6 &'e'ung/iri Tuhan(.
R#u!!eau 'enen0ang au0#/ra!i "engan "e'#/ra!i "an un0u/
'enen0ang )e'erin0ahan 0urun.0e'urun= "ia*ar/ann$a 6/#n0ra/
!#!ia%6= $a/ni !a0u )e'erin0ahan $ang 'enga"a/an /#n0ra/
"engan ra/$a0. +enuru0 a*aran R#u!!eau= !e#rang ra*a han$a
-#%eh 'e'erin0ah !e%a'a ia -er-ua0 !e!uai )er*an*ianH ra/$a0
haru! 'enen0angn$a -i%a )er*an*ian i0u "i%anggar.
Karena -#r*ua!i Pran1i! 'era!a /urang /ua0 'e%a4an /e/ua!aan
ra*a= -ang!a4an "an )en"e0a= -er!a0u%ah 'ere/a "engan 'a!!a
re5#%u!i#ner= $ai0u /au' -uruh "an 0ani. A/an 0e0a)i= 'a!!a ini
0i"a/ -#%eh -er/ua!a. +ere/a !e'ua han$a "i)a/ai !e-agai
u')an 'eria' "a%a' re5#%u!i -#r*ua!i= !e"ang /e/ua!aan
"i)egang #%eh /au' -#r*ui!. Dengan !e'-#$an 6Li-er0e= Ega%i0e=
"an 2ra0erni0e6 $ang !e/arang *a"i "e'#/ra!i= %i-era%i!'e "an
)ar%e'en0ari!'e= 'ere/a "a)a0 'er#-#h/an )e'erin0ah
8e#"a%i!0i!.
Se!u"ah 'e')er#%eh /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/= 6"e'#/ra!i -#r*ua!i6
'enun*u//an "irin$a. iar)un "a%a' negara )ar%e'en0er= !e)er0i
Inggri!= Pran1i! "an A'eri/a= 0ia) ra/$a0 "i-eri ha/ "a%a'
<A
)e'i%ihan= 0e0a)i /au' -uruh "an !i 'i!/in "i !ana &#rang $ang
0er-e!ar *u'%ahn$a( !enan0ia!a 0i"a/ "a)a0 'e')er0ahan/an
1a%#n.1a%#nn$a "a%a' )e'i%ihan )ar%e'en !e-a- 'ere/a
0er/urung "i "a%a' )engaruh )i/iran -#r*ui! $ang "i/e'-ang/an
"i !e/#%ah.!e/#%ah= gere*a= !ura0.!ura0 /a-ar= "an 0er%e-ih %agi=
/arena 'ere/a /e/urangan a%a0.a%a0 )r#)agan"a &ruangan ra)a0=
/#ran "an -r#!ur $ang !e'uan$a 'aha%(.
#r*ui! "engan )r#8e!#r= *urna%i!= )en"e0a "an /au' "i)%#'a0n$a
$ang -erga*i -e!ar= "a)a0 'e')er#%eh /e'enangan 4a/0u
)e'i%ihan )ar%e'en.
Karena angg#0a.angg#0a )ar%e'en 'e'egang *a-a0ann$a !e%a'a
0iga a0au e')a0 0ahun= hu-ungan an0ara !i )e'i%ih "engan $ang
"i)i%ih !anga0 renggang. +ere/a -erha"a)an "engan ra/$a0 "i
4a/0u )e'i%ihan !a*a= "an i0u%ah $ang 'en$e-a-/an 4a/i% 0a"i
'en*a"i -ir#/ra0 !e*a0i. O%eh /arena )er1eraian +a*e%i! Ren"ah
"an +a*e%i! Tinggi &-a"an $ang 'e'-ua0 un"ang.un"ang(
"engan /a-ine0 &-a"an $ang 'en*a%an/an un"ang.un"ang(
*a0uh%ah /e/ua!aan $ang !e!ungguhn$a /e 0angan /an0#r./an0#r
$ang !e%a%u -erhu-ungan ra)a0 "engan -an/.-an/. egi0u%ah
a/hirn$a= a!a! "e'#/ra!i "an a0uran )ar%e'en0er "i0e%an #%eh
0uan.0uan -e!ar -an/ &+#rgan "i A'eri/a= L#1heur "i Pran1i!=
"u%u S0inne! "i *er'an(= i0u%ah 6"e'#/ra!i re!'i6; 0er-en0u/
/arena "ana.
egi0u%ah= "e'#/ra!i $ang !e-enarn$a "i 'a!a ini 'en*a"i
"i/0a0#r "ari -#r*ua!i &,r#'4e%%i!'e= Na)#%e#ni!'e "an
!e/arang -eru)a Pa!1i!'e( $ang -er!e'-un$i "i -e%a/ang )er!=
!e/#%ah= gere*a "an -er0#)eng )ar%e'en "a%a' /e0enangan 'a!a
/e1er"a!an /a)i0a%i!'e Dan /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ $ang !e-enar.
-enarn$a= !e)er0i e/#n#'i= !e%a'an$a "i 0angan -#r*ua!i.
S#5ie0i!'e "an )ar%e'en0ari!'e !u"ah !a$a urai/an "a%a'
-r#!ur 6Par%e'en a0au S#5ie06 &"i1e0a/ 0ahun CACC( O%eh !e-a-
i0u= "i !ini han$a )#/#/.)#/#/n$a $ang !a$a urai/an.
?D
Di Ga'an )ergera/an )r#%e0ar "an re5#%u!i ini= /au' -uruh $ang
0a/ 'au "a'ai i0u 'enge'u/a/an !ega%a )er0en0angan "an
)en"iriann$a 0erha"a) /e/ua!aan /au'. -#r*ui!= !e)er0i -#r*ua!i
'er#-#h/an /au' 8e#"a%i! "a%a' )er*uangan r#hani "an *a!'ani
!e%a'a CDD 0ahun &C?4D.C@4@(.
Pera0uran e/#n#'i /#'uni! "i)er0en0ang/an "engan /a)i0a%i!=
"i/0a0#r -uruh "engan "i/0a0#r -#r*ui!= S#5ie0i!'e "engan
Par%e'en0ari!'e.
Se-agai'ana )ar%e'en a"a%ah 1i)0aan -#r*ua!i= S#5ie0 a"a%ah
1i)0aan "i/0a0#r -uruh $ang "engan )er0#%#ngan /au' 0ani
'engua!ai -#r*ua!i. >a"i S#5ie0 a"a%ah a%a0 )#%i0i/ "i 0angan
/au' -uruh $ang "ia"a/an !e-e%u' a0au !e%a'a re5#%u!i. S#5ie0
i0u 'eru)a/an /ea"aan )#%i0i/ $ang 'e'-e%#//an 'a!$ara/a0
/a)i0a%i!'e /e arah /#'uni!'e "engan *a%an na!i#na%i!a!i !ega%a
a%a0.a%a0i )r#"u/!i !er0a 'enguru! !e/a%ian )r#"u/!i "an
"i!0ri-u!i !e1ara /#'uni!0i!.
a"an.-a"an e/#n#'i= )#%i0i/ "an )en"i"i/an $ang "i-en0u/
!e%a'a )e'erin0ahan "i/0a0#r i0u= "i)a/ai -u/an !a*a un0u/
'e%e'ah/an "an 'enghan1ur/an -#r*ua!i "i ge%anggang )#%i0i/=
e/#n#'i= "an i"e#%#gi= 'e%ain/an *uga un0u/ 'en1er"a!/an
!e'ua 0enaga 'a!$ara/a0 /e arah /#'uni!'e.
Se'en0ara -uruh 'enga"a/an "i/0a0#r 0erha"a) -#r*ui!= "i "a%a'
/e%a!n$a !en"iri !u"ah a"a "e'#/ra!i $ang !e!ungguhn$a. Ia
-er/e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ $ang !e-enarn$a !e-a- ia 'engua!ai !e'ua
a%a0 )r#"u/!i "an "i!0ri-u!i. Ta'-ahan %agi= ia a/an 'e')un$ai
!e'ua a%a0 )en$e-ar !e'anga0= !e)er0i !e/#%ah= !ura0 /a-ar
"engan !e1u/u)n$a.
S#5ie0 -eri/h0iar 'enghan1ur/an 6-ir#/ra!i6 $ang -ia!a 0er"a)a0
"a%a' !u!unan )ar%e'en0er. Su)a$a 0er1a)ai 'a/!u" ini
"i*a%an/an 0in"a/an.0in"a/an -eri/u0 ini.
?C
&C( Wa/0u )e'i%ihan "i)er!ing/a0.
&2( Hu-ungan !i )e'i%ih "engan $ang "i)i%ih "i"e/a0/an "an !i
)en$u!un un"ang.un"ang "engan !i )e%a/!ana "i!a0u/an "an
"i-en0u/ !a0u -a"an $ang !a'a.!a'a 'e'-ua0 "an 'en*a%an/an
un"ang.un"ang.
&3( Wa/i%.4a/i% i0u /a)an !a*a -#%eh "iang/a0 "an "i-erhen0i/an.
&4( Ke "a%a' )e'erin0ahan !e"a)a0 'ung/in "i'a!u//an /au'
-uruh.
Kau' -uruh $ang -er/e!a"aran 0inggi= $ang !eharu!n$a
'e'egang )e'erin0ahan negeri /arena /au' -#r*ui! a/an !e%a%u
-er"a$a u)a$a 'enun0u0 /e/a%ahann$a $ang "u%u "ira')a! #%eh
-uruh= "an ha% ini 0en0u%ah "i*a%an/an 'ere/a "engan
/#n0rare5#%u!i. +ere/a ini "i!u!un "a%a' )ar0ai /#'uni!.
+enuru0 /ea"aan i0u= nan0i /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ "i)era! !a')ai
/e)a"a -uruh.-uruh -er#rgani!a!i "an !eri/a0 !e/er*a "an
a/hirn$a /e !e%uruh /au' -uruh.
Se'e!0in$a= 0ia).0ia) /e%a! $ang re5#%u!i#ner hen"a/n$a
'era')a! "an 'e')er0ahan/an !e'ua /e/ua0an )#%i0i/. Karena
/a%au /e0en0ara'an )#%i0i/ "i 0ia) negeri !u"ah /#/#h= "a)a0%ah
u!aha.u!aha e/#n#'i "i*a%an/an "an= -er!a'a "engan i0u=
hi"u)%ah "e'#/ra!i ang !e!ungguhn$a.
In"#ne!ia -e%u' )ernah 'engena% 6"e'#/ra!i6. Dan arena
-#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra $ang /ua0 0a/ a"a= -ua0 !e'en0ara 4a/0u=
In"#ne!ia 0i"a/ a/an -er/ena%an "engan "e'#/ra!i i0u. Se'ua
"a$a u)a$a un0u/ 'e')er#%eh$a 0i"a/ a/an -erha!i%= "an -#%eh
"i/a0a/an -ah4a !e'ua 1i0a.1i0a !e)er0i i0u B "i/0a0#r B
"e'#/ra!i -#r*ui! . a"a%ah 0i"a/ 'ung/in. Han$a /e%a! -uruh
In"#ne!ia a*a $ang "a)a0 'e'egang "i/0a0#r &-i%a ia 0e0a) in!a8
"an -e/er*a(. Ia 'engua!ai /ehi"u)an e/#n#'i.
?2
Dan "i 4a/0u !e/arang= -uruh 'eru)a/an !a%ah !a0u /e%a! $ang
'e')un$ai #rgani!a!i $ang 0er/ua0 "i In"#ne!ia. Ki0a 0a/ u!ah
'en$e!a% -i%a /i0a %ang/ahi Ga'an U"e'#/ra!i 0i)uanJ i0u7
Ke/#/#han )#%i0i/ Re)u-%i/ In"#ne!ia "a)a0 "i)er0ahan/an #%eh
"i/0a0#r -uruh $ang /e/ua!aan !e'anga0n$a 0er/an"ung "a%a'
!a0u )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner $ang 6/ua06. La'a./e%a'aan /e/ua!aan
)#%i0i/ "a)a0 "i)er%ua! /e)a"a 0ia).0ia) -uruh In"#ne!ia.
2. De4an 6Ra/$a06 Ki0a7
Per-ua0an -ir#/ra!i $ang -uru/ "an /e'una8i/an -e!ar7 Sungguh
han$a )a"a -ang!a 2i%i!0in "ahu%u/ah /i0a "a)a0i /e/era!an "an
/e1urangan !e)er0i !e/arang ini:
Di 'ana/ah ra/$a0 $ang -er"iri "i -e%a/ang De4an Ra/$a0 i0u:
Dan a)a/ah $ang !u"ah "i)er-ua0 De4an Ra/$a0 $ang 'aha% i0u
un0u/ ra/$a0: Di an0ara 4@ #rang angg#0a= 2D #rang a"a%ah
-ang!a In"#ne!ia "an 2@ #rang a!ing $ang 'e4a/i%i /a)i0a%
a!ing. Dengan /ea"aan "e'i/ian !ia.!ia%ah !e'ua i/h0iar
angg#0a a/an 'en"a)a0 /e'enangan !uara.
An"ai)un "e4an i0u a"a%ah "e4an $ang !e!ungguhn$a=
!e-enarn$a%ah "e4an i0u 0a/ "a)a0 -er-ua0 !e!ua0u)un !e-a-
!e'ua na!iha0n$a -#%eh "i-uang /e "a%a' /eran*ang !a')ah
#%eh #rang $ang -er/ua!a &De4an Ra/$a0 -u/an%ah -a"an
)e'-ua0 un"ang.un"ang= 'e%ain/an -a"an )ena!iha0(.
>u'%ah angg#0a -ang!a In"#ne!ia 0er%a%u /e1i% "an= #%eh !e-a-
i0u= 'ere/a 0a/ "a)a0 'en$a0a/an /ehen"a/ ra/$a0. >i/a /i0a
inga0 negara e%an"a $ang *u'%ah )en"u"u/n$a ?=DDD=DDD
'e')un$ai CDD #rang angg#0a T4ee"e Ka'er &angg#0a Ee!0e
Ka'er 0i"a/ 'a!u/(= ni!1a$a In"#ne!ia $ang *u'%ah
)en"u"u/n$a 33=DDD=DDD !e)a0u0n$a !e1ara )ar%e'en
'e')un$ai !e/urang./urangn$a <DD #rang angg#0a.
Di an0ara 2D #rang angg#0a In"#ne!ia $ang a"a "i "a%a' "e4an
i0u 0a/ !e#rang)un $ang -e0u%.-e0u% 4a/i% ra/$a0 a0au "i)i%ih
ra/$a0= a)a%agi un0u/ ra/$a0. De%a)an #rang "iang/a0 #%eh
Gu-ernur >en"era% "an /e-an$a/an "ari 'ere/a ini )e'-uru
)ang/a0= !e)er0i 4a/i% Su'a0era= De'ang L#e0an= "an "ari >a4a=
Da4i"*#!e4#*#. A0au 'ere/a i0u !e)er0i ana/ -enga% )#%i0i/
?3
!e)er0i 1#n0#h $ang !e-ai/.-ai/n$a= "i0un*u//an #%eh $ang
"i)er0uan Tuan S#e0a"i. Angg#0a %ain.%ainn$a "i)i%ih #%eh ra)a0.
ra)a0 ge'en0ee &PE(= -u/0i ini 1u/u) 0erang7 Ta/ a"a
8ae"ahn$a "a%a' -u/u ini /i0a 0u%i!/an !e'ua /e-u!u/an
-ir#/ra!i e%an"a. Pun 0a/ a"a 8ae"ahn$a -agi /i0a= /au'
re5#%u!i#ner= 'engeri0i/ "engan !ungguh.!ungguh !e'ua u!u%.
u!u% $ang "i)er-in1ang/an a0au $ang 0e%ah "i0eri'a #%eh "e4an
i0u. >i/a /i0a 0a/ 'au "i)er"a$a #%eh na'a.na'a $ang -agu! "an
*an*i $ang 'ani!.'ani! "ari )e'erin0ah ini= "a)a0%ah /i0a
'en$i')u%/an !e'ua )#%i0i/ /#%#nia% e%an"a !e-agai -eri/u0.
C. ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang 33=DDD=DDD i0u 0a/ 'e')un$ai ha/
-er!uara 0en0ang )#%i0i/.
2. Ka)i0a%i! -e!ar 'e'erin0ah "engan )eran0araan /au' -ir#/ra0
$ang 0a/ )un$a ha0i "an 'i%i0eri! $ang )i1i/.
3. De4an Ra/$a0 i0u 6!ee/#r %in0ah6 $ang 'e%e/a0 "i )unggung
ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia.
3. Hara)an /e)a"a a"an Per4a/i%an Ra/$a0.
A"a/ah hara)an -agi In"#ne!ia /e%a/ a/an 'e')er#%eh
!e'a1a' a"an Per4a/i%an Ra/$a0: >a4a- $ang )a!0i; 60i"a/6.
+en"iri/an a"an Per4a/i%an Ra/$a0 !e%a'a )er0en0angan
!#!ia% "an /e-ang!aan !e)er0i !e/arang= -erar0i 'a0in$a
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a a0au6 han1ur6 'e!in )#%i0i/n$a.
Ha% ini haru! "i/e0ahui #%eh 0ia).0ia) -ang!a In"#ne!ia7
Ini -u/an !#a% 6'a0ang6 a0au 6'en0ahn$a6 -ang!a In"#ne!ia
'e%ain/an= !e)er0i $ang !u"ah -eru%ang.u%ang /i0a urai/an "i
-agian %ain "a%a' -u/u ini= "i!e-a-/an #%eh /e0ia"aan -#r*ua!i
-u'i)u0ra '#"ern= $ang /e)en0ingan e/#n#'in$a !e"i/i0 -an$a/
!a'a "engan -#r*ua!i i')eria%i!0i!./a)i0a%i!0i!.
Ka%au "i 'a!a !e/arang 4a/i%.4a/i% "ari !e%uruh a0au !e-agian
ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia "i)i%ih #%eh #rang In"#ne!ia "engan )e'i%ihan
$ang !e-e-a!.-e-a!n$a ni!1a$a "engan !egera a/an 'engha"a)i
'a!a%ah /e%a!. >i/a 'ere/a 0a/ !u/a 'eni)u !i )e'i%ih= 4a/i%.
4a/i% 'ere/a !eharu!n$a 'engang/u0 'a!a%ah )er-ai/an
e/#n#'i= !#!ia% "an )#%i0i/ un0u/ 'e%a4an /a)i0a% -e!ar. Ha% ini
-u/an%ah )er-ai/an /e1i%./e1i%an $ang "i*a%an/an )er%ahan.%ahan
?4
#%eh /au' -ir#/ra0= 'e%ain/an )eru-ahan ra"i/a% $ang
"i/er*a/an "engan 1e)a0 "an )ra/0i! "i -a4ah )i')inan "an
)enga4a!an 4a/i%.4a/i% ra/$a0.
Se-agai 'i!a% )en1uri.)en1uri !e)er0i )a"a Peru!ahaan era! "i
Se%a0 >aran "an )eru!ahaan )e'erin0ah $ang %ain !e'e!0in$a
0i"a/ "ihu/u' "engan )e'e1a0an $ang 60i"a/ 0erh#r'a06 !e)er0i
$ang -ia!an$a "i%a/u/an )a"a )en1uri /e1i%./e1i%. Tuan.0uan
$ang -er-ua0 -egi0u $ang "iga*i #%eh ra/$a0 0a)i 'eru!a//an
)eru!ahaan ra/$a0= !e'uan$a haru! "igan0ung 6"engan h#r'a06.
>i/a /e%a/ 4a/i%.4a/i% ra/$a0 "a)a0 'enga"a/an i!%ah $ang
n$a0a= ra/$a0 a/an 'era!a= -ah4a 'a0eria% "an '#ra% 'ere/a
!ungguh -er0a'-ah 'a*u= "an !#a% 6-en"era6 &0er*a*ah a0au
0er%e)a! "ari e%an"a( a/an "i%u)a/an !e'en0ara 4a/0u. u/an
/arena !#a% i0u 0i"a/ )en0ing 'e%ain/an /arena /e!u/aran $ang
-e!ar.-e!ar "a)a0 "i!ing/ir/an "an 1i0a.1i0a )#%i0i/ !e-agian
-e!arn$a "a)a0 "i4u*u"/an.
Ki0a 0i"a/ a/an 'e')er-in1ang/an ha% -en0u/ )e'erin0ahan
$ang a/an "ia"a/an !e)er0i $ang "iga'-ar/an "i a0a!. S#a% i0u
a"a%ah !#a% angan.angan "an !u!unan )e'erin0ahan negeri $ang
"i!an"ar/an /e)a"a 6)er0i'-angan 0e#re0i!6 -e%a/a.
Pa0i !#a% i0u= a)a/ah i')eria%i!'e e%an"a a/an !anggu) /e%a/
'enga"a/an i!%ah.i!%ah $ang n$a0a: >i/a !e/a%i %agi /i0a inga0
*urang )er0en0angan e%an"a./a)i0a%i! "engan -uruh In"#ne!ia=
/e0ia"aan -#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra= /e%e'ahan "a%a' ha% /euangan
"an /e)i1i/an )#%i0i/ i')eria%i! e%an"a= )er0an$aan i0u 0an)a
'enanggung ri!i/# -e!ar "a)a0 /i0a *a4a- "engan 6'u!0ahi%76
Ke!i')u%ann$a= !ega%a /ere4e%an 0en0ang )eru-ahan
)e'erin0ahan negeri "i In"#ne!ia $ang !e/arang !e"ang ra'ai
"i)er-in1ang/an #%eh #rang.#rang )in0ar "an -ir#/ra!i e%an"a
i0u 'e'-uang.-uang 4a/0u )er1u'a. >i/a ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia !a0u
4a/0u 'e')er#%eh a"an Per4a/i%an Ra/$a0= ni!1a$a ini -u/an
6/arunia "ari a0a!6 'e%ain/an "i!e-a-/an 6"e!a/an /ua06 "ari
-a4ah.
?3
VIII
REVOLUSI DI INDONESIA
C. Ke'ung/inan e!ar A/an Ti'-u%n$a Re5#%u!i
+a!a%ah )#%i0i/= e/#n#'i "an !#!ia% $ang 'ung/in 'eni'-u%/an
re5#%u!i "i In"#ne!ia ra!an$a 0a/ )er%u /i0a /u)a! %agi= /arena
!u"ah -e-era)a /a%i /i0a 0erang/an "i a0a!. ,u/u)%ah
"i/e'u/a/an /e!i')u%an $ang "i -a4ah ini.
C. Ke/a$aan "an /e/ua!aan !u"ah 0er0u')u/ /e "a%a'
gengga'an -e-era)a #rang /a)i0a%i!.
2. Ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia !e'uan$a 'a/in %a'a !e'a/in 'i!/in=
'e%ara0= 0er0in"a! "an 0er/ung/ung.
