Kebisingan

Industri

Definisi dan pengertian

Bising = suara-suara yang tidak
dikehendaki
Definisi secara ilmiah = sensasi yang
diterima telinga sebagai akibat fluktuasi
tekanan udara superimposing tekanan
atmosfir/udara yang steady
Bising = sejenis vibrasi/energi yang
dikonduksikan dalam media udara,
cairan, padatan, tidak tampak, dan dapat
memasuki telinga serta menimbulkan
sensasi pada alat dengar

What is noise?
Definisi:
Suara-suara yang tidak dikehendaki (for
Who? Why?)
Suara: sensasi yang diterima telinga
sebagai akibat fluktuasi tekanan udara
terhadap tekanan udara yang stabil.
Telinga akan merespons fluktuasi-fluktuasi
kecil tersebut dengan sensitivitas yang
sangat besar.

Properties of noise?

Karakteristik bising
1.

Intensitas/tekanan (sound
pressure/intensity)
2. Frekuensi
3. Durasi eksposur terhadap bising
Ketiga karakteristik diperlukan karena:
Semakin keras suara, semakin tinggi
intensitasnya
Frekuensi tinggi lebih berbahaya
terhadap kemampuan dengar. Telinga
manusia lebih sensitif terhadap
frekuensi tinggi
Semakin lama durasi eksposur semakin
besar kerusakan pada mekanisme
pendengaran

Jenis Bising
Tergantung pada durasi dan frekuensi
Steady wide band noise, bising yang
meliputi suatu jelajah frekuensi yang
lebar (bising dalam ruang mesin)
Steady narrow band noise, bising dari
sebagian besar energi bunyi yang
terpusat pada beberapa frekuensi
saja, contoh gergaji bundar.
Impact noise, kejutan singkat
berulang, contoh riveting
Intermitten noise, bising terputus,
contoh lalu lintas pesawat

Contoh

Tekanan = Sound Pressure

Manusia dapar mendengar suara pada tekanan
antara 0,0002 dynes/cm2 (ambang
dengar/threshold of hearing) sampai 2000
dynes/cm2 range besar sehingga satuan
yang dipakai dB (decibel): logaritmik
Dinyatakan dalam decibel (dB) yang dilengkapi
skala A, B, dan C
sesuai dengan berbagai kegunaan
Skala A digunakan karena merupakan response
yang paling cocok dengan telinga manusia
(peka terhadap frekuensi tinggi)
Skala B dan C untuk evaluasi kebisingan
mesin, dan cocok untuk kebisingan frekuensi
rendah

Intensitas
Laju aliran energi tiap satuan luas yang
dinyatakan dalam desibell (dB) Alexander
Graham Bell dB adalah merupakan satuan yang dihasilkan
dari perhitungan yang membandingkan suatu
tekanan suara yang terukur terhadap suatu
tekanan acuan (sebesar 0,0002 dyne/cm2).
B = log (int.terukur/int.acuan) untuk
mendapatkan angka yang lebih akurat
ditentukan dengan angka kelipatan 10 (desi)
Intensity level dB=10 Log (IT/IA)
Sound pressure level (tekanan bunyi) = 20
log (IT/IA), karena intensitas sebanding
dengan kuadrat tekanan bunyi.

 Ruang kelas: ?dB

Rumah
Restauran
Berbisik
Berteriak
Jet plane

The decibel
SOUND INTENSITY
SOUND SOURCE

LINEAR UNITS
Bel

LOGARITHMIC UNITS
Decibel

Lowest limit of hearing

Rustling leaf

10

10

Quiet farm setting

100

20

Whisper (5 feet)

1,000

30

Dripping faucet, quite office

10,000

40

Low conversation, residence

100,000

50

Ordinary conversation

1,000,000

60

Idling car

10,000,000

70

Silenced compressor, very noisy restaurant

100,000,000

80

Backhoe

1,000,000,000

90

Unsilenced compressor

10,000,000,000

10

100

Rock dril, woodworking

100,000,000,000

11

110

Pile driver*

1,000,000,000,000

12

120

Rivet gun*

10,000,000,000,000

13

130

Explosive-actuated tool*, jet plane

100,000,000,000,000

14

140

*Intermittent or "impulse" sound

Source: Construction Safety Association of Ontario, Hearing Protection for the Construction Industry, 1985, page 3