3. Per0en0angan /e%a! "an /e-ang!aan 'a/in %a'a !e'a/in
0a*a'.
4. Pe'erin0ah e%an"a 'a/in %a'a !e'a/in rea/!i#ner.
3. ang!a In"#ne!ia "ari hari /e hari !e'a/in -er0a'-ah
/ere5#%u!i#nerann$a "an 0a/ 6'engena% "a'ai6.
Karena "ugaan -ah4a i')eria%i! e%an"a "engan 0i-a.0i-a
'en*a"i 1er"a!= 1er"i/ "an !anggu) 'enga"a/an i!%ah.i!%ah $ang
'erugi/an /a)i0a%i! -e!ar "a)a0 "i)an"ang !e-agai /ha$a% "a%a'
6,eri0a Seri-u Sa0u +a%a'6 'a/a )r#!e! re5#%u!i $ang
-er%ang!ung !e/arang 0i"a/ a/an 0er0ahan. Se-a%i/n$a= )er*a%anan
'a/in %a'a !e'a/in )e!a0 "an 0ia).0ia) 4a/0u )e1ahn$a re5#%u!i
-#%eh "ihara)/an.
A)a%agi !e-agian "ari re5#%u!i i0u !u"ah 0er-u/0i. e-era)a
)e'-er#n0a/an $ang )e1ah "engan !en"irin$a "i >a4a "an
Su'a0era !e%a'a 3DD 0ahun "a%a' 6/e-er/ahan6 i')eria%i!'e
e%an"a a"a%ah a/i-a0 )er-en0uran /e%a! "an /e-ang!aan $ang
)a"a 'u%an$a -eru)a )e'-er#n0a/an aga'a. >uga /e/a1auan
)#%i0i/ !e'en*a/ C3 0ahun= ini -eru)a -er-agai ha!u0an "an a/!i
"an $ang %e-ih *e%a! -eru)a nia0an "an )er-ua0an anar/i! "i >a4a
?<
"an )e'-unuhan a0a! )ega4ai.)ega4ai Pa'#ng Pra*a "i
Su'a0era ara0 $ang 'e%un0ur/an /e)er1a$aan 0erha"a)
/e/e-a%an i')eria%i!'e e%an"a= !e'uan$a 0erg#%#ng a/i-a0
)er-en0uran /e%a! "an /e-ang!aan.
A/an 0e0a)i= )er-en0uran -e!ar an0ara /e%a! "an /e-ang!aan $ang
"ah!$a0= )e1ah !e'a0a.'a0a /arena )er0en0angan i0u !en"iri "an
-er!i8a0 '#"ern= $ai0u -eru)a 6re5#%u!i6= -e%u' 0er*a"i "i
In"#ne!ia7
Ke%a/ ia )a!0i 'e%an"a !e%uruh /e)u%auan ini "an 'e%e0u!.%e0u!
"engan !en"irin$a.
2. Si8a0 Re5#%u!i In"#ne!ia $ang A/an Ti'-u%
agai'ana ru)a re5#%u!i i0u: A)a/ah !i8a0.!i8a0n$a $ang
"i0un*u//an -i%a ia 'e%e0u! -e!#/ a0au %u!a: Ini%ah $ang haru!
/i0a= !e-agai re5#%u!i#ner= 0an$a/an /e)a"a "iri !en"iri "an
'en*a4a-n$a !e/a%i= *i/a /i0a 'au 'en*auhi )#%i0i/ 60er#'-ang.
a'-ing6 !e)er0i D#u4e! De//er "an T*#/r#a'in#0#. +enuru0
*a4a-an a0a! )er0an$aan i0u= /i0a 0e')a a%a0.a%a0 re5#%u!i= $ai0u
)r#gra' #rgani!a!i "an 0a/0i/ /i0a.
Pengu)a!an $ang 1#1#/ -e0u% a0a! 'a!$ara/a0 In"#ne!ia
'eru)a/an !$ara0 0eru0a'a un0u/ 'en"a)a0 )er/a/a! re5#%u!i.
Ha% i0u )u%a%ah $ang 'en*a"i !$ara0 )er0a'a $ang 'en"a0ang/an
/e'enangan re5#%u!i /i0a.
>i/a )engu)a!an i0u 0i"a/ !e')urna a0au /i0a /e%iru "engan
ra'a%an "an /e!i')u%an /i0a= /e'enangan i0u 0i"a/ a/an )a!0i
a0au !e-en0ar !a*a. Ki0a 0a/ 'e')un$ai h#r#!/#) $ang "a)a0
'e%iha0 )eri!0i4a $ang -a/a% 0er*a"i %a$a/n$a ah%i nu*u'
'era'a%/an /ehi"u)an !e!e#rang "i /e'u"ian hari. A/an 0e0a)i=
"engan +arF "an Lenin !e-agai )enun*u/ *a%an "a)a0%ah /i0a
0en0u/an !e"i/i0 gari!.gari! -e!ar "ari re5#%u!i "i In"#ne!ia
&'e%iha0 0ing/a0 /e1er"a!an /a)i0a%i!'e )a"a 4a/0u ini(.
??
Ten0u%ah re5#%u!i i0u a/an -er-e"a "engan 6Pe'-er#n0a/an
+ar#/#6. Ha% ini -enar !e/a%i !e-a- In"#ne!ia 0enaga
)r#"u/!in$a %e-ih 0inggi &in"u!0ri= )er0anian= )engang/u0an "an
/euangan $ang -e!ar /ua0( "ari)a"a negeri 0ani /e1i% "an
ge'-a%a "#'-a !e)er0i +ar#/#. >uga In"#ne!ia= 0eru0a'a >a4a=
0i"a/ -er)egunungan $ang "a)a0 "i"ia'i "an gurun )a!ir %ua!
0e')a0 /au' re5#%u!i#ner 'en$e'-un$i/an "iri -er0ahun.0ahun
un0u/ /e'u"ian !e0ia) !aa0 "a)a0 'eneru!/an )erang geri%$a.
Dan %agi= ia 0a/ a/an -eru)a re5#%u!i )r#%e0ar !e*a0i !e)er0i "i
>er'an= Inggri! "an A'eri/a &$ang )en"u"u/n$a !e-agian -e!ar
0er"iri "ari /au' -uruh( /arena /a)i0a% In"#ne!ia 'a!ih 0er%a%u
'u"a= -e%u' !u-ur "an 'a!ih %e'ah. O%eh /arena i0u= /au'
-uruh /i0a /a%au "i-an"ing/an "engan /au' -uruh "i negeri
ara0= *auh /e0ingga%an= -ai/ /uan0i0a! 'au)un /ua%i0a!n$a.
Ta'-ahan )u%a= /ea"aan /au' $ang -u/an -uruh $ang *uga a/an
0uru0 'enga"a/an re5#%u!i 'a!ih a"a "i "a%a' Ga'an re5#%u!i
-#r*ua!i "an re5#%u!i na!i#na%.
Re5#%u!i /i0a *uga 0i"a/ a/an 'en$a'ai re5#%u!i -#r*ua!i !e)er0i
"i Pran1i! 0ahun C?@A /arena -#r*ua!i /i0a 'a!ih 0er%a')au
%e'ah "an 8e#"a%i!'e !e-agian -e!ar !u"ah "i'u!nah/an #%eh
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a. >uga ia 0i"a/ a/an 'en$a'ai Re5#%u!i
Pran1i! 0ahun C@?D /arena /i0a aga/n$a 'e')un$ai 0enaga.
0enaga )r#"u/!i %e-ih 1er"a!= 0a'-ahan %agi ni!-ah !#!ia% !anga0
-er%e-ihan.
A/an -er%ainan )u%a ia "engan Re5#%u!i Ru!ia $ang
8e#"a%i!'en$a -#%eh "i/a0a/an %e'ah "an -#r*ua!in$a 'u"a
$ang #%eh )erang -er0ahun.0ahun 'en*a"i !anga0 'un"ur=
!e"ang/an /au' -uruhn$a 'u"a= ge'-ira "an "i"i"i/ 'enuru0
a0uran Lenin. Ki0a haru! -er*uang 'e%a4an i')eria%i!'e ara0
'e!/i)un /e1i%= ia 0a/ -#%eh "ia-ai/an !e-a- ia 'e')un$ai 0i)u
/e%i1inan "an !u/a 'en*a"i 6)e%a$an6 i')eria%i!'e Inggri! $ang
-e!ar i0u.
Ia a/hirn$a 0i"a/ a/an 'en*a"i re5#%u!i )#%i0i/ !e'a0a.'a0a
!e)er0i $ang -ia!a a/an 0er*a"i "i In"ia= +e!ir "an 2i%i)ina= $ai0u
?@
-#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra 'ere-u0 /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ !a*a &/e/ua!aan
)ar%e'en( /arena /a)i0a%i! na!i#na%n$a /ua0 "an /au'
in0e%e/0ua%n$a !u"ah %e-ih -an$a/ "ari)a"a "i In"#ne!ia.
Re5#%u!i In"#ne!ia !e-agian /e1i% 'enen0ang !i!a.!i!a
8e#"a%i!'e "an !e-agian $ang 0er-e!ar 'enen0ang i')eria%i!'e
ara0 $ang %a%i'. Ia *uga "i"#r#ng #%eh /e-en1ian -ang!a Ti'ur
0erha"a) -ang!a ara0 $ang 'enin"a! "an 'enghina 'ere/a.
Pa0i re5#%u!i &!e/urang./urangn$a "i >a4a( haru! "i-en0u/ #%eh
/au' -uruh in"u!0ri '#"ern= )eru!ahaan "an )er0anian &-uruh
'e!in "an 0ani(. en0eng.-en0eng )#%i0i/= 0eru0a'a e/#n#'i
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a= han$a "a)a0 "i)u/u% #%eh /au' -uruh. Di
!e/i0ar /au' -u'i i0u -er-ari! /au' -#r*ua!i /e1i% $ang 'un"ur
'a*u 0a/ )ungguh ha%a &Kau' -#r*ui! a/an 'enuru0 -i%a 'ere/a
0ahu a/an 'e')er#%eh /e'enanganH i0u )un "i -e%a/ang !e/a%i.
Pun /a%au 'ere/a !ungguh !u/a 0uru0. Le-ih "ari i0u 60i"a/6 "an
*angan "ihara)(.
Re5#%u!i In"#ne!ia $ang 'e')er#%eh /e'enangan a/an
'en"a0ang/an )eru-ahan $ang 0e)a0 "a%a' )ere/#n#'ian=
)#%i0i/ "an !#!ia% )a"a 4a/0u /e1er"a!an /a)i0a%i!0i! 'engha"a)i
/ri!i!. i%a /au' -uruh /i0a 0e0a) gia0= "a)a0%ah 'ere/a
'e'egang )eran $ang 0er)en0ing.
?A
I
PERKAKAS REVOLUSI KITA
Dengan )e%-agai raga' !uara= "a%a' /ea"aan $ang -er-e"a.-e"a
"an #%eh -er-agai g#%#ngan ra/$a0= 0u*uan )#%i0i/ /i0a !u"ah
"in$a0a/an $ai0u /e'er"e/aan na!i#na%. Ten0ang 0u*uan a/hir ini=
#rang "i !e%uruh In"#ne!ia 0e%ah -u%a0 !e)a/a0. Han$a 0en0ang
*a%an $ang a/an "i0e')uh !er0a a%a0.a%a0 $ang a/an "i)a/ai=
-er%ain.%ainan )en"a)a0 #rang.
Per0u/aran !u!unan negara 8e#"a%i!0i! /e /a)i0a%i!0i! $ang 1e)a0
"an 0i"a/ !e!uai "engan /e'auan a%a' 'en$e-a-/an -ang!a
In"#ne!ia -eru-ah 1e)a0 1ara -er)i/irn$a. Te0a)i= )eru-ahan 1ara
-er)i/ir ini -ia!an$a 0er0ingga% "ari )eru-ahan e/#n#'i.
U'u'n$a -ang!a /i0a !e1ara %ahiriah 0a')a/ '#"ern !e!uai
"engan Ga'an /a)i0a%i! 0e0a)i 1ara -er)i/irn$a 'a!ih /un#=
'a!ih 0ingga% "i Ga'an "ahu%u= !e)er0i 'a!ih 'enganu0
+aha-ara0a= I!%a'= "an -er-agai 'a1a' 0a/ha$u% "an
/e)er1a$aan /e)a"a han0u= *in= /e!a/0ian gai-= -a0u /era'a0 "an
%ain.%ain. +ere/a 'a!ih 0eru! !e)er0i ana/.ana/ "an -er)i/iran
8an0a!0i!.
Ke/a%ahan "a%a' )er!aingan e/#n#'i "engan /a)i0a% ara0 $ang
%e-ih /ua0 i0u 'en$e-a-/an 0er-i0n$a )i/iran 0i"a/ -e0u% "an
anar/i!0i! &'e%anggar )era0uran( 0i"a/ 'e%iha0 !e!ua0u "a%a'
!i8a0n$a $ang !e-enarn$a. Ini 0er*a"i 0eru0a'a "i /a%angan
)en"u"u/ "u!un."u!un /e1i% $ang -aru "i/a%ah/an "an "igen1e0
"an !e-agian "ari /au' -uruh in"u!0ri "an )er0anian $ang 'a!ih
'u"a $a/ni 'ere/a $ang -aru "ira')a! 'i%i/n$a.
Se-agai'ana )er-e"aan 0ing/a0 "a%a' in"u!0ria%i!a!i "e'i/ian
)u%a%ah )er-e"aan )i/iran )en"u"u/ "i -er-agai "aerah "i
In"#ne!ia. Ki0a 0un*u//an !a*a )er-e"aan /e'a*uan )i/iran
an0ara )en"u"u/ >a4a "an !au"ara.!au"ara /i0a "i Ha%'ahera=
a0au an0ara !au"ara.!au"ara $ang a"a "i Sura-a$a "an Se'arang
$ang 0e%ah !a"ar i0u "engan )en"u"u/ "e!a $ang 0i"a/
-erin"u!0ri. Di 'ana /a)i0a%i!'e 0u'-uh= !er0a -erura0.-era/ar=
@D
"i !ana 'u%ai hi"u)%ah ra!i#na%i!'e "an )i/iran $ang !eha0 !er0a
%en$a)%ah "engan )er%ahan.%ahan /e)er1a$aan /e)a"a !ega%a
0a/ha$u%. >a"i= )!i/#%#gi "an i"e#%#gi *i4a "an a/a% ra/$a0
-ang!a In"#ne!ia !e*a%an "engan /e1er"a!an /a)i0a%i!'e $ang
!enan0ia!a -eru-ah.u-ah. Yang %a'a %en$a) "an $ang -aru
'en*a"i 1er"a!.
Su/ar !e/a%i 'e'-a4a !e/a%ian )er-e"aan )i/iran $ang !e"ang
"a%a' 0ran!8#r'a!i i0u /e)a"a !a0u 1i0a.1i0a $ang !a'a
'e'-angun "an 0a/ -eru-ah. Karena i0u )e/er*aan $ang -era0
!e/a%i -agi /au' re5#%u!i#ner a/an 'e'-a4a !e%uruh ra/$a0
In"#ne!ia /e)a"a gari!.gari! $ang !e!uai "an !e%ara! "engan
a/!i.a/!i 'arFi!0i!. Ia 'u"ah 0erge%in1ir 'en*a"i 0in"a/an 1ari
un0ung= anar/i= "an 'e')er1a$ai *i'a0.*i'a0.
Sa')ai 4a/0u ini -e%u' a"a !a0u )ar0ai $ang )an"ai 'enari/
!a0u gari! $ang 1#1#/ "engan /ea"aan./ea"aan $ang a"a "i
In"#ne!ia "an 'e'i')in ra/$a0 /i0a "i !e)an*ang gari! i0u.
e-era)a )ar0ai -er0uru0.0uru0 0er!e!a0 "i *a%an $ang 0i"a/
'e'-a4a /e 0u*uan.
+e')er1a$ai *a%an )ar%e'en0er $ang 0en0era'= $a/ni 'ere0a!
*a%an /e'er"e/aan In"#ne!ia "engan 1ara -ere-u0 /ur!i "a%a'
De4an Ra/$a0 "an 'e'in0a.'in0a !u)a$a "i-eri/an /e/ua!aan
)#%i0i/= /i0a na'ai 6)er1#-aan un0ung.un0ungan6 $ang
'en$e!a0/an. Per1#-aan ini han$a "a)a0 "i)i/ir/an !e1ara
0e#re0i! "an )ra/0i! "i "a%a' negeri *a*ahan $ang 'e')un$ai
-#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra. Ker*a -er!a'a $ang *u*ur "engan g#%#ngan
)en*a*ah e%an"a "i %uar a0au "i "a%a' De4an Ra/$a0 a"a%ah
)eng/hiana0an 0erha"a) ra/$a0 In"#ne!ia.
Ti"a/ "i'a/!u"/an -ah4a /i0a !e%a'an$a 'e'-e%a/angi De4an
Ra/$a0. Se-a%i/n$a= -i%a -e!#/ a0au %u!a /i0a 'en"a)a0
/e!e')a0an 'e%a%ui *a%an )e'i%ihan $ang %ang!ung un0u/
'en"u"u/i De4an Ra/$a0= /e4a*i-an /i0a%ah 'e'a!u/in$a.
Sungguh /i0a -er-ua0 /e%iru "an )ena/u0 -i%a 0i"a/ -er0in"a/
-egi0u. Te0a)i= -e%u' !e'eni0 *uga /i0a -er'a/!u" -e/er*a
-er!a'a "i "a%a' De4an Ra/$a0 "engan )era')#/ gu%a= )en1uri
@C
'in$a/ "an )en$a'un ge0ah= /i0a 0er)a/!a 'e'a!u/in$a=
'enen0ang= 'e%a/u/an a/!i #)#!i!i "engan )enuh /e-eranian=
"an 'e'e1ah/an 0#)eng 'ere/a. Ki0a )erguna/an De4an
Ra/$a0 !e-agai 6Penga"i%an Ra/$a06 "an /i0a rin0angi 0in"a/an
)e'erin0ah "ari "a%a'. Dengan -er-ua0 "e'i/ian= "a)a0%ah /i0a
!e/a"arn$a 'en"i"i/ ra/$a0 $ang 0a/ -#%eh 'enu%i! "an -i1ara
)#%i0i/ "i %uar De4an Ra/$a0 i0u.
+e')erguna/an 1ara $ang !anga0 -er0en0angan "engan $ang
0er!e-u0 "i a0a!= /i0a angga) !ua0u /e-#"#han )u%a /arena %e-ih
-an$a/ 'erugi/an u!aha /e'er"e/aan !e)er0i $ang "i)i/ir.
)i/ir/an #%eh /e-an$a/an -ang!a /i0a. Se%a'a !e#rang )er1a$a
-ah4a /e'er"e/aan a/an 0er1a)ai "engan *a%an 6)u01h6 a0au
anar/i!'e= ha% i0u han$a%ah i')ian !e#rang $ang %agi "e'a'.
Dan )enge'-angan /e$a/inan i0u "i an0ara ra/$a0 'eru)a/an
!a0u )er-ua0an $ang 'en$e!a0/an= !enga*a a0au 0i"a/.
6Pu01h6 i0u a"a%ah !a0u a/!i !eger#'-#%an /e1i% $ang -ergera/
"ia'."ia' "an 0a/ -erhu-ungan "engan ra/$a0 -an$a/.
Ger#'-#%an i0u -i!an$a han$a 'e'-ua0 ran1angan 'enuru0
/e'auan "an /e1a/a)an !en"iri 0an)a 'e'e"u%i/an )era!aan
"an /e!anggu)an 'a!!a. Ia !e/#n$#ng./#n$#ng /e%uar "ari
guan$a 0an)a 'e')erhi0ung/an %e-ih "u%u a)a/ah !aa0 un0u/
a/!i 'a!!a !u"ah 'a0ang a0au -e%u'. Dia 'en$ang/a -ah4a
!e'ua %a'unann$a 0en0ang 'a!!a a"a%ah -enar !e)enuhn$a. Dia
%u)a a0au 0a/ 'au 0ahu -ah4a 'a!!a han$a "engar -er0uru0.0uru0
"a)a0 "i0ari/ /e a/!i )#%i0i/ $ang /era! &!e1ara '#"ern7( "an
)a"a 4a/0u !eng!ara !er0a )enuh rea/!i $ang 'e'-a-i -u0a.
6Tu/ang.0u/ang )u01h6 %u)a -ah4a )a"a !aa0 re5#%u!i ini /a)an
a/!i 'a!!a -eru-ah 'en*a"i )e'-er#n0a/an -er!en*a0a 0a/ "a)a0
"i0en0u/an -er-u%an.-u%an %e-ih "u%u= !e-agai'ana $ang "a)a0
"i%a/u/an #%eh !e#rang 60u/ang.0enung6. URe5#%u!i 0i'-u%
"engan !en"irin$a !e-agai ha!i% "ari -er-agai 'a1a' /ea"aan6.
i%a 0u/ang.0u/ang 6)u01h6 )a"a 4a/0u $ang 0e%ah "i0en0u/an
#%eh 'ere/a !en"iri= /e%uar 0i-a.0i-a &!e)er0i Herr Ka)) 0u/ang
6)u01h6 $ang 0er'a!$hur i0u(= 'a!!a 0i"a/ a/an 'e'-eri/an
)er0#%#ngan /e)a"a 'ere/a. u/an /arena 'a!!a -#"#h a0au
0i"a/ 'e')erha0i/an= 'e%ain/an /arena 6'a!!a han$a -er*uang6
@2
un0u/ /e-u0uhan $ang 0er"e/a0 "an !e!uai "engan /e)en0ingan
e/#n#'i.
Tia"a !a0u /e'enangan )#%i0i/ )un= hingga !e/arang= $ang
"i)er#%eh 'a!!a &-u/an #%eh !eger#'-#%an 'i%i0er7( *i/a 0i"a/
"engan a/!i e/#n#'i a0au )#%i0i/7 Kera)/a%i )a"a a4a%n$a #rang
'e%a%ui *a%an $ang !ah. A/an 0e0a)i= /arena 0u/ang.0u/ang )u01h
/e%uar "ari *a%an $ang !ah= $ai0u 0i-a.0i-a 'e'a/ai /e/era!an
!en*a0a )engge')ur )e'erin0ah 'a/a AA "ari CDD /e*a"ian=
'ere/a "i0ingga%/an #%eh 'a!!a !e-a- 'ere/a "ari 'u%a !u"ah
'e'en1i%/an "iri "ari 'a!!a. De'i/ian *uga= AA "ari CDD
/e*a"ian= 6/#')%#06 )u01h "a)a0 "i/e0ahui 'u!uh. Ran1angan
)u01h !e%a'an$a -#1#r /arena !e0engah angg#0an$a 0i"a/ !a-ar
"an 'ere/a 1era'ah a0au /arena )eng/hiana0an angg#0a $ang
/e0a/u0an. A0au gera/an 'ere/a "a)a0 "i1iu' 'a0a.'a0a $ang
'#n"ar.'an"ir "i 'ana.'ana.
+e'-ua0 )u01h "i negeri= !e)er0i In"#ne!ia &0eru0a'a "i >a4a(=
"i 0e')a0 /a)i0a% "i)u!a0/an "engan ra)in$a "an "i%in"ungi #%eh
'i%i0er "an 'a0a.'a0a a%a ara0 $ang '#"ern V !e-a%i/n$a=
ra/$a0 'a!ih 'e')er1a$ai $ang gai-.gai-= 0a/ha$u% "an
"#ngeng V !a'a%ah ar0in$a "engan 6-er'ain a)i6; 0angan !en"iri
$ang a/an hangu!. Kau' anar/i! $ang -ia!an$a -er/a0a -ah4a
/e/ua!aan ara0 $ang /#/#h ini "a)a0 "ir#-#h/an "engan
-e-era)a -u0ir 0e%ur 6$ang 'e%e0u)6 0i"a/ %e-ih 1er"i/ "ari)a"a
!e#rang $ang 'ene'-a/ -a0u "engan /e)a%an$a.
Han$a 6!a0u a/!i 'a!!a6= $a/ni !a0u a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0eren1ana
$ang a/an 'e')er#%eh /e'enangan= "i !a0u negeri $ang
-erin"u!0ri !e)er0i In"#ne!ia7
A/!i.+a!!a 0i"a/ 'engena% 8an0a!i /#!#ng !e#rang 0u/ang )u01h
a0au !e#rang anar/i! a0au 0in"a/an -erani "ari !e#rang )ah%a4an.
A/!i.'a!!a -era!a% "ari #rang -an$a/ un0u/ 'e'enuhi
/ehen"a/ e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ 'ere/a. Ia "i!e-a-/an #%eh
/e'e%ara0an $ang -e!ar &/ri!i! e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/( "an !ia)=
-i%a'ana 'ung/in= -eru-ah 'en*a"i /e/era!an. Se-uah )ar0ai
$ang -er"a!ar/an a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0er!u!un )a!0i 'a')u
@3
'e'-a4a a/!i 'a!!a $ang 'e'e1ah )e%a-uhan $ang 0enang "an
a'an.
Se-agian "ari a/!i 'a!!a 'enun*u//an "irin$a "engan
6)e'#g#/an a0au )e'-#i/#0an6. i%a -uruh $ang -er*u0a.*u0a
'e%e0a//an )e/er*aann$a "engan 'a/!u" 0er0en0u &'enun0u0
/eun0ungan e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/( ni!1a$a /erugian "an /e/a%u0an
e/#n#'i a/i-a0 a/!i 'ere/a "a)a0 'e%e'ah/an /au' )en*a*ah
$ang /era! i0u.
+enuru0 /e/ua0an "an /e'enangan /i0a )a"a 4a/0u i0u= "a)a0%ah
/i0a 'e')er#%eh ha/.ha/ )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i. Di In"ia
)e'-#i/#0an i0u 0ern$a0a a"a%ah )i!au -er'a0a "ua. Di !a0u )iha/
ia !anga0 'erugi/an i')#r0ir Inggri!= "i %ain )iha/ ia 'e'a*u/an
)er"agangan -u'i)u0ra. Di In"#ne!ia /e0ia"aan /a)i0a% -e!ar
-u'i)u0ra $ang )en0ing i0u 'e'-era0/an )e'-#i/#0an 0erha"a)
)er"agangan a!ing.
u/an !a*a /e/ua!aan -e!ar i0u "i!e-a-/an #%eh i/h0iar
'engu')u%/an /a)i0a% $ang "i)er%u/an= 0a)i *uga 'eneru!/an
)e'-#i/#0an i0u. Ki0a 'u"ah 'e')er/ira/an -ah4a
)e'-#i/#0an na!i#na% In"#ne!ia $ang he-a0 "an /era! !anga0
"i-en1i "an "i'u!uhi #%eh i')eria%i! e%an"a $ang -ua!= !e)er0i
"ia 'e'-en1i )e'#g#/an u'u'.
A/an 0e0a)i= )e'-#i/#0an "i In"#ne!ia -u/an%ah )e/er*aan
'u!0ahi%. Di Pu%au >a4a "an "i %uarn$a -u/an/ah -an$a/ /a)i0a%
-u'i)u0ra /e1i%./e1i% $ang /a%au "i/u')u%/an /e "a%a' /#)era!i
na!i#na% "a)a0 'e%ahir/an /a)i0a% $ang !anga0 -e!ar. Ta)i i/h0iar
$ang !eru)a i0u 0er%a%u -an$a/ 'e'in0a /e!a"aran= /ea/0i8an "ari
!e%uruh %a)i!an )en"u"u/ In"#ne!ia.
Pe'-#i/#0an )a*a/ $ang "iangga) 'en*a"i a/!i i0u "i In"ia 0i"a/
)ernah "i%a/u/an /arena /e/ua0iran -#r*ua!i 0erha"a) a/i-a0
re5#%u!i#ner. Di In"#ne!ia )e'-#i/#0an )a*a/ a"a%ah !e-uah
!en*a0a e/#n#'i )#%i0i/ $ang !anga0 !a/0i.
@4
Te0a)i= )er-ua0an !e)er0i i0u -erar0i 6'e%anggar un"ang.un"ang6
"an han$a 0er*a"i "a%a' /ea"aan./ea"aan re5#%u!i#ner "i -a4ah
)i')inan !a0u )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner $ang /ua0 -e0u%.
agian )#%i0i/ "ari a/!i 'a!!a 'enun*u//an "iri "engan
"e'#n!0ra!i "an "i In"ia "engan /eengganan /er*a -er!a'a
'engan"ung 'a/!u" )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i= 'enagih
)e'erin0ahan !en"iri &h#'e ru%e( "ari i')eria%i!'e Inggri!.
agian )#%i0i/n$a -eru)a 0in"a/an 'eningga%/an ha%.ha% !e-agai
-eri/u0;
C. -a"an.-a"an )e'erin0ahanH
2. )enga"i%an )e'erin0ahanH
3. !e/#%ah.!e/#%ah )e'erin0ahanH "an
4. )#%i!i "an 0en0ara.
Tin"a/an $ang /ee')a0= /arena 0a/u0 /e)a"a )e'-er#n0a/an=
0i"a/ )ernah "i*a%an/an. Yang )er0a'a !a')ai $ang /e0iga 0i"a/
1u/u) %a'a "i%a/u/an "an 0a/ 1u/u) 'e'-eri ha!i%. A)a/ah "i
In"#ne!ia "a)a0 %e-ih %a'a "i*a%an/an "an %e-ih -erha!i% "ari)a"a
"i In"ia: Per0an$aan ini a/an /i0a *a4a- /e%a/ "a%a' !a0u
)e'-i1araan $ang /hu!u!.
De'#n!0ra!i )#%i0i/ "i0un*u//an "engan 'a!!a $ang -er-ari! "i
!e)an*ang *a%an ra$a "an "i ge"ung ra)a0= "engan 'a/!u"
'enga*u/an )r#0e! "an 'e')er/ua0 0un0u0an )#%i0i/ "an
e/#n#'i "an 'enun*u//an /e)a"a 'u!uh -era)a -e!arn$a
/e/ua0an /i0a. 6i%a !e'-#$an "an 0un0u0an6 !ungguh
"i0eria//an #%eh 'a!!a= "e'#n!0ra!i )#%i0i/ "a)a0 *a"i ge%#'-ang
he-a0= $ang 'a/in %a'a !e'a/in "era!= /ua0 !ehingga
'erun0uh/an -en0eng.-en0eng e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ "ari /e%a!
$ang -er/ua!a.
Di negeri $ang -erin"u!0ri !e)er0i In"#ne!ia= 6a/!i.'a!!a6= $a/ni
-#i/#0= '#g#/ "an "e'#n!0ra!i= -#%eh "i)erguna/an %e-ih
!e')urna !e-agai !en*a0a $ang %e-ih 0a*a' &"i In"ia 0i"a/ 0er*a"i
!e-a- -u'i)u0ra $ang -er/a)i0a% 0a/u0 )a"a )e'#g#/an u'u'
@3
"an /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ "ari /au' -uruh= /e0a/u0an $ang 0a/
-er-e"a "engan -#r*ua!i Inggri!7(.
i%a !e-uah )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner -erha!i% 'engerah/an /au'
-uruh $ang -er*u0a.*u0a agar 'eningga%/an )e/er*aann$a "an
$ang -u/an -uruh agar 0a/ 'au -e/er*a !a'a !er0a !e%uruh ra/$a0
-er"e'#n!0ra!i un0u/ 'enun0u0 ha/ e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ 0an)a
'e%e')ar !e-u0ir /eri/i% )un /e)a"a )ega4ai )e'erin0ah=
ni!1a$a a/i-a0 )#%i0i/ '#ra% "ari a/!i i0u !anga0 -e!ar ar0in$a. Ia
a/an 'en"a0ang/an /eun0ungan "a%a' )er*uangan )#%i0i/ "an
e/#n#'i %e-ih -e!ar "ari)a"a !era0u! Pe'-er#n0a/an >a'-i a0au
huru.hara= )e'-unuhan $ang aneh.aneh "an "i/er*a/an #%eh
angg#0a.angg#0a 6-agian 6 "an 0u/ang.0u/ang )u01h $ang
gagah. Ki0a 0i"a/ -#%eh 'e%u)a/an -ah4a a/!i $ang a/an /i0a
%a/u/an i0u !e/arang "i%arang #%eh un"ang.un"ang 0e0a)i= 0i"a/
a"a a%a!an -agi /i0a un0u/ 'eningga%/an *a%an !a0u.!a0un$a i0u.
Ta'-ahan )u%a= 'en*a"i )er0an$aan -e!ar= a)a/ah )e'erin0ah
"a)a0 'e')er0ahan/an %arangan i0u= !e/urang./urangn$a *i/a
0i"a/ %e/a! )a0ah arang #%eh /e/a%ahan /e1i% !e)er0i $ang !u"ah.
!u"ah. Ha/.ha/ 'anu!ia $ang a!%i !e)er0i '#g#/ &'en#%a/
)en*ua%an 0enaga !en"iri(= -#i/#0 &'en#%a/ /er*a -er!a'a=
'e'-e%i a0au 'en*ua% -arang.-arang( "an ha/ -er"e'#n!0ra!i
&'engu'u'/an 1i0a.1i0a( a/an %en$a) !e%a'a.%a'an$a "ari
-ang!a In"#ne!ia /a%au "i -e%a/ang 0ia).0ia) #rang In"#ne!ia
-er"iri !e#rang !er"a"u i')eria%i! $ang -er!en*a0a.
Ke%e-ihan a/!i 'a!!a "ari)a"a )u01h= ia%ah -ah4a "engan a/!i
'a!!a )er*uangan /i0a "a)a0 "i*aga= !e"ang/an "engan )u01h=
/i0a 'e')er%iha0/an iri /e)a"a 'u!uh. Di "a%a' a/!i 'a!!a=
)e'i')in -#%eh -er*a%an !e/ian *auh 'enuru0 /e)a0u0an $ang
)er%u "i 4a/0u ini. Ia !e%a'an$a "a)a0 'enen0u/an -era)a *auh ia
-#%eh 'enga"a/an 0un0u0an )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i 0an)a 0i"a/
'enanggung /erugian -e!ar &)eng#r-anan 'e!0i a"a "a%a' 0ia).
0ia) a/!i 'a!!a(. Dan ia 0i"a/ /ehi%angan hu-ungan "engan
'a!!a. De'i/ian )un= hu-ungan an0ara 'a!!a i0u !en"iri 0i"a/
)u0u!. Dengan !erangan !e/#n$#ng./#n$#ng= $ai0u 0in"a/an
/era! 0u/ang.0u/ang )u01h $ang "i!enga*a 0erha"a) 'u!uh=
@<
'ere/a "ari a4a%n$a ga')ang "i!erang 'u!uh. Pe'i')in a/!i
'a!!a "engan 'e'egang 6)e0a )er*uangan6 "i 0angann$a "a)a0
'e')er'ain/an 'u!uh "engan *a%an 'a*u !e%ang/ah.!e%ang/ah
"an /e'u"ian !e/a%i 'engge')ur ha-i!.ha-i!an.
A/!i 'a!!a 'e'-u0uh/an )e'i')in $ang re5#%u!i#ner= 1er"a!=
0ang/a!= !a-ar "an 1e)a0 'enghi0ung /e*a"ian $ang a/an "a0ang=
4a!)a"a )#%i0i/. Ia haru! *uga -e/er*a "engan /e/ua0an na!i#na%
$ang !u"ah a"a "an 0i"a/ 'enghara)/an /e/ua0an $ang !e/a"ar
%a'unan. Se%an*u0n$a= ia haru! 'enge0ahui 0a-ia0 'a!!a $ang
"i)i')inn$a &'enge0ahui 4a/0u "an 1ara -agai'ana rea/!i
ra/$a0 0erha"a) /e*a"ian./e*a"ian )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i(.
Ia haru! )an"ai )u%a -er!e'-#$an $ang 'en$e'anga0/an ra/$a0
!ehingga 'engu-ah 6/e'auan 'a!!a6 'en*a"i 60in"a/an
'a!!a6. Se%ain i0u= /e"u"u/an )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i 'e!0i
"i/e0ahuin$a -e0u%.-e0u% "an ia haru! )u%a )an"ai
'e')erguna/ann$a 0an)a ragu.ragu. Di!e-a-/an /e%a! $ang
-er/ua!a &)e'erin0ah( 'e')un$ai %a!/ar $ang %eng/a) "an
!enan0ia!a !ia) !iaga 'a/a /e1a/a)an "an /e0ang/a!an
)e'i')in gera/an '#"ern a/!i 'a!!a 'e!0i 'e')un$ai
)enge0ahuan $ang )ra/0i! 0en0ang )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i "ari
negeri !er0a )!i/#%#gi ra/$a0 "an /e'u"ian )an"ai
'e')erhi0ung/an /e*a"ian /e*a"ian )#%i0i/ $ang a/an 0er*a"i.
Ter%e-ih %agi= )e'i')in i0u haru! "a)a0 'e')erguna/an
64a/0u6 "engan 1e)a0 "an -enar= *uga 'e')erguna/an !e/a%ian
)er0en0angan "i "a%a' 'a!$ara/a0 /a)i0a%i!0i! &*uga "i "a%a'
%a!/ar( $ang "a)a0 'en"a0ang/an /eun0ungan.
>a"i= /a%au 60enaga -#"#h6 &!e)er0i "i Ga'an 8e#"a%( "a)a0
'enga"a/an )u01h= !e#rang )e'i')in )ergera/an 'a!!a $ang
'#"ern haru!%ah !e#rang 'anu!ia 1er"a! "an -i*a/!ana.
C. Par0ai "an Si8a0.Si8a0n$a
A)a/ah $ang "ina'a/an )ar0ai: >i/a /i0a 'au 'engu')u%/an
"an 'e'u!a0/an /e/ua0an./e/ua0an re5#%u!i#ner "i In"#ne!ia
"engan *a%an a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0eren1ana -ua0 'ere0a! *a%an
@?
/e'er"e/aan na!i#na%= 0en0u%ah /i0a 'e!0i 'e')un$ai !a0u )ar0ai
$ang re5#%u!i#ner. A"a)un= hingga /ini In"#ne!ia -e%u'
'e')un$ai )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner= $ang a"a han$a )erhi')unan.
)erhi')unan "ari #rang.#rang $ang 6-er%ain.%ainan6 )an"angan
"an 0in"a/an )#%i0i/n$a. Sa0u )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner ia%ah ga-ungan
#rang.#rang $ang !a'a )an"angan "an 0in"a/ann$a "a%a'
re5#%u!i. Dan !e-ai/.-ai/n$a )er-ua0an re5#%u!i#ner a"a%ah 0ia).
0ia) angg#0a -er!a'a= !a0u "engan %ainn$a= "i)u!a0/an.
Un0u/ 'enghi%ang/an !ua0u )era!aan $ang /urang -ai/ "ari 0ia).
0ia) angg#0a )ar0ai= 'e!0i%ah 0ia).0ia) #rang "i-eri ha/ -er!uara=
'enge'u/a/an "an 'e')er0ahan/an /e$a/inann$a "engan
!e%ua!.%ua!n$a. Dan !e!ua0u /e)u0u!an )ar0ai 'e!0i%ah "iangga)
!e-agai ha!i% )er'u!$a4arahan "an )er0i'-angan -er!a'a.!a'a
$ang 'a0ang "ari !e%uruh angg#0a. Tia).0ia) )er'u!$a4arahan
hen"a/n$a "i*a%an/an "engan !e1ara "e'#/ra0i! $ang
!e!ungguhn$a. Tia).0ia) 0an"a $ang -er-au -ir#/ra!i "an
ari!0#/ra!i 'e!0i "i1a-u0 hingga /e a/ar.a/arn$a. Te0a)i=
-ir#/ra!i "an #0#/ra0i!'e "a%a' )ar0ai 0a/ "a)a0 "iha)u!/an
"engan 6'a/i.'a/ian6 a0au "engan 'engge-ra/ 'e*a 0e0a)i
"engan 'e'-ia!a/an -er0u/ar )i/iran !e1ara 'er"e/a "an /er*a
!a'a "ari !e'ua angg#0a. Tia).0ia) /e)u0u!an )ar0ai 'e!0i
"ia'-i% 'enuru0 !uara $ang 0er-an$a/. >i/a !a0u /e)u0u!an !u"ah
"i0eri'a #%eh !uara $ang 0er-an$a/= 'e!0i%ah !uara $ang 0er/e1i%=
'e!/i)un -er0en0angan "engan /e$a/inann$a= 6 0un"u/6 /e)a"a
)u0u!an "an "engan *u*ur 'en*a%an/an /e)u0u!an i0u. >i/a 0i"a/
-egi0u= ni!1a$a 0a/ a/an )ernah !e-uah )ar0ai 'en1a)ai 0enaga
$ang re5#%u!i#ner. Ke)u0u!an $ang 6!e0engah -e0u%6 0e0a)i
"engan ge'-ira "i/er*a/an #%eh !e%uruh -ari!an %e-ih -ai/
"ari)a"a /e)u0u!an $ang 6 -agu! !e/a%i6 0e0a)i "i/hiana0i #%eh
!e0engah angg#0a.
Par0ai 'e!0i 'e')un$ai 6)era0uran -e!i6. Se%an*u0n$a= -aru%ah ia
'a')u 'e'u!a0/an 0in"a/an )ar0ai. Par0ai 'e!0i 'e')un$ai
a%a0.a%a0 re5#%u!i#ner un0u/ 'e'eri/!a "an 'e')er-ai/i
!egena) )er-ua0an angg#0a. e%u'%ah 'en1u/u)i -i%a !e#rang
6'enga/ui !e0u*u6 "engan !ua0u /e)u0u!an a0au )era0uran )ar0ai.
Ia 'e!0i 'e'-u/0i/an "engan )er-ua0an -ah4a ia 'en*a%an/an
@@
/e)u0u!an i0u "engan -e0u% "an !e0ia 0erha"a) )ar0ai. Per-ua0an
i0u -ia!an$a a"a%ah= 'i!a%n$a= 'en1ari /a4an "a%a' !ura0.!ura0
/a-ar )ar0ai= /ur!u!= !eri/a0 !e/er*a "an 'enger*a/an
a"'ini!0ra!i "an #rgani!a!i )ar0ai. >i/a ia 0a/ 'e'enuhi ha%.ha%
0er!e-u0 a0au 60er-u/0i6= -ah4a ia 0i"a/ !e0ia /e)a"a )ar0ai=
'e!0i%ah "i*a%an/an )en"i!i)%inan. Le-ih -ai/ ia /e%uar "ari
)ar0ai "ari)a"a ia 'eru!a/ )ar0ai a0au 'e'-eri/an 0e%a"an -u!u/
!e-agai !e#rang re5#%u!i#ner )e'a%a! /e)a"a angg#0a.angg#0a
$ang %ain.
2. Pr#gra' Na!i#na% Ki0a
Tu*uan )#%i0i/= e/#n#'i "an !#!ia% $ang re5#%u!i#ner "ari !a0u
)ar0ai un0u/ negeri 0er0en0u "an *a%an $ang a/an "i0un0u0
-er!a'a= "i0erang/an "engan 6)r#gra' na!i#na%6 $ang
re5#%u!i#ner. Pr#gra' i0u ia%ah )enun*u/ *a%an -agi )ar0ai "an
haru! "ia/ui= "i)aha'/an= "i)er0ahan/an "an "i/e'-ang/an
#%eh 0ia).0ia) angg#0a. Periha% )r#gra' na!i#na% /i0a "an !i8a0.
!i8a0n$a $ang u'u' !u"ah 1u/u) *e%a! !a$a urai/an "i "a%a'
-r#!ur Naar "e re)u-%i/ In"#ne!ia "an Se'anga0 +u"a &$ang
'a!ing.'a!ing "i/e%uar/an -u%an A)ri% CA23 "an >anuari CA2<(.
Di !ini 'a!a%ah i0u 0i"a/ a/an "iurai/an %agi "an !i%a/an
)e'-a1a 'e'-a1a -u/u.-u/u /e1i% 0er!e-u0. Te0a)i= "e'i
'e'u"ah/an )e'-a1a= !a$a %a')ir/an *uga )r#gra' na!i#na%
i0u &0i"a/ "engan /e0erangan( "i -e%a/ang -u/u ini.
3. Tuga! "an Organi!a!i Par0ai
Par0ai i0u 'en*a%an/an 0u*uan "an )e%#)#r &a5an0gar"e(
)ergera/an "i !ega%a 0ing/a0an re5#%u!i. Pan"angann$a %e-ih *auh
"an !enan0ia!a -er*uang "i -ari!an "e)an !e/a%i "an= /arena i0u=
ia 'en*a"i 6/e)a%a "an *an0ung6 'a!!a $ang re5#%u!i#ner.
Di "a%a' 6re5#%u!i -#r*ua!i6 Pran1i! &C?@A(= a5an0gar"e 0er"iri
"ari -#r*ua!i $ang re5#%u!i#ner "an /au' -uruh 0er)e%a*ar $ang
-#r*ui!.
@A
+ere/a%ah $ang 'enge)a%ai "an 'e'i/ir/an re5#%u!i i0u=
!e"ang/an /au' -uruh in"u!0ri $ang 'a!ih %e'ah "i)erguna/an
!e-agai 60enaga -u"a/6= !e-agai /u"a./u"a. Ke*a"ian !e)er0i ini
'ung/in *uga 0er*a"i "i negeri *a*ahan $ang -#r*ua!i
-u'i)u0ran$a /ua0 0a)i 0i"a/ "i-eri /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ #%eh !i
)en*a*ah !ehingga 'ere/a 0er)a/!a 'en*a"i re5#%u!i#ner. Di
+e!ir "an In"ia= )enge'u"i gera/an /e'er"e/aan !a')ai
!e/arang -#%eh "i/a0a/an "i 0angan /au' in0e%e/0ua% $ang
-#r*ui!.