The decibel
dB = 10 log10 (I1/I0)
dB = 20 log10 (P1/P0)

I = Intensitas
P= Tekanan = 0,0002

dynes/cm2
SP (microbar)
0,0002
0,002

SPL (dB)
0
20

Ratio Intensitas
100
102

Jadi bila SP berubah 10x, maka dB bertambah ? x

Pressure
Sound intensities
Pa
Bel (B) Decibel (dB)
Threshold of hearing
0,00002
0
0
Quiet office
0,002
4
40
Ringing alarm clock at 1 m
0,2
8
80
Ship's engine room
20
12
120
Turbo jet engine
2000
16
160

Frekuensi
Adalah jumlah getaran dalam
tekanan suara per satuan
waktu (Hertz atau cycle per
detik), frekuensi dipengaruhi
ukuran, bentuk dan pergerakan
sumber, pendengaran normal
orang dewasa dapat
menangkap bunyi dengan
frekuensi 20-15.000 Hz.

Frekuensi
Dibagi dalam 8 octaf (octave bands), 37.5,
75, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 Hz
Telinga manusia bereaksi beda terhadap
berbagai frekuensi
Kebisingan rata-rata mencakup seluruh
taraf kebisingan dari setiap frekuensi
dihitung Leq
Leq = ekuivalen noise level/ekuivalen energi
level
Leq = 10 log10 ( 10 Lpi/10)

Satuan (Konversi)
1bar=105Pa=105N/m2

=105.105dyne/104cm2

=106dyne/cm2 atau
1microbar = 1 dyne/cm2

Sumber > 1..

dB=L=20 log(P1/P2)=10 log(P1/P2)2
L/10= log(P1/P2)2
10L/10= 10log(P1/P2)^2=(P1/P2)2
L=10 log(P1/P2)2
=10 log 10L/10 (satu sumber)
L =10 log (10Li/10) (sumber banyak)
=10 log (10L1/10+ 10L2/10+)

Sumber > 1.. (Contoh)

=10 log (10Li/10)
(banyak sumber)

=10 log (10L1/10+

10L2/10+)

Perbedaan
antara sumber
bunyi

dBA yang turun

ditambah ke
bunyi terbesar

3,0

2,6

2,1

1,8

1,5

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

10

0,4

12

0,3

14

0,2

16

0,1

Satuan (Konversi)
1bar=105Pa=105N/m2

=105.105dyne/104cm2

=106dyne/cm2 atau
1microbar = 1 dyne/cm2

Sumber > 1..

dB=L=20 log(P1/P2)=10 log(P1/P2)2
L/10= log(P1/P2)2
10L/10= 10log(P1/P2)^2=(P1/P2)2
L=10 log(P1/P2)2
=10 log 10L/10 (satu sumber)
L =10 log (10Li/10) (sumber banyak)
=10 log (10L1/10+ 10L2/10+)

Sumber > 1.. (Contoh)

=10 log (10Li/10)
(banyak sumber)

=10 log (10L1/10+

10L2/10+)

Perbedaan
antara sumber
bunyi

dBA yang turun

ditambah ke
bunyi terbesar

3,0

2,6

2,1

1,8

1,5

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

10

0,4

12

0,3

14

0,2

16

0,1

Decibel yang ditambahkan pada

tingkat kebisingan lebih tinggi

Kebisingan dari 2 sumber

3
2,5
2
1,5

Perbedaan
(dB)

Tambah pada yg
lebih tinggi

0 atau 1

2 atau 3

49

10+

1
0,5

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Perbedaan antara 2 tingkat bising, dB(A)

Efek bising pada manusia

Psikologis, terkejut, mengganggu
dan memutuskan konsentrasi,
tidur dan saat istirahat
Fisiologis, seperti menaikkan
tekanan darah dan detak
jantung, mengurangi ketajaman
pendengaran, sakit telinga,
mual, kendali otot terganggu, dll.
Gangguan komunikasi yang
mempengaruhi kenyamanan
kerja dan keselamatan.