A"a)un $ang -er*uang "i negeri.negeri /#%#nia% i0u 0eru0a'a
!e/a%i /au' -uruh "an 0ani re5#%u!i#ner. Di In"#ne!ia -#r*ua!i
-u'i)u0ra 0a/ "a)a0 'e'i')in= '#ri% "an 'a0erie%.
Karena /#n"i!i !#!ia% "an e/#n#'i 0er%a%u %e'ah= /au' -uruh
'e!0i 'en"iri/an 1i0a.1i0a "an 'en$u!un %a!/arn$a !en"iri. >i/a
/au' -#r*ui!= -e!ar a0au /e1i%= "i In"#ne!ia 'au 'e'a!u/i
'a!!a= 'ere/a *angan -er*uang "engan /a)i0a% na!i#na% "an
)ar%e'en0ari!'e 0a)i 'ere/a 'e!0i -er"iri "i a0a! a!a!.a!a!
-uruh= na!i#na%i!a!i "an )e'erin0ahan -uruh "an 0ani. +ere/a
'e!0iW 'en*a"i /au' -uruh 0er)e%a*ar "an -er*uang "engan
/au' -uruh un0u/ 1i0a.1i0a -uruh "an "engan %#gi/a.
>i/a /au' 0er)e%a*ar -#r*ui! 'au "ia/ui #%eh 'a!!a !e-agai
0e'an= 'ere/a 'e!0i%ah -er-ua0 %e-ih "ari /a4an./a4ann$a
!eg#%#ngan $ang a"a "i +e!ir= In"ia "an Ti#ng/#/. Se-agai
/e%a!= 0en0u%ah 'ere/a 0a/ "a)a0 -er-ua0 -egi0u !e-a- "irin0angi
#%eh /e0urunan= )en"i"i/an "an %ing/ungan 'ere/a !en"iri.
Ke%a! -uruh "i In"#ne!ia 0a/ -i!a 'enghara)/an !e/a%ian -uruh
0er)e%a*ar )a"a -#r*ui! /i0a= -e!#/ a0au %u!a= a/an 'ener*un/an
"iri /e "a%a' 'a!!a $ang !e"ang -er*uang i0u. Te0a)i -e-era)a
#rang "ari 'ere/a &0i"a/ !e-agai /e%a!( 6-#%eh *a"i6 'a!u/ /e
"a%a' -ari!an -aru !e-agai %a!/ar !u/are%a. Kau' 0er)e%a*ar
-#r*ui! $ang re5#%u!i#ner *i/a "engan 'en0ah.'en0ah
"i'a!u//an "a%a' )ar0ai -uruh $ang re5#%u!i#ner= i0u -erar0i
'e'-#r*ui!/an /au' -uruh /i0a. Di In"#ne!ia= 0eru0a'a= ha% i0u
!a'a ar0in$a "engan 6'enge-iri6= 'era')a! )era!aan
AD
re5#%u!i#ner "an 1i0a.1i0a $ang %an*u0 "ari /au' -uruh. Ta/ /an
'ung/in /e%uar 0enaga "ari /au' -uruh $ang !e)er0i i0u. Par0ai
!e)er0i i0u= 6-u/an i/an "an -u/an "aging6= -u/an -#r*ui!
re5#%u!i#ner )r#%e0ar.
+a%ahan *i/a -#r*ua!i In"#ne!ia %e-ih /ua0 "an %e-ih
re5#%u!i#ner "ari !e/arang ini= ia 0a/ /an 'au "an !anggu)
-er*a%an %e-ih *auh "ari 6/e'er"e/aan )#%i0i/6= $a/ni 'era')a!
/e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ "ari i')eria%i!'e e%an"a.
Pe'e1ahan.)e'e1ahan 'a!a%ah e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ $ang
ra"i/a% &"i'i!a%/an a"a -#r*ua!i In"#ne!ia $ang re5#%u!i#ner "an
/ua0( han$a "a)a0 "i*a%an/an "engan 'erugi/an /a)i0a%
-u'i)u0ra i0u !en"iri. Terha"a) )e'e1ahan i0u= -#r*ua!i $ang
"i'i!a%/an i0u ni!1a$a 0i"a/ 'en$e0u*uin$a . Di 0ia).0ia) negeri
$ang 0er*a*ah= -#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra $ang re5#%u!i#ner &0erha"a)
i')eria%i!'e( i0u "engan !egera -eru-ah 'en*a"i rea/!i#ner
-uruh )a"a !aa0 i')eria%i!'e "ir#-#h/an. Tu*uan a/hir "ari 0ia).
0ia) -#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra $ang re5#%u!i#ner a"a%ah 6)#%i0i/6
!e'a0a.'a0a. Di In"ia= Ti#ng/#/= +e!ir "an 2i%i)ina ha% i0u
!u"ah -er-u/0i. egi0u )u%a%ah !eger#'-#%an /au' -#r*ui! /e1i%
In"#ne!ia. Di "a%a' )er*uangan )#%i0i/ 'ere/a 0erha"a)
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a= 0er!e'-un$i 1i0a.1i0a /e)a"a har0a "an
/e/ua!an $ang %e-ih -e!ar. +ere/a ingin 'en*a"i 0uan.0uan
0anah= !au"agar /a$a ra$a= -an/ir "an *uga ingin 'en*a"i
gu-ernur= 'en0eri "an %ain.%ain. Pen"e/n$a 'ere/a ingin
'en*a"i -#r*ui! -e!ar= !e)er0i "i %ain.%ain negeri. Ni!-ah an0ara
/a)i0a% "an 0enaga= an0ara /a)i0a%i! "an -uruh !er0a !i!0e' )#%i0i/=
/e0iga.0igan$a 'ere/a /ehen"a/i !u)a$a 0e0a) /a)i0a%i!0i!.
Dengan 'enggu%ing/an i')eria%i!'e e%an"a= /au' -#r*ui!
/e1i% In"#ne!ia ingin /e%a/ "a)a0 'en*a%an/an !e/a%ian
/e/ua!aan )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i 0erha"a) /au' -uruh.
Tu*uan -uruh 'e%e4a0i -a0a! 6an0i.i')eria%i!'e6. +ere/a
-ernia0= 0erang a0au /a-ur= 'er#-#h/an /au' /a)i0a%i! !a'a
!e/a%i. Kau' -uruh In"#ne!ia 'enghen"a/i )e'e1ahan $ang
ra"i/a% "i "a%a' )ere/#n#'ian= !#!ia%= )#%i0i/ "an i"e#%#gi=
!e/arang a0au nan0i. i%a !e/iran$a /e%a/ !e!u"ah i')eria%i!
AC
e%an"a "i0en0ang "an "i'u!nah/an hingga /e a/ar.a/arn$a=
'e!/i)un 0a/ 'ung/in "a%a' ar0i /e'enangan na!i#na% !e'a0a.
'a0a= ni!1a$a /au' -uruh a/an "an 'e!0i 'e')er/ua0
-ari!ann$a 'e%a4an -#r*ua!i.
>a"i= -#r*ua!i In"#ne!ia $ang /e1i%= a)a%agi $ang -e!ar han$a
an0i.i')eria%i!'e !a*a= !e"ang/an /au' -uruh an0i /e"ua.
"uan$a; i')eria%i!'e "an /a)i0a%i!'e.
>a"i= -uruh In"#ne!ia *i/a "i-an"ing/an "engan -#r*ua!i
re5#%u!i#ner 'engha"a)i )er*a%anan $ang *auh %e-ih )an*ang
!e-e%u' !a')ai /e'er"e/aan !e*a0i. >a"i= !e'e!0in$a%ah 'ere/a
%e-ih gia0 "an ra"i/a% "a%a' )er*uangan "an !e/arang )un !u"ah
-egi0u= !e)er0i "i negeri %ain.%ain.
6S#a% #rgani!a!i6 -erhu-ungan ra)a0 !e/a%i "engan 1i0a.1i0a
!#!ia%= e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/= !er0a 0ing/a0an re5#%u!i#ner "ari
/e%a!./e%a! $ang re5#%u!i#ner. +enuru0 1i0a.1i0a "an 6%ia0n$a6
!e/a%ian /e%a! $ang re5#%u!i#ner= -#%eh%ah /i0a -agi %a!/ar
na!i#na% /i0a "a%a'; &C( -ari!an )e%#)#r= $ai0u 0er"iri "ari /au'
-uruh in"u!0ri $ang !ein!a8.in!a8n$a "an /au' -uruh 0er)e%a*arH
&2( 1a"angan $ai0u 0er"iri "ari /au' -uruh $ang /urang in!a8 "an
-u/an /au' -uruh $ang re5#%u!i#ner $ang "i 'a!a re5#%u!i
-er*uang "i -a4ah )i')inan "an -er"iri "i !i!i -ari!an )e%#)#r.
Sering/a%i hu-ungan i0u "i0i'-u%/an #%eh )e'u!a0an /er*a.
Pe/er*aan )ar0ai !ehari.hari ia%ah 'era)a0/an angg#0a "engan
angg#0a= )ar0ai "engan #rgani!a!i 6!e)u)un$a6= 'enguru!
)e'-a1aan angg#0a )ar0ai= an0ara )ar0ai "an ra/$a0 !e%uruhn$a.
Ka"ang./a"ang hu-ungan i0u "i"a0ang/an )u%a #%eh agi0a!i $ang
1#1#/ "an -enar.
Agi0a!i i0u 'e!0i "i"a!ar/an /e)a"a /ehi"u)an 'a!!a $ang
!e-enarn$a. Ta/ 1u/u) "engan 'eneria//an /e'er"e/aan !a*a.
Ki0a haru! 'enun*u//an /e'er"e/aan "engan a%a!an $ang
!e-enarn$a. Ki0a haru! 'enerang/an !e'ua )en"eri0aan ra/$a0
!ehari.hari !e)er0i ga*i= )a*a/= /er*a -era0= /e"ia'an -#-r#/=
)er%a/uan #rang a0a! $ang 'enghina "an /e*a'. Se#rang agi0a0#r
A2
$ang 1a/a) !e0ia) 4a/0u haru! !ia) !e"ia 'e'e1ah/an !e/a%ian
!#a% $ang -er!ang/u0an "engan /ehi"u)an 'a0erie% Pa/ Kr#'#
"engan -enar "an re5#%u!i#ner. Ia *uga haru! !enan0ia!a -er!e"ia
'enari/ "an 'e'i')in Pa/ Kr#'#.Pa/ Kr#'# i0u /e)a"a a/!i
)#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i $ang 'e')er-ai/i /e-u0uhan 'a0erie%
'ere/a. Ta/ -#%eh /i0a hara)/an -ah4a 'a!!a a/an 'a!u/ /e
"a%a' )er*uangan /arena "i"#r#ng 1i0a.1i0a !a*a7
+a!!a &"i Ti'ur a0au "i ara0( han$a -er*uang /arena /e-u0uhan
'a0erie% $ang 0er)en0ing. Dengan )er*uangan e/#n#'i= !e)er0i
)e'#g#/an a0au )e'-#i/#0an !er0a "i0un*ang #%eh "e'#n!0ra!i
)#%i0i/= /i0a a/an "i-a4a /e)a"a 0u*uan $ang )engha-i!an7
Sega%a agi0a!i 'e!0i%ah 1#1#/ "engan /ea"aan 0ia).0ia) "aerah.
Penerangan 0erha"a) !e#rang -uruh in"u!0ri 0a/ -#%eh "i!a'a/an
"engan !e#rang 0ani !e-a- /e"uan$a 'e')un$ai /e-u0uhan
'a0erie% $ang %ain.%ain. Se#rang 0ani "i >a4a )un 0a/ -#%eh
"i!a'a/an "engan !e#rang 0ani "i Su'a0era !e-a- /e"uan$a
'e')un$ai !#a%.!#a% 0anah "an e/#n#'i $ang -er%ainan.
>i/a agi0a!i i0u -enar n$a0a "an 'engena% !ega%a /e-u0uhan
ra/$a0 $ang 0ergen1e0 )a"a 0ia).0ia) "aerah "i In"#ne!ia=
-i%a'ana )r#gra' 0un0u0an "an !e'-#$an.!e'-#$an /i0a
6!ungguh6 "i)aha'/an "an "ira!ai #%eh !e%uruh %a)i!an
)en"u"u/= *i/a )e'i')in )ar0ai %ia0= 0ang/a! "an 1er"a!
'e')erguna/an !e/a%ian )er0en0angan $ang a"a "i "a%a'
'a!$ara/a0 In"#ne!ia= ni!1a$a hu-ungan $ang )er%u 6"engan6 B
)engaruh $ang "iingin/an 6a0a!6 "an a/hirn$a /e)er1a$aan $ang
"i-u0uh/an 6 "ari6 B 'a!!a "a)a0 "i)er#%eh )ar0ai.
Pa!a% ini !u"ah %e-ih )an*ang "ari)a"a 'a/!u" /i0a $ang !e'u%a=
a)a%agi -i%a "i0a'-ah )u%a "engan )e'-i1araan )eriha% 60e/ni/6
a/!i 'a!!a. Pun ha% ini 'e!0i%ah /i0a !erah/an /e)a"a
)e'-i1araan $ang )ra/0i! /arena /i0a 0i"a/ 6'ene%an*angi6 "iri
"i ha"a)an 'u!uh "engan 'e'-u/a/an raha!ia )un 0e/ni/
)er*uangan /i0a. Te0a)i= "i !ini 'e!0i /i0a )eringa0/an -ah4a !#a%
6)er!en*a0aan6 B 'e!/i)un ha% i0u )en0ing !e/a%i !er0a !anga0
/ua0 'enari/ )erha0ian /au' re5#%u!i#ner7 B -agi /i0a -u/an%ah
A3
!#a% hi"u) 'a0i. Ia 0un"u/ /e)a"a !#a% )#%i0i/ "an #rgani!a!i
$ang re5#%u!i#ner. Dengan /a0a %ain -ah4a 'a!!a $ang ge'-ira
"a%a' )i')inan )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner $ang -er"i!i)%in -a*a=
-er/e%ahi "engan 0angan !er0a !uara n$an$ian $ang re5#%u!i#ner=
a/an 'er#-#h/an %a!/ar i')eria%i! !a')ai /e ura0 a/arn$a.
Se-agai )enu0u) )a!a% ini= -#%eh /i0a 0a'-ah/an -ah4a -agi
/e'enangan re5#%u!i#ner= )er%u "ua 8a/0#r -eri/u0 ini.
C. 2a/0#r 6#-*e/0i86= $ai0u !e-uah 0ing/a0an "ari 0angan )r#"u/!i
"an /e'e%ara0an 'a!!a. Ting/a0an i0u 0eru0a'a "i >a4a "an "i
-e-era)a 0e')a0 "i Su'a0era "a%a' )an"angan /i0a "iangga)
1u/u).
2. 2a/0#r 6!u-*e/0i86= $ai0u /e!e"iaan -ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang
'e!0i "i4u*u"/an "a%a' !ua0u )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner $ang
6!e')urna6 &0era0ur "an 'a0ang -e0u%( "an /ea"aan./ea"aan
re5#%u!i#ner $ang -ai/.
Un0u/ 'en1a)ain$a= )ar0ai 'e!0i 'e')un$ai "i!i)%inH 'a!!a
$ang 0i"a/ !enang i0u haru! "i -a4ah )e'i')inn$a. Ke'u"ian
"i)e1ah.-e%ah 'u!uh.'u!uh "a%a' "an %uar negeri. Liha0
!e0eru!n$a +enu*u Re)u-%i/ In"#ne!ia )a!a% 6)u/u%an !0ra0egi!6.
An"ai)un )ar0ai $ang re5#%u!i#ner 0i"a/ "a)a0 "i)er#%eh "engan
)e'-i1araan.)e'-i1araan a/a"e'i! "i "a%a' )ar0ai a0au)un 0a/
a"a /e!e')a0an -agi -ang!a /i0a $ang !eng!ara "an "ihina.
hina/an= !enan0ia!a /i0a "a)a0 'en"#r#ng )ar0ai i0u /e "a%a'
)er*uangan e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ $ang -e!ar a0au)un $ang
'en1i)0a/an 6"i!i)%in6 $ang "iingin/an $ang 'e'-eri )engaruh
$ang 0a/ "a)a0 "i0ingga%/an a0a! 'a!!a "an /e)er1a$aan $ang
"i-u0uh/an "ari 'a!!a !er0a= !e%ain i0u /e%ia0an= /e1er"a!an
"a%a' )er*uangan. I0u%ah !$ara0.!$ara0 $ang a/an 'e'-a4a /i0a
)a"a /e'enangan.
ari!an )en"u"u/ $ang 0er"iri "ari /e%a! 'enengah "an -#r*ua!i
$ang %e'ah han$a a/an 0uru0 -er*uang -i%a 0er)a/!a.
A4
A/an 0er%a')au )an*ang -i%a "i)er-in1ang/an "i !ini "engan
)an*ang %e-ar )eriha% !a0u."ua )ar0ai. +a/!u" /i0a "engan i0u
ia%ah a)a/ah /au' -uruh "an /au' -#r*ui! $ang /e1i%./e1i%
'e!0i "ihi')un/an "a%a' 6!a0u6 #rgani!a!i na!i#na% "engan
6!a0u6 )u!a0 )e'i')in a0au "i)e1ah "a%a' 6"ua6 #rgani!a!i
"engan "ua )e'i')in 0e0a)i -e/er*a -er!a'a.!a'a &Pa"a 4a/0u
ini /au' -uruh B !e-a- !i!0e' $ang )a!0i -e%u' "i)a/ai B
-#%eh "i/a0a/an -e%u' 0er!u!un "a%a' Par0ai K#'uni! In"#ne!ia
&P.K.I.( "an -u/an.-uruh "a%a' !eri/a0 ra/$a0. Ke"uan$a
'e')un$ai !a0u )enguru! -e!ar.(.
agai'ana)un 4u*u" #rgani!a!i i0u "i "a%a' !a0u /#%#ni !e)er0i
In"#ne!ia= /au' -uruh%ah $ang )a%ing a/0i8 "an ra"i/a%.
Organi!a!i 0i"a/ -#%eh 'engha%ang.ha%angi /ea/0i8an i0u.
Se-a%i/n$a= ia 'e!0i 0ahu 'e')erguna/ann$a "an "a)a0
'enghi"u).hi"u)/ann$a. Organi!a!i i0u !e'e!0in$a 'en*a"i
ga-ungan "an )e'u!a0an !ega%a /ea/0i8an /au' -uruh.
Se'e!0in$a "ii/h0iar/an !u)a$a /au' -uruh !e-an$a/.
-an$a/n$a "u"u/ "i "a%a' )ar0ai "an 'e'egang )i')inan.
Par0ai re5#%u!i#ner /i0a a/an -er/e'-ang hi"u) !e-e!ar.
-e!arn$a "an !e!eha0.!eha0n$a -i%a'ana -enih.-enih )ar0ai
"i0ana' )a"a 0ia).0ia) )u!a0 in"u!0ri.
De'i/ian%ah *a"in$a= /e"u"u/an P.K.I. 0er-a0a! "i "a%a' /#0a.
/#0a= )u!a0.)u!a0 e/#n#'i= )engang/u0anH "an Seri/a0 Ra/$a0
&S.R.( haru! 'en*a"i )ar0ai $ang -u/an -uruh. Se%ain "i /#0a.
/#0a= "i "e!a."e!a )un 'e!0in$a "i"iri/an. Dengan *a%an !e)er0i
i0u= "i'a!u//an%ah a)i re5#%u!i#ner /e "a%a' P.K.I. "an S.R.=
/au' -uruh $ang !e0engah in!a8 "an -e%u' in!a8 !a'a !e/a%i 0a/
-#%eh 0ingga% "i %uar #rgani!a!i. +ere/a 'e!0i "ia*a/ 'a!u/ /e
"a%a' )er*uangan e/#n#'i $ang !e0ia) 4a/0u -eru-ah 'en*a"i
)er*uanganH 'ere/a "ihi')un "a%a' !eri/a0.!eri/a0 /er*a !e-agai
-ari!an 1a"angan $ang -er"iri %ang!ung "i -a4ah )i')inan
P.K.I.
Kau' -u/an.-uruh $ang !e0engah in!a8 "an $ang -e%u' in!a8
!a'a !e/a%i "a%a' )#%i0i/ "an e/#n#'i= *uga 0ergen1e0 'e!0i
A3
"ihi')un /e "a%a' /#)era!i ra/$a0 $ang *uga 'eru)a/an -ari!an
)e'-an0u $ang -er"iri %ang!ung "i -a4ah )i')inan P.K.I. "an
S.R.
De'i/ian%ah= P.K.I. 'e!0i 'e')un$ai -e-era)a #rgani!a!i
!eri/a0 /er*a= /#)era!i "an !eri/a0 ra/$a0 $ang 0ia).0ia) -era/!i.
'a!!a %ang!ung -era"a "i -a4ah )i')inan P.K.I. Organi!a!i i0u
B $ang !e'anga0n$a "i)engaruhi !ura0.!ura0 /a-ar )ar0ai "an
!eri/a0 /er*a B 'eru)a/an %a!/ar re5#%u!i na!i#na% "a%a'
)er*uangan 'enen0ang i')eria%i!'e "an /a)i0a%i!'e ara0.OCP
>i/a !a0u )ar0ai re5#%u!i#ner -enar.-enar ingin 'en*a"i
)e'i')in 'a!!a "i In"#ne!ia= 0er%e-ih "u%u )ar0ai i0u !en"iri
haru! "i)i')in !e-ai/.-ai/n$a. Organi!a!i )ar0ai ia%ah
/e!i')u%an "ari -e-era)a !u!unan )ar0ai. Dengan /a0a %ain=
'en*a"i 60a%i n$a4a6 "ari )ar0ai= 'en*a"i $ang 60er)en0ing6=
'i!a%n$a !e)er0i )en$u!unan= )e%a0ihan= )en"i"i/an -agi
)e'i')in "an angg#0a.angg#0an$a. Ta'-ahan )u%a= )ar0ai 'e!0i
-erhu-ungan ra)a0 "engan 'a!!a= 0eru0a'a )a"a !aa0 $ang
)en0ing= "engan !ega%a g#%#ngan ra/$a0 "ari !e%uruh Ke)u%auan
In"#ne!ia. Dengan 0i"a/ -erhu-ungan !e)er0i i0u= 0a/ /an a"a
)i')inan $ang re5#%u!i#ner.
OCP Se#rang angg#0a P.K.I. !e"a)a0 'ung/in a"a%ah !e#rang
-uruh a0au -uruh 0er)e%a*ar &-u/an -#r*ui!(. Ia haru! 'enge0ahui
"an )an"ai 'enerang/an /#'uni!'e "a%a' 0e#ri "an )ra/0i/=
0a/0i/ na!i#na% "an in0erna!i#na%. Di a0a! !ega%an$a= ia haru!
%e-ih -an$a/ "an %e-ih 1anggih un0u/ 'e%a/u/an )e/er*aan
re5#%u!i#ner= $ai0u )e/er*aan 'en$u!un "an 'engga%ang
)er0e'anan. Se#rang angg#0a S.R. -ia!an$a a"a%ah -u/an -uruh=
0ani= !au"agar a0au )e%a*ar &'aha!i!4a(. Ia 0a/ u!ah 'e%a/u/an
)e/er*aan re5#%u!i#ner !e-an$a/ $ang "i/er*a/an angg#0a P.K.I
1u/u)%ah *i/a i"e#%#gin$a an0i.i')eria%i! "an 'enghen"a/i
/e'er"e/aan na!i#na%. i%a "i)a/ai !i!0e' !a0u )ar0ai= /au'
-uruh "an -u/an -uruh "ihi')un "a%a' !e-uah #rgani!a!i $ang
re5#%u!i#ner. Da%a' )ar0ai i0u= g#%#ngan $ang %e-ih 6!a"ar6 "an
-uruh 0er)e%a*ar 'eru)a/an !a$a) /iri. Sa$a) /iri ini%ah '#0#r
)ergera/an In"#ne!ia.
A<

SEKILAS TENTANG GERAKAN KEMERDEKAAN

DI INDONESIA
C. Kegaga%an Par0ai #r*ui!
Se!ungguhn$a -u/an /ua%i0a! )i')inan i0u !en"iri $ang
'en$e-a-/an )ar0ai.)ar0ai -#r*ui! In"#ne!ia 6-eriring.iringan
)a0ah "i 0engah6. Para )engan*ur= !e)er0i Dr. A. Ri5ai "an Dr.
T*i)0#= ni!1a$a a/an 'e'egang )eranan $ang *auh -er%ainan
!e/a%i "i "a%a' gera/an /e'er"e/aan In"#ne!ia *i/a "i !ini a"a
/a)i0a% -e!ar 'i%i/ -u'i)u0ra. La'-a0 %aun= "engan !en"irin$a=
'ere/a a/an !a')ai )a"a )r#gra' na!i#na% -#r*ui! $ang "engan
)eran0araan !a0u #rgani!a!i "an 0a/0i/ $ang 1#1#/= !e-agian a0au
!e%uruhn$a= "a)a0 "i4u*u"/an.
Karena /a)i0a% -e!ar -u'i)u0ra 0i"a/ a"a= )r#gra' na!i#na% "an
#rgani!a!i 'ere/a !e-agai )ar0ai -#r*ui! 0a/ 0ahan hi"u). +ere/a
"i-e!ar/an #%eh )en"i"i/an -#r*ui! !e1ara ara0 !ehingga 0i"a/
0er1era-u0 'a!!a In"#ne!ia "an 0i"a/ -er)era!aan a/an 'en1ari
%#gi/a un0u/ 'en"a)a0 )r#gra' na!i#na% $ang )r#%e0ari!. Par0ai
-#r*ui! $ang "i"iri/an "engan )er%ahan.%ahan= %en$a) !a'a
!e/a%i= 6hi"u) enggan 'a0i 0a/ 'au6 a0au 0ingga% na'an$a !a*a
$ang hi"u).
a. u"i U0#'#
u"i U0#'# B "i"iri/an )a"a 0ahun CAD@ B a"a%ah !e-uah
)ar0ai $ang !e'a%a!.'a%a!n$a "i an0ara !egena) )ar0ai.)ar0ai
-#r*ui! "i In"#ne!ia. Se)er0i !ee/#r -ina0ang )e'a%a!= ia 'erana
!#'-#ng /arena u'urn$a )an*ang. Karena ia 0a/ 'en"a)a0 1ara.
1ara a/!i -#r*ui! $ang ra"i/a% "an 0i"a/ -erani 'en"e/a0i "an
'enggera//an ra/$a0 'a/a "ari "u%u !a')ai !e/arang= /au'
u"i U0#'# 'engha-i!/an 4a/0u "engan 'e'anggi%.'anggi%
ar4ah $ang 0e%ah %a'a 'eningga% "unia. #r#-u"ur $ang /#%#0=
4a$ang "an ga'e%an $ang 'erana= !e'ua -a!i% 6/e-u"a$aan
)er-u"a/an6 "i0a'-ah "an "ige'-ar.ge'-#r/an #%eh 'ere/a
A?
!iang 'a%a'. Di "a%a' 6%ing/ungan !en"in6 /era)/a%i "u/un.
"u/un )#%i0i/ i0u 'en$uruh Ha$a' Wuru/ B Ra*a Hin"u a0au
!e0engah Hin"u i0u B "engan %a!/arn$a $ang /ua0 -er-ari! "i
'u/a 'ere/a. Di %uar ha%.ha% gai- i0u= )a%ing -an0er han$a
"i-i1ara/an !#a%.!#a% $ang 0a/ -er-aha$a. Di "a%a' K#ngre!
u"i U0#'# -er/a%i./a%i &!a')ai 'en*e'u/an( /e-u"a$aan "an
!eni >a4a &:( "i-i1ara/an. S#a% $ang )en0ing= $ai0u 'engenai
/ehi"u)an ra/$a0 "i >a4a B *angan "i/a0a %agi "i !e%uruh
In"#ne!ia B 0a/ )ernah "i!en0uh= a)a%agi "i)er-in1ang/an
'ere/a. e%u' )ernah= -arang/a%i= "ia"a/an !ua0u a/!i un0u/
'e')er-ai/i na!i- Pa/ Kr#'# $ang 0i"a/ hi"u) "i Ga'an
Kee'a!an +a*a)ahi0= 0e0a)i "i "unia /a)i0a%i!0i! $ang 0a/
'e'an"ang -u%u. Pan*angn$a u'ur u"i U0#'# !e-agian -e!ar
"i)er#%ehn$a "ari 6'an0era.'an0era6 )e'i')inn$a= "ari ha!i%
6'ain 'a0a6 "engan )e'erin0ah "an "ari ha!i% /e%e'ahan 0e'an
!e)er*uangann$a. Se-uah !e'anga0 /#!#ng !e)er0i u"i U0#'#
"a)a0 "i0eri'a #%eh )e'erin0ah !e)er0i e%an"a.
Se%ain i0u= u"i U0#'# 0i"a/ 'enu'-uh/an 1i0a.1i0a
6/e-ang!aan In"#ne!ia6. 2an0a!i 6>a4a.Ra$a6= $a/ni -a$angan
)en*a*ahan Hin"u a0au !e0engah Hin"u 0erha"a) -ang!a
In"#ne!ia !e*a0i= %ang!ung a0au 0i"a/= 'en$e-a-/an 0i'-u%n$a
/einginan a/an Su'a0era Ra$a= Pa!un"an Ra$a a0au A'-#n
Ra$a "an %ain.%ain.
u"i U0#'# $ang 'engang/a0 /e'-a%i !en*a0a.!en*a0a Hin"u.
>a4a $ang -er/ara0 "an !u"ah %a'a "i%u)a/an i0u= !ungguh 0i"a/
0a/0i! "an *auh "ari )en"irian na!i#na%i! u'u'. Per-ua0an i0u
'eni'-u%/an /e1urigaan g#%#ngan %ain $ang 'en1i0a.1i0a/an
)er!au"araan "an /er*a !a'a an0ara )en"u"u/ "i !e%uruh
In"#ne!ia &-u/an an0ara )en*a*ah !a0u 0erha"a) Iainn$a(. Dengan
*a%an !e"e'i/ian= u"i U0#'# 'eni'-u%/an gera/an /e "aerah
$ang -i%a )er%u &'i!a%n$a u"i U0#'# /ua0(= "engan 'u"ah
"a)a0 "i)erguna/an i')eria%i!'e e%an"a. Dengan /ea"aan
!e)er0i ini= /einginan 6%uhur6 $ang !a0u "a)a0 "ia"u "engan $ang
%ain= $ang a/i-a0n$a !anga0 'e'i%u/an= In"#ne!ia 0e0a) *a"i
negeri -u"a/.
A@
-. Na0i#na% In"i!1he Par0$
Dengan )i/iran )in1ang "an ragu.ragu 0i"a/ "a)a0 *uga N.I.P.
$ang "i"iri/an )a"a 0ahun CAC2 6'en1iu'6 /e-ang!aan
In"#ne!ia. P#h#n.)#h#nan $ang 0era)ung.a)ung B in"#.in"#
Er#)a i0u B -er"iri "engan !e-e%ah /a/in$a "i !i!i *urang
i')eria%i!'e "an !e-e%ah %agi "i !i!i *urang /e-ang!aan
In"#ne!ia. Yang 0eru0a'a 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai 1i0a.1i0a na!i#na%
$ai0u -#r*ua!i In"#ne!iaH 'a!a -er1erai.-erai. Karena i0u%ah= !a0u
)r#gra' na!i#na% $ang /#n!0ru/0i8 "an /#n!e/uen 0a/ "a)a0
"i4u*u"/ann$a. Ru')un 6In"#ne!i!'e6 a%a D#u4e! De//er
ia%ah 1i0a.1i0a "ari e%an"a In"# $ang 0i"a/ /urang
i')eria%i!i!n$a "ari)a"a e%an"a 0#0#/= 'ere/a 'era!a
"i/e!a')ing/an #%eh $ang 0er!e-u0 -e%a/angan "an i0u%ah
!e'anga0 $ang "i/e'-ang/ann$a. +ere/a 'e'in0a 6)er!a'aan6
"engan 0#0#/ "an /a"ang./a"ang "i-i!i//ann$a )er/a0aan
/e'er"e/aan. +a/!u" 'ere/a $ang !e!ungguhn$a 'au
'e'-agi /e/ua!aan= !a0u #rang !e)ar# "ian0ara 'ere/a -er"ua.
Karena !i 0#0#/ /era)/a%i 0er%a%u -an$a/ 'enga'-i% -agian
un0u/n$a !en"iri= !i In"# 'engan1a' 6-e/er*a !a'a "engan
In%an"er6. ,a) $ang %e-ih "a%a' 0a/ "a)a0 /i0a 0e')e%/an /e)a"a
/e-ang!aan e%an"a In"# i0u. +ere/a 0i"a/ -er-e"a 1#ra/n$a
"engan -ang!a Hin"u "an +u!%i' "i Ga'an )erang !au"ara "u%u.
Ta0/a%a Si >ena/a Van Li'-urg S0iru' 6)e%a$an %i-era% "ari
/a)i0a% -e!ar6 'e'-eri/an )e/er*aan $ang 'engun0ung/an
Teeu4en "an ,# 4a/0u i0u= )r#gra' N.I.P. 'en1a)ai 0u*uann$a
0an)a 'enu')ah/an "arah.
D#u4e! De//er -er*a%an 0eru!H un0u/ 'en1a)ai i0u= "ia
'engangga) )er%u 'e'a/ai /e/ua0an -u'i)u0ra. Dengan
)er/a0aann$a $ang /a-ur 0en0ang ha/ "an /e'er"e/aan=
0er0ari/%ah Dr. T*i)0#= S#e4ar"i "an ,# /e "a%a' N.I.P. Ke*a"ian
ini 'e'-eri *i4a /e)a"a )#h#n /e-ang!aan In"#ne!ia $ang 0i"a/
"i/ena% "i !e%uruh )ergera/an In"#ne!ia.
Sa0u 1i0a.1i0a '#"ern 0en0ang /e-ang!aan $ang *auh %e-ih !eha0
"an %e-ih %ua! "ari)a"a 8an0a!i >a4a Ra$a &1i0a.1i0a )en*a*ahan
Hin"u "an /a!0a./a!0a( -#%eh "i/a0a/an %ahir "i !e%uruh
Ke)u%auan In"#ne!ia. Te0a)i= !e!u"ah Dr. T*i)0#= S#e4ar"i "an
,# "u"u/ "i "a%a' N.I.P.= #rang -e0u%.-e0u% 'e')erha0i/ann$aH
AA
"i !ana "a)a0 "i%iha0 !a0u )er0en0angan an0ara angg#0a.angg#0a
)er/u')u%an i0u. Di !a0u )iha/ -er"iri In"#.#r*ui! $ang "i"i"i/
!e1ara i')eria%i!0i!= !#'-#ng "an )enuh 1uriga= "i )iha/ %ain
-er"iri -u'i)u0ra $ang e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/n$a 0ergen1e0=
"i)era! "an "iin*a/.in*a/.
Se-uah a!i'i%a!i -ai/ !#!ia% a0au)un i"e#%#gi -e%u' )ernah
0er1a)ai. Se#rang angg#0a N.I.P. 'era!a !anga0 !enang 'en"a)a0
)e'-agian /er*a 3D -an"ing 3D "engan !i 0#0#/ $ang !anga0
"i-en1i i0u.
Pengang/a0an Teeu4en 'en*a"i agg#0a De4an Ra/$a0=
/e'u"ian 'en*a"i )ega4ai 0inggi= !e!ungguhn$a 'en*a"i #-a0
$ang 'u*ara- -ua0 )en$a/i0 )#%i0i/ N.I.P.
>angan/an a/!i re5#%u!i#ner= '#g#/ !a*a *auh "ari /einginan
In"# angg#0a N.I.P. A)a%agi re5#%u!i 'e'in0a hu-ungan $ang
ra)a0 !er0a a!i'i%a!i !e*a0i "engan -ang!a In"#ne!ia= -u/an
"engan )ri$a$i.)ri$a$i $ang -er!ih !a*a= 'e%ain/an *uga "engan
Pa/ Kr#'#. Dan $ang %e-ih u0a'a= )e'-agian /e/ua!aan )#%i0i/
"engan !i In%an"er! $ang 0er-e!ar *u'%ahn$a.
Dan )e'#g#/an $ang 'ung/in -eru-ah 'en*a"i re5#%u!i 'e!/i
!e/e1i% a)a )un= 0en0u%ah 0a//an )ernah 1e/1#/ "engan
/e)en0ingan "an i"e#%#gi 0uan 0anah "an )ega4ai.)ega4ai
e%an"a.In"#.
Se%a'a )er/a0aan 6ha/ "an /e'er"e/aan6 0e0a) 0ingga% ge%a)=
!e%a'a i0u%ah e%an"a.In"# "a)a0 -ergan"engan 0angan "engan
)ri$a$i.)ri$a$i >a4a. Te0a)i= )er0en0angan /e%a! $ang -e-era)a
0ahun -e%a/angan ini 0er-u/0i "a%a' )e'#g#/an 'a/a /e%uar%ah
na!i#na%i!.i')eria%i! &na!i#na%i! 'enuru0 !e-u0an "an i')eria%i!
'enuru0 )er-ua0an( "ari 6na!i#na%6 In"i!1he Par0$.
A)a $ang "ii"a'/an #%eh In"# angg#0a N.I.P. !e/arang
"i-u/a/an #%eh I.E.V.; ha/ 0anah "an 8a!i!'e. Angg#0a N.I.P.
-u'i)u0ra u'u'n$a %e-ih ra"i/a% "ari e%an"a In"#.
A/an 0e0a)i= 'ere/a 0er/ung/ung "a%a' 6/e-ang!aan D#u4e!
De//er6 &!a0u 0e#ri $ang 'engge'-ira/an )eriha% 6"arah Ti'ur
"an )era!aan Ti'ur6( $ang -agian e/#n#'in$a "i0u0u) "engan
4ar"i!'e $ang /a1au i0u. Se/iran$a N.I.P. 'e')un$ai !e#rang
CDD
)e'i')in $ang !anggu) 'e')er0a%i/an /e-ang!aan In"#ne!ia
"engan )r#gra' )r#%e0ari! "an !anggu) 'enari/ /au' -uruh /e
"a%a' )ar0ai i0u= ni!1a$a N.I.P.= 'e!/i)un "i0ingga%/an #%eh
e%an"a.In"# $ang 8a!i!0i! i0u= "a)a0%ah hi"u) 0eru! "an -#%eh
*a"i %e-ih /ua0 "ari $ang !u"ah.!u"ah.
Te0a)i !e/a%i %agi= !e-a- 0a/ a"a -#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra $ang '#"ern
'a/a !e'anga0 $ang -egi0u !eha0 "an re5#%u!i#ner !e)er0i Dr.
T*i)0# 0a/ 'en"a)a0 0e')a0 "a%a' )ergera/an re5#%u!i#ner $ang
-#r*ui!. Se-a%i/n$a= "ari)a"a 'en"e/a0i 'a!!a -eru%ang.u%ang=
'ere/a %e-ih !u/a 'erin0ang.rin0ang 4a/0u "engan /er*a $ang
0a/ %a$a/ -agin$a= $ai0u 'e'anggi%.'anggi% ar4ah /e-e!aran
&Hin"u "an I!%a'( $ang 0e%ah 'eningga% "unia.
Sa0u na!i#na%i!0i! 6'a$a6 $ang !e*a0i.
1. Sare/a0 I!%a' &S.I.(
Sare/a0 I!%a' )a"a 0ahun CAC3 0a')i% /e 'u/a "i!er0ai !uaran$a
$ang ge'uruh. Perhi')unan ini a"a%ah )en$a'-ung a/!i 'a!!a
Ti'ur !e0engah 8e#"a% $ang !u"ah -era-a".a-a" 'enga%a'i
)enin"a!an. Te0a)i= ia -u/an%ah !ua0u a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0era0ur=
0e0a)i 'ani8e!0a!i "ari )era!aan 'a!!a $ang /urang !enang "i
-a4ah )i')inan !au"agar.!au"agar /e1i%.
Dengan 'e%i-a0.%i-a0/an aga'a= "i/u')u%/ann$a !i Kr#'# /e
"a%a' !a0u #rgani!a!i $ang !anga0 )i1i/. Dan )a"a )er'u%aann$a
"i0u*u/an un0u/ 'enen0ang !au"agar.!au"agar Ti#ngh#a.
Di "a%a' )er*uangan e/#n#'i an0ara !au"agar -u'i)u0ra "an
Ti#ngh#a 0a')a/ -e0u% /e%e'ahan $ang "i!e-u0 "u%uan.
Ke1urangan )e'i')in S.I. 'en$e-a-/an "an 'eni'-u%/an
"a0angn$a /e/a%ahan e/#n#'i. Dengan -erhen0in$a gera/an=
0erhen0i )u%a%ah /egia0an !au"agar.!au"agar /e1i% "i "a%a' S.I.
>i/a /i0a 'au 'ena'a/an )aha' 1a')ur a"u/ an0ara I!%a'=
/e-ang!aan re8#r'i!'e "an "e'ag#gi "ari )e'i')in.)e'i')in
S.I. i0u 6)#%i0i/6= 'a/a !e/arang /i0a )an"ang S.I. !u"ah
'engin*a/ 0ing/a0an 6)#%i0i/6. Pa"a 0ing/a0an )#%i0i/ ini= -er/a0
CDC
)engaruh /au' re5#%u!i#ner "i Se'arang= "a)a0%ah 'ere/a
'enga"a/an a/!i.a/!i e/#n#'i )e'#g#/an 6%iar6.
+a!!a $ang /urang !enang $ang -er!a0u "a%a' S.I. 0a/ "a)a0
'en*a"i !en"i a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0era0ur. Un0u/ i0u= )e'i')in S.I.
0a/ 'e')un$ai )enge0ahuan !e"i/i0 )un )eriha% )er0en0angan
/e%a!= 0a/0i/ re5#%u!i#ner "an /e)e'i')inan. Ta'-ahan )u%a
)r#gra' re5#%u!i#ner $ang /#n!0ru/0i8 "an /#n!e/uen=
/e1a/a)an #rgani!a0#ri! "an /e*u*uran a"'ini!0ra!i 0a/ a"a.
Pergera/an S.I. $ang )er'u%aann$a "e'i/ian he-a0 "an 'enari/
)erha0ian u'u' B hingga /era)/a%i "i!a'a/an "engan gera/an
,har0eri!'e B 0a')a/n$a 'enang han$a /arena -er#%eh a"a0
'en*#ng/#/.*#ng/#/.
Di!e-a-/an /e-i'-angan "an /e%e'ahan a/!i S.I. i0u= )ergi%ah
'ere/a $ang /e1e4a "an $ang %e-ih ra"i/a%.i!%a'i!0i! -#r*ui!
'enga'-i% *a%an $ang !a%ah. Sega%a a%a0.a%a0 8e#"a% !e)er0i
'i!0i/= *i'a0.*i'a0 "an 'an0era $ang !u"ah %a'a 0er/u-ur
"ia'-i% 'ere/a "an "i)erguna/ann$a un0u/ 'enen0ang
i')eria%i!'e= "an 0en0u%ah 'ere/a *a"i han1ur %u%uh.
+e!/i A8". . "ari S.I. -erha!i% /iran$a 'erang/a/.rang/a/ "i
-a4ah 0anah %e-ih %a'a "an )a"a 4a/0u $ang "i)er/ira/an 0e)a0
%a%u 'en$er-u/an "iri /e "a%a' )er*uangan= ia 0i"a/ a/an
'en"a)a0 ha!i% !e%ain "ari )e'-er#n0a/an "an huru.hara aga'a
!e)er0i $ang !u"ah -eru%ang.u%ang 0er*a"i "i In"#ne!ia.
Organi!a!i S.I. 'a0i /e0i/a /au' re5#%u!i#ner Se'arang "i 0ahun
CA2C 'e'-uang "i!i)%in )ar0ai &0ra"e 'ar/ Ha*i A. Sa%i'(. A)a
$ang 0er*a"i !e!u"ah i0u 0a/ %ain "ari )er)e1ahan angg#0a S.I.=
$ang )a%ing a/0i8 )ergi 'a!u/ S.R. "an P.K.I. G#%#ngan
+uha''a"i$ah "engan !ega%a /e*u*urann$a 'eneri'a !u-!i"i
"ari 0angan )e'erin0ah 6/a8ir6 un0u/ !e/#%ah I!%a'. Ke"ua Ha*i
$ang 0er'a!hur i0u B Agu! "an T*#/r# B 0a/ "a)a0 %agi 'eniu)
ge%e'-ung !a-un I!%a' "engan )a0gu%i)a0 !$aria0 $ang %a'a "an
$ang -aru "i)i/ir.)i/ir/ann$a.