Interference with communication by

speech
When background or ambient noise levels are
sufficiently high enough, the background noise can
mask the sound levels of speech that wish to be
heard.
Restaurants can often be classic examples of
excessive noise interference due to lack of sufficient
quality or quantity of sound absorbing materials that
prevent excessive noise buildup.
Diners have to speak louder and louder to be heard
and in doing so compete with one another, thereby
increasing the sound levels to even greater levels.
Appropriate acoustical treatment will prevent the
reflected noise buildup and significantly reduce the
necessity for diners to speak louder to enjoy
conversations with one another.

Mechanics of hearing

Gangguan pendengaran
Pemaparan pada suara tinggi
dan periode/durasi yang lama
akan menyebabkan sel syaraf
pendengar dan rambut pada
corti over aktif sehingga
menimbulkan kehilangan
pendengaran permanen

Pengukuran kebisingan
Mengukur overall level sound level
meter (satuan dBA)
Mengukur kebisingan pada setiap level
frekuensi SLM dengan frequency
analyzer
Penentuan eksposur kebisingan pada
pekerja noise dosimeter (satuan dBA)

Alat ukur
Sound level meter, mencatat
keseluruhan suara yang dihasilkan
tanpa memperhatikan frekuensi yang
berhubungan dengan bising total (30130 d) (20-20.000Hz)
Sound level meter dengan octave band
analyzer, mengukur level bising pada
berbagai batas oktaf di atas range
pendengaran manusia dengan
mempergunakan filter menurut oktaf
yang diinginkan (narrow band analyzers
untuk spektrum sempit 2-200 Hz)

NOISE
MEASUREMENT
KIT
NOISE KALIBRATOR

SOUND
LEVEL
METER

NOISE DOSIMETER

PENGUKURAN PADA
PEKERJA

DOSEBADGER

Pneumatic
chip hammer

103-113

Crane

90-96

Jackhammer

102-111

Hammer

87-95

Concrete joint
cutter

99-102

Gradeall

87-94

Skilsaw

88-102

Front-end
loader

86-94

Stud welder

101

Backhoe

84-93

Bulldozer

93-96

Garbage
disposal (at 3
ft.)

80

Earth Tamper

90-96

Vacuum
cleaner

70

Pengukuran akibat bising

Untuk mengevaluasi akibat
pemaparan terhadap
kehilangan pendengaran,
kenyamanan, interferensi
komunikasi dan
mengumpulkan informasi
untuk pengontrolan.

How Does Excessive Noise

Damage Your Ears?

Microscopic hair cells of the cochlea are

exposed to intense noise over time
Hair cells become fatigued and less responsive,
losing their ability to recover.
Damage becomes permanent resulting in noiseinduced permanent threshold shift.
Risk of Hearing Loss
Estimated Risk of Incurring Material Hearing
Impairment as a Function of Average Daily
Noise Exposure Over a 40-year Working
Lifetime (source: NIOSH)
Average Exposure 90 dBA 29%
Average Exposure 85 dBA 15%
Average Exposure 80 dBA 3%

Audiometric test

Audiometric test

Audiometric test
Current OSHA Standards
1926.52 Occupational Noise Exposure
TABLE D-2 - PERMISSIBLE NOISE EXPOSURES
Duration per day, hours

Sound Level dBA slow

response

90

92

95

97

100

1 1/2

102

105

1/2

110

1/4 or less

115

What Is The Purpose of Having a

Hearing Test on a Regular Basis?
An audiometric testing program is used to track
your ability to hear over time.
Baseline and annual

Test records provide the only data that can be

used to determine whether the program is
preventing noise-induced permanent threshold
shifts. It is an integral part of the hearing
conservation program.
Case Study 1. Teenage Girl
From the American Academy of Family
Physicians website, Rabinowitz article

FIGURE 1. Audiogram findings in the patient in

case 1.