CD2
2. agai'ana Se/arang:
Di "a%a' )er*uangan $ang %uar -ia!a -era0n$a !e%a'a -e-era)a
0ahun $ang %a%u= -erha!i%%ah P.K.I. "an S.R. 'enghi')un /au'
-uruh "an re5#%u!i#ner "ari .U.= N.I.P.= "an S.I. un0u/ -ernaung
"i -a4ah )an*i.)an*in$a. Ta/ a"a )ar0ai %ain $ang !u"ah
'e'-eri/an /#r-ann$a !e)er0i P.K.I. "an S.R. eri-u.ri-u
angg#0a $ang !u"ah 0er0ang/a)= -er)u%uh.)u%uh $ang !u"ah
"i-uang= "i)u/u% a0au "i-unuh. Sungguh)un -egi0u= 'a!ih "ia/ui
ENDERA.n$a "i !e%uruh )u%au= -u/i0= gunung= /#0a "an "e!a
&In"#ne!ia(. Ia "i)a/ai 'en*a"i %a'-ang /e'er"e/aan $ang
!e/ian %a'a "ii"a'.i"a'/an.
Da%a' -e-era)a a/!i "aerah un0u/ 0u*uan $ang /e1i%./e1i%= P.K.I.
"an S.R. !u"ah 'enun*u//an /e/ua0an "an /e1a/a)ann$a. A/an
0e0a)i= un0u/ 'enga"a/an !a0u a/!i na!i#na% u'u' &a)a%agi "i
%a)angan in0erna!i#na%(= 'ere/a -e0u%.-e0u% -e%u' /ua!a. Ha% ini=
a0a! na'a /e'er"e/aan 33 *u0a 'anu!ia= 0a/ -#%eh "i"ia'/an.
Ka%au 'ere/a -er-ua0 !e)er0i i0u )u%a= ni!1a$a a/an -erar0i
'en*a0uh/an "iri /e "a%a' /e!a%ahan !e)er0i $ang 0eru!.'eneru!
"i%a/u/an #%eh )ar0ai.)ar0ai -#r*ui! &0eru0a'a )ar0ai T*#/r# X
,#(. Ta0/a%a 'un1u% Larangan er/u')u% )a"a )engha-i!an
0ahun $ang %a%u= /i0a 0i"a/ 'enun*u//an )era!aan 0a/ !enang.
Kini !e!u"ah %e-ih "e%a)an -u%an 'a!ih !a*a -e%u' a"a !e!ua0u
$ang 0er*a"i. +ana/ah ra/$a0 $ang -era0u! ri-u a0au -er*u0a.*u0a
"i *a4a= Su'a0era= Su%a4e!i $ang %ang!ung -er"iri "i -a4ah
)i')inan a0au 0un"u/ /e -a4ah )engaruh /i0a: Ke'ana/ah
)ergin$a= "a%a' 4a/0u "e%a)an -u%an i0u= /au' re5#%u!i#ner
$ang !e0ia 0erhi')un "i "a%a' V.S.T.P= S.P.P.L.= S..G.= S...
"an %ain.%ain= !er0a -e-era)a *u0a $ang 0i"a/ "i#rgani!a!i 0e0a)i
$ang -er!i')a0i /e)a"a /i0a: A"a/ah /i0a "engan !egera
'engerah/an "an 'enari/ ra/$a0 un0u/ 'e'-a%a! "en"a' a0a!
/e%ahiran Larangan er/u')u%= 'a!a )enang/a)an "an
)e'-uangan !er0a /e'a0ian !au"ara S#eg#n#= +i!-a1h "an %ain.
%ain "engan !a0u a/!i 'a!!a $ang !e)a"an= 0e0a)i "i*a%an/an
"engan ge'-ira.
CD3
Ti"a/= /i0a !e/a%i./a%i 0a/ 'enang/i! !erangan %a4an !ehingga
0i'-u% !e/arang )er0i/aian $ang 0a/ "a)a0 "iha%ang.ha%angi
"a%a' -ari!an re5#%u!i#ner= "an angg#0a $ang -er"arah anar/i!
'enga'-i% *a%an !en"iri !er0a 'enari/ /a4an./a4ann$a.
Se%ain !e/!i.!e/!i /i0a $ang -ai/= $ang !anga0 "ihara)/an=
!e)er0i Su'a0era ara0= +e"an= Se'arang= Sura-a$a= &!e'uan$a
'ana $ang 0i"a/:( 'en"eri0a /e)u0u!an "an /e%e'ahan
#rgani!a!i $ang 0a/ 'u"ah "i0#%#ng %agi.
i%a /i0a 'e'-a%a! U%0i'a0u' De!e'-er "ari i')eria%i! e%an"a
"engan !e)a/ 0er*ang /#'uni!0i! $ang !e')urna= ni!1a$a
/e/a%ahan /i0a 0i"a/ !e)er0i !e/arang. Se-u!u/.-u!u/n$a
)eng#r-anan 'a0erie% &)enang/a)an= )e'-uangan=
)e'-unuhan(= 0a/ a/an %e-ih -e!ar "ari !e/arang= 0e0a)i
/e'enangan )#%i0i/ "an '#ra% ni!1a$a 0ingga% 0e0a). Dan
!ia)a/ah $ang "a)a0 'enga0a/an a)a $ang -a/a% /i0a )er#%eh
"a%a' /ea"aan $ang !e-ai/.-ai/n$a:
agai'ana %arangan -er/u')u% 0i"a/ /i0a *a4a- !e1ara
/#'uni!0i! "an !e%a'a "e%a)an -u%an i0u /i0a 0er)a/!a /er*a "i
-a4ah 0anah. Pa"a 4a/0u i0u= /i0a /ehi%angan /a4an $ang
!e-ai/.-ai/n$a "engan )er1u'a= !e%ain i0u= !aa0.!aa0 $ang !anga0
-ahagia= 0eru0a'a )!i/#%#gi $ang !u!ah /e'-a%i "an 'a!ih
-an$a/.
Di !ini -u/an 0e')a0n$a 'e')er-in1ang/an ha% i0u %e-ih %an*u0=
)un -u/an 0e')a0 un0u/ 'e'eri/!a /e)a"a !ia)a )a0u0n$a
"i)i/u%/an /e!a%ahan i0u; )a"a !e/!i.!e/!i= )a"a )i')inan a0au
)a"a %ain ha%:
iar%ah /i0a !erah/an ha% ini /e)a"a 6ri4a$a06 "an /e)a"a
#rgani!a!i $ang /e%a/ 'en$e%i"i/i= 'enga)a /e!e')a0an $ang
!e-ai/.-ai/n$a i0u /i0a -iar/an !a*a %en$a). Di !ini )un -u/an
0e')a0n$a un0u/ 'engu'u'/an /e/ua0an %a!/ar /i0a !aa0 ini=
!er0a )engaruh /i0a 0erha"a) 'a!!a "a%a' /ea"aan $ang !u%i0 iniH
"e'i/ian )un= 'a/!u".rna/!u" /i0a "an 0a/0i/ /i0a )a"a $ang
a/an "a0ang= *uga /arena /i0a !e/arang 0er)a/!a -e/er*a "i -a4ah
CD4
0anah &i%ega%(. >a"i= un0u/ /e)en0ingan )ergera/an= !anga0 -an$a/
$ang 'e!0i "iraha!ia/an= $ang "i -e%a/ang hari a/an /i0a
1eri0a/an /e)a"a /a4an./a4an !e)er*uangan "an /e)a"a 'ere/a
$ang 'en$e0u*ui /i0a &Hara) "i)erha0i/an !ungguh.!ungguh7
+a/!u" /i0a a/!i 'a!!a "an -u/an )u01h7(.
Hara) "i1a'/an !e/a%i %agi -a- I9. Se'e!0in$a /i0a "engan
!egera 'eng#rgani!a!i "an 'e'i')in )e'#g#/an "engan
0un0u0an $ang 1#1#/ "an !e'-#$an.!e'-#$an $ang *i0u un0u/
'enen0ang "an 'en*a4a- %arangan -er/u')u% i0u.
Se/iran$a "ari a/!i !e)er0i i0u )e1ah re5#%u!i= /i0a 'e!0i 0eri'a.
er)i/ir "an -er-ua0 %ain "ari $ang !e)er0i i0u 0i"a/%ah
/#'uni!0i!7
Pe/er*aan 6i%ega%6 )enuh "engan -aha$a. Sa'-i% %a%u ha% i0u
)a0u0 "an 'e!0i *uga /i0a urai/an "i !ini. Pe/er*aan %ega% "an
han$a%ah )e/er*aan %ega% $ang 'e%ahir/an #rgani!a!i= )e'-i1ara=
#rgani!a0#r "an )e'i')in. +a*a%ah= )ar0ai "an )i"a0#.)i"a0#
$ang %ega% "a)a0 'en"i"i/ -ang!a /i0a $ang 0er1e1er i0u 'e%a%ui
1ara $ang -er8ae"ah !e/a%i un0u/ *a"i ah%i )#%i0i/ "an
'enghi"u)/an )i/iran u'u' re5#%u!i#ner $ang )en0ing i0u.
Se-a%i/n$a= "i "a%a' !a0u negeri $ang !e"ang "a%a' 0ran!8#r'a!i
!e)er0i In"#ne!ia= )e/er*aan i%ega% 'u"ah !e/a%i 0er)er#!#/ /e
"a%a' anar/i!'e= huru.hara a0au /e)er1a$aan a/an *i'a0 $ang
!anga0 'erugi/an i0u. Sega%a 'a1a' $ang -er!ang/u0an "engan
#rgani!a!i "an i"e#%#gi $ang !u"ah %a'a /i0a )er#%eh a/an
%en$a) /e'-a%i "i!e-a-/an i%ega%i0a! $ang 60i"a/ )a"a
4a/0un$a6. Pr#5#/a!i %a4an 'u"ah 'en*a0uh/an )e'i')in.
)e'i')in /i0a $ang /urang -er)enga%a'an "an *uga
'enghan1ur/an #rgani!a!i !a'a !e/a%i.
Organi!a!i %ega% 6haru! -er!e"ia6 un0u/ 'en1i)0a/an !ua0u
#rgani!a!i i%ega% )a"a 4a/0u re5#%u!i. Hu-ungan raha!ia= ra)a0
raha!ia= )er1e0a/an raha!ia= "an 'ar/a! 'en1e0a/ raha!ia.
A)a-i%a %arangan -er/u')u% "an -er#rgani!a!i !e/#n$#ng.
/#n$#ng "i/e%uar/an= #rgani!a!i i0u haru! -e/er*a 0eru! "engan
0era0ur. Organi!a!i i%ega% 'e!0i !e%a'an$a -erhu-ungan "engan
CD3
'a!!a "an 0a/ -#%eh !e/a%i./a%i 'e'i!ah/an "iri "arin$a. Ia
'e!0i !enan0ia!a 'enge0ahui )era!aan "an /einginan 'a!!a.
Karena i0u= i! 'e!0i 'e')un$ai -a"an.-a"an $ang 1u/u) "an
#rang.#rang $ang -e/er*a )a"a -a"an )ar0ai 6-#na 8i"#6= $ai0u
)er/u')u%an.)er/u')u%an $ang 'a!ih "iiGin/an #%eh
)e'erin0ah. Ka%au 0i"a/ -erhu-ungan "engan 'a!!a "an /ea"aan
$ang !e!ungguhn$a= !a'a ha%n$a "engan !e-uah /a)a%. !e%a'
$ang 0i"a/ 'e')un$ai /a%ei"#!/#).
Dengan -e/er*a %ega% a0au i%ega%= /i0a 0a/ -#%eh !e/a%i/a%i
'e%u)a/an !en*a0a re5#%u!i#ner /i0a= $a/ni a/!i 'a!!a $ang
0era0ur. Larangan -er/u')u% "an -er!i"ang haru! /i0a )a0ah/an
"engan a/!i 'a!!a /i0a $ang 0era0ur= !u)a$a 6a0a!6 )e'an"angan
$ang "a%a' "an 0enaga $ang -e!ar "a)a0 "i0eru!/an -ari!an /i0a
'enu*u /e'er"e/aan $ang !e)enuhn$a.
A)a/ah /i0a 'e'ang -e/er*a "i -a4ah 0anah: Per0an$aan !e)er0i
i0u -eru%ang.u%ang 0i'-u% /e)a"a /i0a. Ini -erhu-ungan "engan
!#a% )ernah/ah /i0a 'e')un$ai 0enaga $ang 1u/u) "i "a%a'
)ar0ai= $ang 0i"a/ 'enghirau/an !ega%a rin0angan= !e0ia
'en*a%an/an a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0era0ur. Se0eru!n$a= a)a/ah
)en"i"i/an +arFi!0i! -enar "an 1u/u) %a'a "i*a%an/an !ehingga
/au' -uruh /i0a !u"ah 'e')un$ai /e'an0a)an +arFi!0i!=
/e%en0uran Lenini!0i!: i%a ha% ini 0i"a/ "an -e%u' 0er*a"i=
ni!1a$a !a0u i%ega%i0a! $ang "i)a/!a a/an 'eni'-u%/an
/a/a1auan "a%a' !e%uruh gera/an re5#%u!i#ner "i In"#ne!ia.
Kau' $ang -u/an -uruh a/an 'e'egang /#'#"i0i "an
'enun0un )ar0ai /e)a"a )u01h a0au anar/i!i!'e !ehingga
a/hirn$a han1ur !a'a !e/a%i. aha$a ini a/an !e'a/in -e!ar
/arena )e'i')in re5#%u!i#ner $ang u%ung "an -er)engaruh a0a!
'a!!a !e-en0ar.!e-en0ar "i-uang "ari In"#ne!ia= !e"ang/an
rea/!i 0a'-ah %a'a 0a'-ah !engi0.
Karena i0u= /i0a -erha"a)an "engan !a0u /ri!i! re5#%u!i#ner $ang
0a/ 'u"ah "i)aha'i #%eh #rang %uar.
CD<
Kini /e-u0uhan -u/an )a"a /e-eranian !e'a0a.'a0a 'e%ain/an
0er%e-ih %agi= 6)enge0ahuan re5#%u!i#ner "an /e1a/a)an
'enga'-i% !i/a) re5#%u!i#ner6.
I')eria%i!'e e%an"a -ernia0 -e0u%.-e0u% 'enghan1ur/an
#rgani!a!i re5#%u!i#ner; De%en"a e!0 ,har0ag# &,har0ag# 'e!0i
"ihan1ur/an(. Dan *a4a-%ah !e/arang a0au nan0i &!e%a'a.
%a'an$a( !ega%a "a$a u)a$a 'u!uh un0u/ 'enghan1ur/an /i0aH
"engan *a%an a/!i 'a!!a $ang 0era0ur= )a!0i%ah /i0a 'enu*u
/e)a"a /e'enangan7
3. De In"#ne!i!1he S0u"ie1%u-
Sa')ai !aa0 ini !a$a -e%u' -erun0ung un0u/ 'enge0ahui a)a/ah
$ang !e-enarn$a $ang "iingin/an #%eh In"#ne!i!1he S0u"ie1%u-
"an a%a0 a)a/ah $ang a/an "i)a/ain$a un0u/ 'e%a/!ana/an
'a/!u"n$a. Ke0erangan 6'a*a%ah -u%anan "ari !0u"ie1%u-6 0i"a/
-erar0i a)a )un -agi !a$a.
Ke0erangan i0u 0er%a%u ge%a)= 0er%a%u e%a!0i! "an !anga0 /urang.
Karena i0u= ia 0a/ -#%eh "iangga) !e-agai !a0u 6"a!ar6 na!i#na%
-ua0 )er*uangan $ang )ra/0i!. Su%uh In"#ne!ia 'engu'u'/an
!e/ian -an$a/ )an"angan $ang -er'a1a'.'a1a'. A/an 0e0a)i=
"engan )eran0araan ini= /i0a 0a/ *uga "a)a0 'enga'-i%
/e!i')u%an a)a/ah ha% i0u "i%a/u/an "engan !enga*a a0au han$a
!u%a).!u%a)an /arena= /a"ang./a"ang= !0u"ie1%u- "a)a0 -er1eri0a
'enuru0 /e-ia!aan in0e%e/0ua% In"#ne!ia= -ah4a 6"i "a%a'
/ege%a)an 0er!e'-un$i )enerangan6.
Dari )i"a0# +r. Singgih !e)er0i $ang "iu'u'/an "i "a%a' Su%uh
In"#ne!ia "an 'a*a%ah %ain.%ain "a)a0 /i0a 6ra-a.ra-a6 !e"i/i0
&0a/ %e-ih "ari i0u7( -ah4a +r. Singgih "an /#n1#./#n1#n$a
'e')un$ai 'a/!u" $ang 'en$eru)ai n#n/#)era!i. >a"i= -e%u'
)a!0i7 Ke!an !a$a !e1ara u'u'= +r. Singgih !ea/an.a/an %e-ih
-er!i/a) !e-agai !e#rang a"5#/a0 $ang 'enari/ "iri 0erha"a)
angg#0a.angg#0a )e'erin0ah $ang 'engin0i).in0i) "ari)a"a
!e-agai !e#rang "u0a "ari !e-uah 1i0a.1i0a -aru $ang 'en$a%a.
n$a%a un0u/ -er*u0a.*u0a -u"a/ -erian. Se-uah )#%i0i/ $ang "a)a0
CD?
"i)aha'i= 0e0a)i 'enuru0 )e'an"angan !a$a= 'en"a0ang/an
/erugian $ang 0i"a/ /e1i%. +enuru0 )enga%a'an= ra!an$a "a)a0
/i0a /e0ahui -ah4a ra/$a0 /i0a $ang !e"erhana ini 0i"a/ !u/a
6%e')ar -a0u !e'-un$i 0angan6= 0i"a/ !u/a )aha'.)aha' $ang
'u!/i% "an 'engha-i!/an 4a/0u un0u/ 'e'-a%a! /a0a./a0a $ang
/#!#ng. Ra/$a0 /i0a 'enghen"a/i )er/a0aan $ang 0erang "an )a!.
Ka%au 0i"a/ -egi0u= ia a/an 0e0a) 'era-a.ra-a "an 'en"uga."uga
"an 0a/ /an "a)a0 "ia*a/ 'enga"a/an a/!i.
>uga !a$a 0a/ 'engena% i!i S0u"ie1%u- $ang -#r*ui! i0u. Te0a)i=
!e!u"ah "ua )u%uh %i'a 0ahun )ergera/an /e-ang!aan= )a0u0%ah
/i0a 'e')un$ai !a0u /e0en0uan. u/an/ah /i0a 0a/ -#%eh
'engangga) -ah4a /au' 0er)e%a*ar S0u"ie1%u- a/an 0ingga%
-era-a".a-a" "i "a%a' %a-#ra0#riu' !#!ia% B 'engu)a!.ngu)a!
"an 'e'a0u0.'a0u0 !a*a: Karena i0u= -iar%ah /i0a 'engangga)
un0u/ !e'en0ara 4a/0u -ah4a S0u"ie1%u- 6'enghen"a/i6
/e'er"e/aan na!i#na% "an ia 'au 'e'a/ai !en*a0a n#n/#)era!i.
A/an 0e0a)i= "engan !e-a-.!e-a- $ang !u"ah /i0a 'a/%u'i= ha%.
ha% i0u !e'en0ara 4a/0u "iraha!ia/an "u%u. >i/a !ungguh !e)er0i
i0u= /i0a a/an ge'-ira "an !e*auh "an !e)an0a! 'ung/in a/an /i0a
!#/#ng "engan !e)enuh 0enaga !e-a- n#n/#)era!i 0er'a!u/
!e-agian "ari a/!i /i0a $ang 0er'a!u/ /e "a%a' )r#gra' a/!i=
"an /i0a angga) !e-agai )ena'-ah )e'#g#/an "an "e'#n!0ra!i.
Te0a)i 'a!ih *a"i !a0u )er0an$aan -e!ar= a)a/ah n#n/#)era!i !a*a
B 'e!/i)un ia= -ai/ "a%a' )#%i0i/ 'au)un e/#n#'i= "a)a0
"i*a%an/an "engan !e')urna "a)a0 'en"a0ang/an ha!i% -agi
In"#ne!ia !e1ara u'un'$a. Periha% e/#n#'i "an )e'-#i/#0an=
/i0a )er!i%a/an )e'-a1a 'e%iha0 uraian.uraian "i 'u/a. agian
e/#n#'i "an )e'-#i/#0an i0u "i In"#ne!ia &0eru0a'a "i >a4a(
!anga0 'e'in0a )erha0ian "an -i%a /i0a 0i"a/ /e%iru= -e%u'
)ernah !e/a%i *uga "i-i1ara/an "a%a' S0u"ie1%u- !e!ungguhn$a=
ini%ah 0an"a /e%e'ahan n#n/#)era!i S0u"ie1%u-.
Pe'-#i/#0an 0an)a "i!er0ai -agian e/#n#'i 'eru)a/an
)e/er*aan $ang 0er%a')au /ha$a% "an *auh "ari 'e'a"ai.
+e!/i)un "e'i/ian= -iar%ah /i0a 'enga%ah. ah4a n#n/#)era!i
)#%i0i/ !a*a $ang "a)a0 'e'-a4a /e'enangan )#%i0i/= -iar%ah
0e0a) 0ingga% !e-agai )eru')a'aanH "engan -#i/#0 e/#n#'i= /i0a
"a)a0 'en1a)ai 0u*uan )#%i0i/.
CD@
Kini 0ingga% !#a% $ang 0er)en0ing= -agian 'ana/ah "ari )en"u"u/
In"#ne!ia $ang 'e!0i "igera//an #%eh S0u"ie1%u- $ang a/an
'e'u0u!/an hu-ungan 6/er*a !a'a6 "engan i')eria%i!'e
e%an"a.
Di !ini%ah !en"in$a7 Ki0a 0i"a/ -erha"a)an "engan !a0u negeri
$ang )e'erin0ahann$a !a'a !e/a%i a0au)un !e-agian /e1i%
"i/e'u"i/an #%eh 4a/i%.4a/i% ra/$a0= !e)er0i "i 2i%i)ina= +e!ir
"an !e/arang "i In"ia. >a"i= /i0a 0a/ 'e')un$ai !a0u
)e'erin0ahan $ang 6-ergera/6 &-#%eh "i0urun/an "an "inai//an
"engan *a%an )e'i%ihan6(= 0e0a)i !e-uah /#%#nia% -ir#/ra!i $ang
-er/ara0 'a0i. Un0u/ 'eni'-u%/an /eri-u0an $ang -erar0i "a%a'
)#%i0i/= /i0a haru! %a4an "an r#-#h/an -ir#/ra!i i0u 'u%ai "ari
!en"i.!en"in$a. >a"i= 'e!0i%ah /i0a 'en"e/a0i )ega4ai.)ega4ai=
!e)er0i -u)a0i= 4e"ana= "e'ang= *a/!a "an guru.guru !e/#%ah
!u)a$a 'a!ing.'a!ing 'e%e0a//an *a-a0ann$a.
Ki0a !e1ara a)ri#ri )er1a$a -ah4a ha% i0u 0i"a/ 'ung/in !a'a
!e/a%i= "an !e'en0ara 4a/0u *angan%ah "i-eri -u/0i a)#!0eri#ri.