The area below the curves represents sound levels that the patient could still
hear.
(X = left ear; O = right ear)

Case Study 1 Conclusion

"Temporary threshold shift" example
Common in persons exposed to high
noise
Represents transient hair cell
dysfunction
Complete recovery can occur
Repeated episodes of such shifts causes
permanent threshold shifts because hair
cells in the cochlea are progressively
lost.

Case Study 2 Factory Worker Age 55

Case Study 2 Conclusion

Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Speech discrimination and social function
interference
Difficulty in perceiving and differentiating consonant
sounds
Sounds such as a baby crying or a distant telephone
ringing, may not be heard at all.

Tinnitus
Common symptom of noise overexposure
Further interferes with hearing acuity, sleep and
concentration.

These impairments have been associated with

depression and an increased risk of accidents.

Carpenter Hearing Losses by Age

Damage risk criteria

Variation in individual susceptibility
The total energy of the sound
The frequency distribution of the sound
Other characteristics of the noise
exposure, such as whether it is
continuous, intermittent, or made up of a
series of impacts
The total daily time of exposure
The length of employment in the noise
environment.

Noise control
A source radiating sound energy
A path along which the sound
energy travels
A receiver such as the human ear

Noise control
Source: modification or
redesigning of the source.

The modification of compressed air jets for parts

ejection, to reduce noise by altering the jet flow.
Multiple-opening air ejection nozzel: less noise than
single-opening.

Noise control
Noise can be controlled at the source, along the
path or at the worker.
At the source, equipment may be replaced by
quieter models, or less noisy work procedures can
be adopted.
- In general, less friction and vibration mean less
noise. Maintenance procedures such as
lubrication may sometimes reduce noise by
reducing friction.
- Equipment can sometimes be modified to reduce
the amount of noise that is generated. Soundabsorbing material may be attached to the noise
source. Or the frequency of the noise may be
shifted to one that is less hazardous.

Noise control
Noise can often be controlled along the path
to the worker with:
- the use of sound-absorbing paneling on
walls or ceilings, and
- enclosures around noisy machinery.
Controls at the worker include both
administrative controls and personal
protective equipment.
Administrative controls modify how the work is
carried out.
The time employees spend in noisy areas may be
reduced.
Workers in noisy areas may be rotated to less
noisy areas.

As the distance from the noise source increases, the

pressure (or intensity) of the noise decreases faster than its
sound level.

Noise control
Noisy operations may be
conducted outside normal working
hours to reduce the number of
people exposed.
Where noise exposures cannot be
reduced by other methods, hearing
protection is required. This
includes ear plugs and ear muffs.

Insulation of the workers

A separate noise insulated room
provides effective control (up to 30
dB noise reduction).

Machine insulation
Machine: on floors and walls
vibrate themsound radiation
proper use of machine mountings
insulates the machine and reduce
the transmission of vibration

Control of noise by absorption

Travels out in all direction
When encounter wallsreflected
Total noise exposure within the
room = direct + reflected noise
Application of sound absorption
material (However, limited: no
effect on direct noise).

Reduction of exposure time

Limiting the total daily exposure
reduces the noise hazard.
See TLV

Personal protection against noise

Many operations cannot be quieted
by engineering methods.
Therefore protection: ear plugs
Properly worn: 25 400 dB
protection
Degree of discomfort employee
education is adequate

Example.
Durasi tingkat bising yang
diijinkan dapat dilihat dari
tabel di bawah ini:
Kebisingan yang terukur di
suatu area adalah 90 dB
selama 2 jam sehari, 97 dB
selama 2 jam, dan sisa 4
jam berikutnya terdapat
variasi tingkat bising
secara bergantian 95 dB
selama 10 menit dan 80 dB
selama 10 menit.
Tentukan apakah tingkat
kebisingan yang terukur
masih dalam batas yang
diijinkan atau tidak.