Sungguh 0erang !e/a%i -ah4a -u)a0i i0u /#n!er5a0i8 "an )a!0i
'erang/a/.rang/a/ "i -a4ah /ur!i= 'en*i%a0 )an0a0 e%an"a
!er0a 0a/u0n$a /e)a"a -ang!a Er#)a %e-ih "ari $ang !e'e!0in$a.
+ere/a "i0e')e% #%eh !au"ara.!au"aran$a "an -ia!an$a -an$a/
u0angH /arena i0u= 'ere/a a/an -ergan0ung !e0eguh.0eguhn$a
/e)a"a ga*i 'ere/a. +ere/a 60er%a')au !u/a6 'e'erin0ah "an
'era!a 0er%a%u 0inggi= 0a/ %a$a/ 'en$er0ai )ergera/an "an
-er!e/#ng/#% "engan ra/$a0 $ang 'au 'enga"a/an huru.hara.
We"ana "an *a/!a )un 0a/ /urang "ari i0u= -ah/an 0er%e-ih %agi=
!anga0 hau! )ang/a0 $ang 0inggiH !e-a- i0u= 'ere/a %e-ih
6)erang/a/6 "an 6)en*i%a06 "ari)a"a )ega4ai In"#ne!ia $ang
%e-ih 0inggi.
Ki0a )er1a$a -ah4a +r. Singgih "an 0e'an.0e'ann$a a/an
'enger*a/an )e/er*aan $ang 0a/ 0erhingga -era0n$a un0u/
'e'a0ah/an -ir#/ra!i e%an"a $ang /#/#h i0uH !e0eru!n$a=
'e')er#%eh /e'er"e/aan na!i#na% a0au /#n!e!i )#%i0i/ $ang
-e!ar.-e!ar.
Tingga% %agi -agi S0u"ie1%u- n#n/#)era!i 0erha"a) ra)a0 /#0a.
Ki0a ra!a )er-ua0an i0u 0a/ 1u/u) /e%iru !a'a !e/a%i7 Ki0a ra!a
%e-ih -erguna -i%a Dr. S#e0#'# "an 0e'an.0e'ann$a 0e0a) "u"u/
CDA
"i "a%a' ra)a0 /#0a Sura-a$a= $ai0u -a"an i')eria%i! !a0u.
!a0un$a $ang -#%eh "i'a!u/i -ang!a In"#ne!ia "engan )e'i%ihan
%ang!ung &'e!/i)un !anga0 0er-a0a!( "an "a)a0 'enge'u/a/an
!e!ua0u "engan %e%ua!a. Di !ana Dr. S#e0#'# "an 0e'an.
0e'ann$a "engan )enge0ahuann$a $ang %ua! 0en0ang !ega%a 0i)u.
'u!%iha0 )iha/ !ana= "engan 'enga"a/an )er%a4anan $ang 0i"a/
)u0u!.)u0u! "an /ri0i/ 0erha"a) !i )e'egang /e/ua!aan= a/an
-erha!i% 6'en$u!ah/an6 /e"u"u/an ra)a0 /#0a.
Se0e%ah 'e')erha0i/an !e'ua $ang 0er!e-u0 "i a0a!=
!e!ungguhn$a /i0a !anga0 'en$e!a%i )#%i0i/ "an a/!i S0u"ie1%u-
$ang "i%a/u/ann$a !a')ai !e/arang ini. >i/a S0u"ie1%u- 0i"a/
6'enga'-i% !e'ua a0au !e-agian "ari )r#gra' -uruh /i0a6 &/i0a
'enga0a/an ini -u/an /arena 'au 'eren"ah/an a0au
'en$a/i0/an ha0i /au' 0er)e%a*ar S0u"ie1%u-(= ni!1a$a ia a/an
'eneri'a na!i- !e-agai .U. "an N.I.P. Se-a- hu-ungan !#!ia%
an0ara i')eria%i!'e ara0 "engan -ang!a In"#ne!ia $a/ni
-#r*ua!i -u'i)u0ra $ang /ua0 60i"a/ a"a6= 'a/a 'en1i)0a/an
!a0u '#"u! 5i5en"i )#%i0i/ a"a%ah !e-uah )e/er*aan $ang -e%u'
"i'u%ai. S0u"ie1%u- -e!#/ a0au %u!a ni!1a$a a/an -erha"a)an
"engan "i%e'a !e-agai'ana $ang !u"ah "ia%a'i #%eh )ar0ai.
)ar0ai -#r*ui!= $ai0u;
&C( /er*a !a'a "engan Pe'erin0ah e%an"a= "an "engan "e'i/ian
-erar0i 'engi/u0i )#%i0i/ i')eria%i!'e e%an"aH a0au
&2( /er*a !a'a "engan ra/$a0 $ang !e-enarn$a= 'ere-u0
/e'er"e/aan $ang !e%ua!.%ua!n$a= "an "engan "e'i/ian= ia a/an
'en*a"i )ar0ai 'a!!a -uruh !er0a -er)i/ir !e1ara -uruh. 6P#%i0i/
!a'a 0engah= %i-era%= -agi S0u"ie1%u- -erar0i N)#%i0i/ 'a00N.6
&3( P#%i0i/ )er%a4anan !e)er0i n#.2 i0u /i0a $ang an*ur/an /e)a"a
Dr= S#e0#'#= +r. Singgih "an 0e'an.0e'ann$a -i%a 'ere/a
/e%a/ "iang/a0 a0au "i)i%ih #%eh )e'erin0ah angg#0a De4an
Ra/$a0.
&4( >a"i= /au' 0er)e%a*ar S0u"ie1%u- 'e!0i%ah 'e'-uang 1ara
-er)i/ir -er*uang= -er1i0a.1i0a un0u/ re5#%u!i -#r*ui! a0au
)e'erin0ahan -#r*ui!= 0a)i 'en*a"i -uruh= $ai0u 'e'a/ai 1ara
)i/iran -uruh "ia%e/0i!.'a0eria%i!0i! "an -er*uang -ua0
/e)en0ingan /au' -uruh
CCD
I
FEDERASI REPUBLIK INDONESIA
+e!/i)un a0a! /ehen"a/ /i0a !en"iri= /i0a 0i"a/ a/an 'e'-a0a!i
a/!i /i0a 6han$a6 )a"a /e'er"e/aan -ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang
0erhin"ar #%eh i')eria%i!'e e%an"a. Pe'-a0a!an !e)er0i i0u a/an
!egera 'en$e')i0/an /i0a "i "a%a' ar0i e/#n#'i= !0ra0egi "an
)#%i0i/.
Ke/ua!aan a0a! Se'enan*ung Tanah +e%a$u "engan )u!a0
ar'a"a Singa)ura "i "a%a' 0angan i')eria%i!'e Inggri! -agi /i0a
!e-agai !a0u 6!0ra0egi!1h U'8a!ung6 !enan0ia!a 'e'a/!a /i0a
'en*auhi 'e"an )er*uangan. U'8a!ung ini "i%eng/a)i "engan
Au!0ra%ia )u0ih $ang an0i /u%i0 -er4arna "i !e-e%ah !e%a0an.
Da%a' ar0i e/#n#'i= !e'enan*ung -agi /i0a a"a%ah !anga0
)en0ing !e-a- negeri i0u !u"ah 'en*a"i )a!ar 0er-e!ar -agi
-er-agai 'a1a' ha!i% -u'i In"#ne!iaH 0a'-ahan )u%a= -an$a/
hu-ungann$a "engan !e%uruhn$a. Ke"u"u/an /i0a "i an0ara
+a%a$a "engan Au!0ra%ia= "an /a)i0a% Inggri! $ang !anga0 -e!ar
"i In"#ne!ia= 'e'-e!ar/an "an 'enge/a%/an )erha0ian )#%i0i/
i')eria%i!'e Inggri! a0a! !ega%a /e*a"ian "i In"#ne!ia. Ki0a 0a/
a/an "a)a0 'era')a! /e'er"e/aan In"#ne!ia 0an)a /eri-u0an=
"an -i%a ri-u0= !er"a"u Inggri! 0en0u%ah a/an !ia) "engan
!ena)ann$a.
Te0a)n$a /e"u"u/an A'eri/a "i In"#ne!ia.U0ara &2i%i)ina( -agi
/i0a %e-ih -er-aha$a "ari)a"a $ang "a)a0 "i"uga #%eh !e#rang
In"#ne!ia -ia!a. S0ra0egi /i0a 0e0a) 0eran1a'= -ai/ "ari u0ara
'au)un "ari !e%a0an #%eh i')eria%i!'e '#"ern. E/#n#'i
2i%i)ina $ang 'enge%uar/an ha!i% -u'i !e)er0i In"#ne!ia.Se%a0an
'en*a"i )er!aingan $ang he-a0. Pen"e/n$a= !e%a'a )#%i0i/
In"#ne!ia 'a!ih 0er)e1ah.)e1ah *a"i -e-era)a -agian !e)er0i
!e/arang &-agian e%an"a= Inggri!= A'eri/a(= 0a/ a/an "a)a0
"ia"a/an )er!a0uan a/!i e/#n#'i= !e)er0i 'ene0a)/an harga
'a/!i'u' ha!i% -u'i "ari negeri.negeri 0r#)i/ ini "i )a!ar.)a!ar
"unia. Ke'er"e/aan /i0a= -agi Pa'an Sa' $ang 'ung/in !e/a%i
CCC
-ernia0 un0u/ !e%a'a.Ia'an$a "u"u/ "i 2i%i)ina= -u/an%ah !a0u
!#a% 68i%!a8a06 )#%i0i/ !a*a.
In"#ne!ia 'er"e/a $ang !e/arang 'ering/u/ "i -a4ah
i')eria%i!'e e%an"a a/an "ih#r'a0i #%eh -ang!a In"#ne!ia.
U0ara "engan ge'-ira "an a/an 'en$e-a-/an 0i'-u%n$a agi0a!i
-aru un0u/ /e'er"e/aan $ang !e%ua!.%ua!n$a -agi 'ere/a.
2i%i)ina "a%a' gengga'an >e)ang 0i"a/ -agu! -agi /i0a.
Se-a%i/n$a= %a'-a0 %aun ia -erar0i 6)ena/%u/an /i0a -er!a'a6
/e)a"a /a4anan )era')#/ A!iria '#"ern. Sa0u )u!a0 )er!a0uan
an0ara !e%uruh -ang!a In"#ne!ia= $a/ni In"#ne!ia /i0a.
Se'enan*ung "an 2i%i)ina B 0a/ u!ah "i-i1ara/an "u%u
Ke)u%auan O1eania "an +a"aga!/ar $ang *u'%ahn$a 0i"a/
!e"i/i0 B a"a%ah !ine Lua n#n= !ara0 un0u/ 'era')a! "an
'en*aga /e-e-a!an /i0a. ,e%a/a !ungguh= -ang!a In"#ne!ia "i
Se'enan*ung +a%a/a 0a/ "a)a0 'e')er0ahan/an "iri "ari
/e-an*iran -ang!a In"ia "an Ti#ng/#/ $ang 0eru! 'enga%ir /e
!ana. Perniagaan in"u!0ri -#%eh "i/a0a/an !e'uan$a a"a "i
0angan a!ing. u'i)u0ra "i /#0a./#0a )e!i!ir !enan0ia!a "i"e!a/
/e )inggir /#0a= "an $ang 0ingga% "i "ara0 'a/in hari 'a/in *auh
'en$ing/ir /e )un1a/.)un1a/ gunung.
Pa-ri/.)a-ri/ /ere0a a)i= /an0#r./an0#r gu-erne'en "an
)erniagaan !a'a !e/a%i a"a "i 0angan -ang!a a!ing. Orang
)eran0auan "ari >a4a= Su'a0era= #rne# "an Su%a4e!i 0er%a')au
!e"i/i0 "an 0er%a')au %e'ah /e/ua0ann$a un0u/ 'enga"a/an
)er*uangan e/#n#'i 'e%a4an -ang!a enua A!ia $ang -ia!an$a
)an"ai -e/er*a= hi"u) !e"erhana "an /#')a/. Pr#!e! )en"e!a/an
-ang!a In"#ne!ia "a%a' ha% /e"ia'an= e/#n#'i= )#%i0i/ "an
negeri 'en$e-a-/an %ahirn$a !e-uah )ergera/an -aru "i !ana.
Sa0u )er/u')u%an #rang.#rang In"#ne!ia $ang -erna'a
6Ke!a0uan.+e%a$u6 'engun0ung/an "an 'e!0i /i0a )erha0i/an
$ang !ega%a "a$a "ari #rang In"#ne!ia "i Se'enan*ung un0u/
)er0ahanan "an )#%i0i/. +e!/i)un 'a!ih !ura' "a%a' )er/a0aan
"an ragu.ragu "a%a' a/!i= !e-uah -a"an )#%i0i/ !e)er0i i0u
haru!%ah "iangga) !e-agai !e!ua0u $ang 'engun0ung/an "an
'e!0i /i0a )erha0i/an "engan )erha0ian $ang !e)enuh.)enuhn$a.
CC2
Segena) "a$a u)a$a 'enge'-ang "an 'en1i)0a/an !ua0u
Per!a0uan In"#ne!ia Ra$a "i !e%uruh Ke)u%auan %n"#ne!ia 6'e!0i
"an )er%u6 a"a "an "i"iri/an. Ta'-ahan %agi= -#%eh "ihara)/an
-ah4a -e!#/ a0au %u!a -ang!a In"#ne!ia.Se'enan*ung a/an
-eri/h0iar 'e%ahir/an !a0u )ergera/an $ang 'a/!u"n$a a/an
'e'in"ah/an -ang!a In"#ne!ia.Se%a0an /e !ana. Dengan *a%an
!eru)a i0u= "a)a0%ah "i-a0a!in$a )r#!e! )en"e!a/an i0u "an
"i1i)0a/ann$a !a0u "a!ar 0e')a0 In"#ne!ia 'er"e/a 6-er!an"ar6
"an a/hirn$a a/an 'e4u*u"/an Ke'er"e/aan Se'e!0a.
In"#ne!ia.
2i%i)in# $ang 0er%e0a/ "i an0ara S1i$%%a= A'eri/a "an ,har$- "i
>e)ang= !0ra0egi!= 6!e)en0ing.)en0ingn$a "i Pa!i8i/6 -agi
C2.DDD.DDD #rang In"#ne!ia "i !ana !ungguh 'en*a"i !a0u !#a%
$ang 'e'u0u!/an hara)an un0u/ 'ere-u0 /e'er"e/aan na!i#na%.
Ke"u"u/an 2i%i)ina 0er%a%u )en0ing= !e"ang/an *u'%ah
)en"u"u/n$a 0er%a%u !e"i/i0 un0u/ "a)a0 'engu!ir 'u!uh
!e%a'a.%a'an$a. Karena i0u= 'e'ang !u"ah )a"a 0e')a0n$a *i/a
'ere/a 'era!a !anga0 -er!$u/ur #%eh i'igra!i "ari In"#ne!ia.
Se%a0an /e !ana !e-a- )ara i'igran i0u "a%a' !e"i/i0 4a/0u !a*a
"i"i"i/ -ergau% ni!1a$a a/an *a"i !a0u%ah "engan 'ere/a.
Se-agai -ang!a !a0u /e0urunan= 2i%i)ina "engan In"#ne!ia
Se%a0an 0en0u%ah 0i"a/ a/an -er!e%i!ih ru)a= 'u/a= hi"ung=
)er1a/a)an= /e!u/aan "an /e'auann$a -e/er*a= *uga 'e')un$ai
)erhu-ungan -aha!a $ang 0a/ "a)a0 "i!ang/a.OCP
I'igra!i "ari In"#ne!ia.Se%a0an !e/a%i./a%i -u/an%ah a/an -erar0i
6)en*a*ahan6 a0a! -ang!a 2i%i)ina= -ai/ "a%a' ha% e/#n#'i=
/e-u"a$aan= )#%i0i/ a0au a)a )un *uga. Se-a%i/n$a= i'igra!i i0u
-erar0i 'engua0/an -ang!a i0u.
Han$a !a*a i'igra!i 0en0u 0i"a/ a/an "iiGin/an #%eh i')eria%i!'e
e%an"a. Pergau%an an0ara -ang!a In"#ne!ia.Se%a0an $ang
-era-a".a-a" %a'an$a "i*a*ah "an "ia-ui 'a0an$a "engan -ang!a
In"#ne!ia.U0ara $ang 'e')un$ai %e-ih -an$a/ /e'er"e/aan
"a%a' )ere/#n#'ian )#%i0i/ "an /e-u"a$aan= -u/an/ah !e-en0ar
!a*a a/an 'e'-u/a/an 'a0a 'ere/a "an 'e'-angun/an
CC3
!e'anga0 re5#%u!i#ner: +e!/i)un -ang!a 2i%i)ina B -erhu-ung
"engan )er0i'-angan e/#n#'in$a &0ing/a0 )enghi"u)an $ang
%e-ih 0inggi( B 'enen0ang i'igra!i /au' -uruh "ari enua
Ti'ur 0e0a)i 'ere/a !e0u*u "engan i'igra!i "ari In"#ne!ia.
Se%a0an -iar)un -e!ar *u'%ahn$a. ang!a 2i%i)ina !anga0 !u%i0
'e'ung/iri ri4a$a0n$a !en"iri !e-a- 'ere/a )un a"a%ah -ang!a
In"#ne!ia.Se%a0anH >a4a= Su'a0era= Se'enan*ung "an %ain.%ain
*uga )in"ah /e !ana.
Ke*a"ian ini -agi /i0a !e/arang "an !e0eru!n$a !anga0 )en0ing
/arena ha% i0u a"a%ah !a%ah !a0u !en"i )er!a0uan "an /er*a
)er0a'a "i 'a!a $ang a/an "a0ang. Se%ain i0u= 0i"a/ /e1i% )u%a
ar0in$a )#%i0i/ 2i%i)ina $ang -e/er*a -er!a'a "engan /i0a.
Ke-an$a/an )e'i')in )#%i0i/ $ang -e!ar )engaruhn$a )ernah
-er/a0a /e)a"a /i0a -ah4a 'ere/a !anga0 'enan0i.nan0i/an 6A%%
In"#ne!ian ,#n8eren1e6 $ang )er0a'a. Te0a)i !a$ang /i0a
!e/arang 0i"a/ !e')a0. Se!ungguhn$a ini%ah 4a/0u $ang -ai/
un0u/ 'e%e0a//an -a0u )er0a'a "i a0a! gunung 6Per!a0uan
!e%uruh -ang!a In"#ne!ia6.
+ari%ah /i0a 'u%ai= "ari 'eni0 ini= "engan !ungguh.!ungguh "an
ge'-ira -e/er*a un0u/ 'en*a"i/an !e-agai 0u*uan /i0a $ang
)engha-i!an; )en"irian 62e"era!i Re)u-%i/ In"#ne!ia6 &2RI( "i
"a%a' ar0i $ang !e-enarn$a a"a%ah )er!a0uan "ari CDD=DDD=DDD
'anu!ia $ang 0er0in"a! "an 'en"ia'i )u!a0 !0ra0egi "an
)erhu-ungan !e%uruh enua A!ia "an !a'u"eran$a. Se%ain i0u= ia
-erar0i 0e%ah 'e'u!a0/an !e'ua ha!i% -u'i negeri.negeri )ana!H
"an -er!a'aan "engan i0u= )e'-angunan /e-u"a$aan -aru=
$a/ni /e-angunan !a0u -ang!a "an /e/ua!aan -aru "i Ti'ur.
O%eh /arena i0u= ia a/an 'en*a"i )#/#/ !e'anga0 -aru $ang 0a/
0er0ahan.0ahan -agi -ang!a A!ia $ang *u'%ahn$a %e-ih "ari
C=DDD=DDD=DDD "an hau! a/an /e'er"e/aanH "an ia -erar0i )u%a
/erugian $ang 0a/ "a)a0 "i)er-ai/i #%eh )en*a*ahan )u0ih.
ang!a In"#ne!ia.Se%a0an $ang 'enghen"a/i /e'er"e/aan )a!0i
'enger0i -enar 0uga! "an a/i-a0 "ari )er-ua0an !er0a
/e'enangann$a. +u%ai !e/arang ia haru! 'enu'-uh/an
!e'anga0 *uang 0erha"a) i')eria%i!'e ara0= -ai/ "a%a' )#%i0i/
CC4
)er"agangan a0au)un 'i%i0er. >angan !e/a%i./a%i /i0a 'un"ur a0au
'eningga%/an )er*a%anan $ang "i1i0a.1i0a/an.
Sing!ing/an%ah %engan -a*u "engan !egera -ua0 'enghi"u)/an
!er0a 'en$a0u/an !e'ua /e/ua0an na!i#na%H !e0eru!n$a= 1i)0a/an
!a0u )er0a%ian "engan -ang!a In"#ne!ia $ang %ain= $ang an0i.
i')eria%i! ara0 a0au Ti'ur.
A/an 0e0a)i= *angan /i0a 'enggan0ung/an "iri !e'a0a.'a0a
/e)a"a )er0#%#ngan %uar negeri. Hen"a/n$a /i0a -er/e$a/inan
/e)a"a /e/ua0an !en"iri "ari a4a% !a')ai a/hir.
OCP Se-e%u' -ang!a S)an$#% "a0ang "i 2i%i)ina= -aha!a +e%a$u
'en*a"i -aha!a )#%i0i/ $ang re!'i "i !e%uruh 2i%i)ina= 'en*a"i
%ingua 8ran1a an0ar )u%au $ang -er*u'%ah 0a/ /urang "ari "ua
ri-u -uah. A/an 0e0a)i= )#%i0i/ "e5i"e e0 i')era -ang!a S)an$#%
'e'-unuh -aha!a i0u. Se%ain i0u= /arena 6U0u!an Tuhan6 i0u
'enge'-ang/an !egena) "ia%e/ $ang a"a "i 0ia).0ia) )u%au.
)u%au "an "aerah "i 2i%i)ina= "an 'ere/a *uga 'engha)u!/an
-aha!a +e%a$u= 'a/a %en$a)%ah -aha!a )#%i0i/ $ang re!'i 0a"i.
Se0e%ah -aha!a )ergau%an i0u 'a0i 'a/a %a'-a0 %aun 'a0i )u%a
ra!a )er!a0uan "i an0ara )en"u"u/ !ehingga a/hirn$a S)an$#%
"a)a0 'enga"u "#'-a 'ere/a. I0u%ah !e-a-n$a 'a/a hingga /ini
!anga0 !u!ah un0u/ 'e'-angun )er!a0uan na!i#na%.
CC3
II
KHAYALAN SEORANG REVOLUSIONER
Se-uah 0uga! $ang -era0 0a)i !u1i= !e/arang "i)i/u%/an "i a0a!
-ahu !e0ia) #rang In"#ne!ia un0u/ 'e'er"e/a/an 33 *u0a *i4a
"ari )er-u"a/an $ang -era0u!.ra0u! 0ahun %a'an$a= "an
'e'i')in 'ere/a /e )in0u ger-ang hi"u) -aru.
Ia'an $ang %a%u= Ga'an )en*a*ahan Hin"u "an I!%a' !er0a
Ga'an 6/e!a/0ian6 $ang ge%a) i0u= 0a/ "a)a0 'en#%#ng /i0a
!e"i/i0 )un. +ari%ah !e/arang /i0a -angun 0er'-#/ -a*a an0ara
Ga'an "u%u "an Ga'an "e)an= "an *angan !e/a%i./a%i 'e%iha0 /e
-e%a/ang "an 'en1#-a.1#-a 'e')erguna/an 0enaga )ur-a/a%a
i0u un0u/ 'en"#r#ng/an 'a!$ara/a0 $ang -er-ahagia. +ari%ah
/i0a )erguna/an )i/iran $ang 6ra!i#na%6 !e-a- )enge0ahuan "an
1ara -er)i/ir $ang -egi0u a"a%ah 0ing/a0an 0er0inggi "a%a'
)era"a-an 'anu!ia "an 0ing/a0an )er0a'a -ua0 Ga'an "e)an.
,ara -er)i/ir $ang ra!i#na% 'e'-a4a /i0a /e)a"a )engua!aan
a0a! !u'-er "a$a a%a' $ang 'en"a0ang/an 'an8aa0= "an
)e'a/aian $ang -enar B /e)a"a 1ara )e'a/aian i0u 'a/in %a'a
'a/in -ergan0ung na!i- 'anu!ia. Han$a 1ara -er)i/ir "an
-e/er*a $ang ra!i#na% $ang "a)a0 'e'-a4a 'anu!ia "ari
/e0a/ha$u%an= /e%a)aran= 4a-ah )en$a/i0 "an )er-u"a/an=
'enu*u /e)a"a /e-enaran. Ki0a !anga0 'en*un*ung 0inggi
/e!a/0ian "an a"a0 i!0ia"a0 !er0a /e-enaran -ang!a Ti'ur. A/an
0e0a)i !e'uan$a i0u 0i"a/%ah 'en"a0ang/an )en1erahan= /e'auan
/e)a"a )era"a-an "an /e'a*uan= 1i0a.1i0a 0en0ang 'a!$ara/a0
$ang -ai/= 0inggi= -agu!= !er0a 0i"a/ )u%a 'en"a0ang/an $ang
-ai/ "i "a%a' !e*arah "unia. Pu*i%ah /e)in0aran Ti'ur !ang
)e'i%i/ -a0inn$a !en"iri= /egai-an a0au /e/era'a0an Ti'ur=
-i%a'ana an"a !u/a. Se'uan$a i0u !e-enarn$a 'eru)a/an a!a%
'u%a "ari /e!eng!araan "an )en$i/!aan 'e'a0i/an !e'anga0
/er*a "a%a' 'a!$ara/a0 $ang 0a/ %a$a/ -agi )ergau%an 'anu!ia.
+anu!ia haru!%ah -er"a$a= 'en1#-a -er*uang= /a%ah a0au
'enang "a%a' i/h0iarn$a i0u. Se-a-= ini%ah $ang "ina'a/an
hi"u)7 Karena i0u= ha)u!%ah !ega%a 'a1a' /e)ua!an $ang
CC<
'en$u-ur/an !e'anga0 -u"a/ "an -uang%ah /e!a%ahan /#!#ng
!e-a- ini a"a%ah /e!e!a0an )i/iran !e'a0a.
+anu!ia 'e!0i 'e'a0ah/an !e'ua $ang 'erin0angi
/e'er"e/aann$a. Ia haru! 'er"e/a7 Se-uah -ang!a )un 'e!0i
'er"e/a -er)i/ir "an -eri/h0iar. >a"i ia 'e!0i -er"iri a0au
-eru-ah "engan )i/iran "an "a$a u)a$a $ang !e!uai "engan
/e1a/a)an= )era!aan "an /e'auann$a. Tia).0ia) 'anu!ia a0au
-ang!a haru! 'e')erguna/an 0enagan$a -ua0 'e'a*u/an
/e-u"a$aan 'anu!ia u'u'. >i/a 0i"a/= ia 0a/ %a$a/ 'en*a"i
!e#rang 'anu!ia a0au -ang!a "an )a"a ha/i/a0n$a 0a/ -er-e"a
!e"i/i0 *ua "engan !ee/#r -ina0ang.
Te0a)i /a'u #rang In"#ne!ia $ang 33=DDD=DDD 0a/ /an 'ung/in
'er"e/a !e%a'a /a'u -e%u' 'engha)u!/an !ega%a 6/#0#ran
/e!a/0ian6 i0u "ari /e)a%a'u= !e%a'a /a'u 'a!ih 'e'u*a
/e-u"a$aan /un# $ang )enuh "engan /e)a!i8an= 'e'-a0u= "an
!e%a'a /a'u -er!e'anga0 -u"a/ -e%ia. Tenaga e/#n#'i "an
!#!ia% $ang a"a )a"a 4a/0u ini= haru! /a'u )er!a0u/an un0u/
'enen0ang i')eria%i!'e ara0 $ang !e"ang 0er)e1ah.)e1ah i0u=
"engan !en*a0a !e'anga0 re5#%u!i#ner.)r#%e0ari!= $ai0u "ia%e/0i!
'a0eria%i!'e. Ka'u 0a/ -#%eh /a%ah #%eh #rang ara0 "a%a' ha%
)e'i/iran= )en$e%i"i/an= /e*u*uran= /ege'-iraan= /ere%aan "a%a'
!ega%a ru)a )eng#r-anan. >uga /a'u 0i"a/ -#%eh "i/a%ah/an
'ere/a "a%a' )er*uangan !#!ia%. A/ui%ah "engan 0u%u!= -ah4a
/a'u !anggu) "an 'e!0i -e%a*ar "ari #rang ara0. Ta)i /a'u
*angan *a"i )eniru #rang ara0= 'e%ain/an !e#rang 'uri" "ari
Ti'ur $ang 1er"a!= !u/a 'engi/u0i /e'auan a%a' "an
!e0eru!n$a "a)a0 'e%e-ihi /e)in0aran guru.gurun$a "i ara0.
Se-e%u' -ang!a In"#ne!ia 'enger0i "an 'e')erguna/an !ega%a
/e)an"aian "an )enge0ahuan ara0= -e%u'%ah ia 0a'a0 "ari
!e/#%ah ara0. Karena i0u= *angan%ah 'en*a0uh/an "iri "a%a'
/e!e!a0an "engan 'engira -ah4a /e-u"a$aan Ti'ur $ang "u%u
a0au !e/arang %e-ih 0inggi "ari /e-u"a$aan ara0 !e/arang. Ini
-#%eh /a'u /a0a/an= -i%a'ana /a'u !u"ah 'e%e-ihi
)enge0ahuan= /e1a/a)an "an 1ara -er)i/ir #rang ara0.
Se/urang./urangn$a 'a!$ara/a0 /a'u !u"ah 'enge%uar/an
#rang $ang %e-ih "ari !e#rang "ari Ne40#n= +arF "an Lenin=
-aru%ah /a'u -#%eh -angga. Pa"a 4a/0u ini !ungguh !ia.!ia "an
CC?
0a/ %a$a/ -agi /a'u 'enge%uar/an )er/a0aan !u"ah 6%e-ih
)in0ar6 "an 0a/ )er%u -e%a*ar %agi= !e-a- -an$a/ !e/a%i $ang
-e%u' /a'u /e0ahui. Pun *i/a )er/a0aan i0u /e%uar "ari !e#rang
-e/a! 'uri" $ang 'e%u)a/an a*aran gurun$a. Ka'u -e%u' -#%eh
'e'-angga/an /e%e-ihan'u /arena /a'u -e%u' %a$a/ *a"i
!e#rang 'uri"= !e)er0i 0er-u/0i "engan /e/#%#0an "an a/ar.a/ar
0a/ha$u% $ang 'a!ih -er-e%i0.-e%i0 "a%a' /e)a%a'u. i%a !e/a%ian
/eru4e0an i0u !u"ah %en$a) "ari /e)a%a'u= -aru%ah /a'u
"iangga) #rang !e-agai 'uri"= "an 'u%ai%ah 'e')erguna/an
)i/iran 6-aru6 "engan !e')urna.
>a"i= *angan%ah -i'-ang 'era')a! /e'er"e/aan -i%a /a'u ingin
*a"i !e#rang 'uri" ara0. >uga *angan "i%u)a/an -ah4a /a'u
-e%u' !e#rang 'uri"= -ah/an -e%u' !e#rang 'anu!ia= -i%a /a'u
0a/ ingin 'er"e/a "an -e%a*ar -e/er*a !en"iri7 agi -ang!a
In"#ne!ia= 'anu!ia 0ia"a hara)an a/an 'e')er#%eh /e'a*uan
-i%a -era"a "i -a4ah 0u'i0 i')eria%i!'e e%an"a. i%a !e!e#rang
ingin 'enai/i 0angga !#!ia% "an /e-u"a$aan= haru!%ah ia 'er"e/a
%e-ih "u%u. A"a)un )aha' 0en0ang /e'er"e/aan= "i ara0%ah
"i%ahir/an "an "i)erguna/an.
Se!e#rang $ang ingin 'en*a"i 'uri" ara0 a0au 'anu!ia=
hen"a/%ah 'er"e/a "engan 'erna/ai !en*a0a ara0 $ang ra!i#na%.
A)a-i%a !u"ah "a)a0 'e'a/ain$a= -aru%ah ia "a)a0 'en1i)0a/an
!e-uah )ergau%an hi"u) $ang -aru "an ra!i#na%.
Ke'u"ian /e1a/a)an "an /e'auan 'enuru0 a%a' "a)a0 0u'-uh=
"an "engan i0u )u%a /e/a$aan 0anah In"#ne!ia $ang 0a/ 0er/ira
i0u "a)a0 "iu!aha/an "an "i)erguna/an -ua0 /e%uhuran -ang!a
In"#ne!ia $ang 0e%ah 0er0in"a! "an 'erana !e/ian %a'a "i -a4ah
0a)a/ /a/i e%an"a.
Karena i0u= 4ahai /au' re5#%u!i#ner= !ia)/an%ah -ari!an'u
"engan !e%e/a!.%e/a!n$a7 Ga-ung/an%ah -uruh "an 0ani $ang
-er*u0a.*u0a= !er0a )en"u"u/ /#0a "an /au' 0er)e%a*ar "i "a%a'
!a0u )ar0ai 'a!!a )r#%e0ar.
Tun*u//an /e)a"a 0ia).0ia) #rang In"#ne!ia $ang 1in0a a/an
/e'er"e/aan 0en0ang ar0i /e'er"e/aan In"#ne!ia "a%a' ha%
'a0eri "an i"e. Panggi% "an hi')un/an%ah #rang.#rang $ang
-er*u0a.*u0a "ari /#0a "an "e!a= )an0ai "an gunung= /e -a4ah
CC@
)an*i re5#%u!i#ner. i'-ing/an%ah 0angan !i )e'-an0ing 0u%ang
"an -u"a/ -e%ian i0u hari ini "an -e!#/H -a4a%ah 'ere/a
'ener*ang -en0eng 'u!uh $ang ra)i i0u7 Di !ana%ah 0e')a0'u
)e'i')in.)e'i')in re5#%u!i#ner7 Di 'u/a -ari!an %a!/ar i0u%ah
0e')a0'u -er"iri "an /erah/an%ah 0e'an !e*a4a0'u 'ener*ang
'u!uhH ini%ah /e4a*i-an !e#rang $ang -erha0i !inga7 Diri/an%ah
"i 0engah.0engah %a!/ar'u i0u !a0u )u!a0 )i')inan= 0e')a0
'en*a0uh/an !ua0u )erin0ah /e)a"a 'ere/a !e'ua $ang hau!
!er0a %a)ar i0u= "an )a!0i /a0a./a0a'u a/an "i"engar "an "i0uru0
'ere/a "engan -er!ungguh ha0i.
Ka'u= ah%i )i"a0# )ah%a4an H#'eru! '#"ern= -er!eru%ah "i
0engah.0engah 'a!!a $ang 0a/ !a-ar 'enan0i.nan0i/an
/e"a0angan'u "engan 0e)u/ !#ra/ "an /ege'-iraan.
Dan "engan )i"a0#'u i0u= 0ega//an%ah 'ere/a $ang %e'ah=
-u/a/an 'a0a $ang -u0a= /#re/ /u)ing $ang 0u%i= -angun/an
$ang 0i"ur= !uruh -er"iri $ang "u"u/ "an !uruh -er*a%an $ang
-er"iriH i0u%ah /e4a*i-an !e#rang $ang 0ahu a/an /e4a*i-an
!e#rang )u0era 0u')ah "arahn$a. Di !i0u%ah 0e')a0'u -er"iri
"an -er"iri= "i !i0u !a')ai n$a4a'u "i1a-u0 #%eh )e%uru a0au
)e"ang 'u!uh $ang -engi! /e*i "an hina i0u.
I0u /e4a*i-an'u7
Ka'u )ah%a4an "ari ang/a0an re5#%u!i#ner7 Tun0un%ah 'a!!a !i
%a)ar= !i 'i!/in= !i hina= !i 'e%ara0= !i hau! i0u 'ene')uh -ari!an
'u!uh "an r#-#h/an%ah -en0engn$a i0u= 1a-u0 n$a4an$a=
)a0ah/an 0u%angn$a= 0ana'/an 0iang -en"era'u "i a0a!
-en0engn$a i0u. *angan%ah /a'u -iar/an -en"era i0u "i0urun/an
a0au "i0u/ar #%eh !ia)a)un. Lin"ungi -en"era i0u "engan
-ang/ai'u= n$a4a'u= "an 0u%ang'u. I0u%ah 0e')a0 $ang
!e%a$a/n$a -agi'u= !e#rang )u0era Tanah In"#ne!ia 0e')a0
"arah'u 0er0u')ah.
iar%ah $ang 0er!e-u0 "i a0a! i0u !enan0ia!a 'en*a"i /enang.
/enangan -agi /i0a !e'ua. er!a'a 'a!!a= /i0a -er"era)
'enun0u0 ha/ "an /e'er"e/aan.
CCA
LAMPIRAN! RANCANGAN UNTUK PROGRAM
PROLETAR DI INDONESIA
A. P"li#i$
C. Ke'er"e/aan In"#ne!ia "engan !egera "an 'u0%a/.
2. +en"iri/an !a0u Re)u-%i/ 2e"era!i "ari -er-agai.-agai
)u%au "i In"#e!ia.
3. Dengan !egera 'enga"a/an Ra)a0 Na!i#na%= $ang
'e4a/i%i !e'ua g#%#ngan ra/$a0 "an aga'a.aga'a "i
!e%uruh In"#ne!ia.
4. Dengan !egera 'e'-eri/an ha/ 'e'i%ih $ang )enuh
/e)a"a )en"u"u/ In"#ne!ia= %a/i.%a/i "an )ere')uan.
B. E$"n"%i
C. +en*a"i/an 'i%i/ na!i#na% )a-ri/.)a-ri/= 0a'-ang.
0a'-ang= !e)er0i 0a'-ang -a0u arang= 'in$a/ "an e'a!.
2. +en*a"i/an 'i%i/ na!i#na% hu0an.hu0an "an /e-un./e-un
-e!ar '#"ern !e)er0i /e-un gu%a= /are0= 0eh= /#)i= /ina=
/e%a)a= ni%a "an /e0e%a.
3. +en*a"i/an 'i%i/ na!i#na% a%a0.a%a0 )engang/u0an "an
%a%u %in0a!.
4. +en*a"i/an 'i%i/ na!i#na% -an/.-an/= /#ng!i./#ng!i "an
'a!/a)ai.'a!/a)ai "agang $ang -e!ar.-e!ar.
3. E%e/0ri8i/a!i !e%uruh In"#ne!ia "an 'en"iri/an in"u!0ri.
in"u!0ri -aru "engan -an0uan negara= 'i!a%n$a )a-ri/
0enun= 'e!in "an )er/a)a%an.
<. +en"iri/an /#)era!i./#)era!i ra/$a0 "engan 'e'-eri/an
)in*a'an $ang 'urah #%eh negara.
?. +e'-eri/an 0erna/ "an )er/a/a! /e)a"a /au' 0ani un0u/
'e')er-ai/i )er0aniann$a "an 'en"iri/an /e-un
)er1#-aan negeri.
@. +e'in"ah/an ra/$a0 -e!ar.-e!aran "engan #ng/#!
negara "ari >a4a /e 0anah !e-erang.
C2D
A. +e'-agi.-agi/an 0anah $ang /#!#ng /e)a"a 0ani $ang
0a/ -er0anah "an 'i!/in "engan 'e'-eri/an !#/#ngan
uang un0u/ 'engu!aha/an 0anah i0u.
CD. +engha)u!/an !i!a.!i!a 8e#"a% "an 0anah.0anah )ar0i/e%ir
"an 'e'-agi/an $ang 0er!e-u0 -e%a/angan ini /e)a"a
0ani.0ani $ang 'i!/in.
C. S"&ial
C. +ene0a)/an ga*i 'ini'u'= 0u*uh *a' -e/er*a "an
'e')er-ai/i !$ara0.!$ara0 -e/er*a "an )enghi"u)an
-uruh i0u.
2. +e%in"ungi -uruh "engan 'enga/ui ha/ '#g#/ "ari
/au' -uruh.
3. uruh 'en"a)a0 -agian "ari /eun0ungan in"u!0ri -e!ar.
-e!ar.
4. +en"iri/an ra)a0.ra)a0 -uruh )a"a in"u!0ri -e!ar-e!ar.
3. +e'i!ah/an negara "ari Gere*a a0au)un +a!*i" "an
'enga/ui /e'er"e/aan aga'a.
<. +e'-eri/an ha/ !#!ia%= e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/ /e)a"a 0ia).
0ia) 4arga negara In"#ne!ia= -ai/ %a/i.%a/i 'au)un
)ere')uan.
?. +en*a"i/an 'i%i/ na!i#na% ru'ah /e"ia'an $ang -e!ar.
-e!ar= 'en"iri/an /e"ia'an -aru "an 'e'-agi.-agi/an
/e"ia'an /e)a"a )e/er*a negara.
@. +e'erangi !e/ua0 'ung/in )en$a/i0.)en$a/i0 'enu%ar.
D. P'n(a)a*an
C. Penga*aran "i4a*i-/an "an "i-eri/an !e1ara ,u'a.1u'a
/e)a"a !e0ia) ana/.ana/ 4arga negara In"#ne!ia !a')ai
-eru'ur C? 0ahun= "engan -aha!a In"#ne!ia !e-agai
-aha!a )engan0ar "an -aha!a Inggri! !e-agai -aha!a
a!ing $ang 0eru0a'a.
2. +erun0uh/an !i!0e' )enga*aran $ang !e/arang= "an
'enga"a/an !i!0e' -aru= $ang -er"a!ar/an %ang!ung a0a!
/e-u0uhan in"u!0ri $ang a"a a0au $ang -a/a% "ia"a/an.
C2C
3. +e')er-ai/i "an 'e')er-an$a/ !e/#%ah )er0u/angan=
)er0anian "an "agang "an 'e')er-ai/i !er0a
'e')er-an$a/ !e/#%ah 0e/ni/ 0inggi "an !e/#%ah un0u/
)enguru! 0a0a u!aha.
E. Mili#'*
C. +engha)u!/an 0en0ara i')eria%i!0i! "an 'en*a%an/an
'i%i!i ra/$a0 un0u/ 'e')er0ahan/an Re)u-%i/ In"#ne!ia.
2. +engha)u!/an a0uran 0ingga% "a%a' 0ang!i a0au
/a')e'en "an !e'ua a0uran $ang 'eren"ah/an
!er"a"u.!er"a"u -a4ahan= "an 'e')er/enan/ann$a
0ingga% "i /a')ung./a')ung "an "i ru'ah $ang -a/a%
"i"iri/an un0u/n$a= 'e'-eri )er%a/uan $ang -ai/ "an
'e')er-e!ar ga*in$a.
3. +e'-eri/an ha/ )enuh un0u/ 'enga"a/an #rgani!a!i
"an ra)a0 /e)a"a !er"a"u.!er"a"u -a4ahan.
F. P"li&i dan +,&#i&i
C. +e'i!ah/an )a'#ng )ra*a= )#%i!i "an *u!0i!i.
2. +e'-eri/an ha/ )enuh /e)a"a 0ia).0ia) #rang $ang
"i"a/4a un0u/ 'e'-e%a "irin$a "i "e)an )enga"i%an "ari
!erangan un"ang.un"ang "an 'e'-e-a!/an $ang
"i"a/4a i0u "a%a' 24 *a'= *i/a -u/0i.-u/0i "an !a/!i
/urang 1u/u).
3. Tia).0ia) )er/ara $ang 'e')un$ai "a!ar $ang !ah= haru!
"i)eri/!a "a%a' %i'a hari "i )enga"i%an $ang 0er-u/a=
0er0i- "an )an0a!.
G. P*"(*a% A$&i
C. +enun0u0 0u*uh *a' -e/er*a= ga*i 'ini'u' "an !$ara0
-e/er*a $ang %e-ih -ai/ -agi "an )enghi"u)an /au'
-uruh.
2. +enga/ui Seri/a0 Se/er*a "an ha/ '#g#/.
3. Peng#rgani!a!ian -uruh un0u/ ha/ e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/.
4. +engha)u!/an )#ena%e !an10ie.
3. +engha)u!/an un"ang.un"ang "an )era0uran $ang
'enin"a! gera/an )#%i0i/= !e)er0i ha/ %uar -ia!a= %arangan
C22
'#g#/= %arangan )er!= %arangan ra)a0 "an %arangan
'e'-eri )enga*aran= "an *uga 'enga/ui /e'er"e/aan
-ergera/ $ang !e)enuh.)enuhn$a.
<. +enun0u0 ha/ -er"e'#n!0ra!i= "i/ua0/an #%eh 'a!!a.
"e'#n!0ra!i "i !e%uruh In"#ne!ia un0u/ )e%a4an
)enin"a!an e/#n#'i "an )#%i0i/= !e)er0i 'e%a4an
)era0uran )a*a/= "an 'enun0u0 "engan !egera
)e'-e-a!an #rang.#rang -uangan )#%i0i/H a/!i 'a!!a
0er!e-u0 haru! "i/ua0/an #%eh )e'#g#/an u'u' "an
'a!!a $ang 0a/ 'enuru0 )erin0ah.
?. +enun0u0 )engha)u!an V#%/!raa" Raa" 5an In"ie "an
A%ge'eene Se1re0ari!= "an 'e'-en0u/ Ra)a0 Na!i#na%.
+a*e%i! Na!i#na% $ang "arin$a a/an "i)i%ih a"an
Pe/er*a $ang -er0anggung *a4a- /e)a"a Ra)a0 Na!i#na%
C23