Durasi per
hari

Tingkat
bising

8
6
4
3
2
1,5
1

90
92
95
97
100
102
105
107
110
115

Faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi bising
Tipe bising: menerus dan
terputus
Lokasi pekerja
Waktu kerja

NAB Kebisingan di lingkungan kerja

USA (TLV ACGHI)
t (eksposur) jam dB(A)
8
90
6
92
4
95
3
97
2
100
1,5
102
1
105
0,5
110
<0,25
115
kebisingan impulsif < 140 dB

INDONESIA Permen 51/1999

t
dBA
8
85
4
88
2
91
1
94
30 mnt
97
15 mnt
100
7,5 mnt
103
3,75 mnt
106
1,88 mnt
109
dst
dilarang > 140 dB

Waktu pemaparan vs dB (TLV)

Waktu pemaparan
(jam)

dB

8
6
4
2
1,5
1
0,5
<0,25

90
92
95
100
102
105
110
115

(Sumber: FHI)

Steps aiming to control noise at

work

Assess risks to develop a noise control

plan
Reduce risks for all employees
Investigate and implement good practice
for control of noise
Prioritise noise control measures
Use hearing protection for residual risks
Carry out a noise dosimetry program to
check the effectiveness of noise control
measures

Some simple noise control

techniques

Application of damping material to

chutes, hoppers, machine guards etc.,
can give a 5-25 dB reduction in the noise
radiated
Cabin internal noise can be reduced by
10-12 dB by applying damping pads and
sound barrier mats to floor and engine
bulkhead
Reduce fan speed by 30% to achieve a
noise reduction of 8 dB

BARRIER-BARIER ATAU PANEL

ISOLASI PEKERJA/MESIN DI TEMPAT BISING

BAHAN ABSORBER

BAHAN BARRIER

Noise control can be complex

Engage
employees in
process
Use noise control
consultants to
help solve your
problems if
complex

Hearing protectors
Selected for protection, user preference
and work activity
Guard against over-protection isolation
can lead to under-use and safety risks
Require information, instruction,
training, supervision and motivation
Will only protect if worn all the time and
properly

Rating hearing protectors

The sound level conversion (SLC80 ) rating of a
hearing protector, ear plugs or headset is a simple
number and class rating that is derived from a test
procedure as outlined in the Australian/New Zealand
Standard AS/NZS 1270:2002

Class and specification of

hearing protectors
Class

May be used up to this

noise exposure level

10 to 13

90 dB(A)

14 to 17

95 dB(A)

18 to 21

100 dB(A)

22 to 25

105 dB(A)

26 or
greater

110 dB(A)

SLC80

Ear plugs
Properly fitted

Wrongly fitted

Ear muffs
Proper clamping force

Worn-out head band

Reduction in protection provided by

hearing protectors with decreased
wearing time
Example:
Effectiveness of
wearing an ear
muff with a rating
of 30 dB for an
exposure time of
one hour

Wear time

Effective
attenuation

60 minutes

30 dB

55 minutes

11 dB

50 minutes

8 dB

45 minutes

6 dB

Our challenge
Away from
Noise assessment as the end point
Reliance on hearing protection
Towards
Control of noise risks through prioritised
action plans
Introducing equipment with good noise
and vibration characteristics Buy
Quiet

TWA untuk kebisingan: berdasarkan standar

kebisingan.
STANDAR
KEBISING
AN

dB(A)
1 T ukur

Jumlah jam

dB(A)

Jumlah jam

dB(A)

90

1,5

102

92

1,0

105

95

0,75

107

97

0,5

110

100

0,25

115

80
2 jam

T TLV

tt

TWA

90

95

97

100

4 jam 2 jam
8 jam 4 jam 3 jam
4/8

2/4

= 1 < batas aman

2 T ukur

2 jam 2 jam 2 jam

T TLV

tt

8 jam 4 jam 3 jam

TWA

2/8

2/4

2/3

= 17/12 >batas aman

3.

4 orang pekerja printer di unit percetakan dimana terdapat

offset press. Masing-masing terpapar sbb:

Noise

No. of presses
Average Sound
operating
Pressure Level (dBA)

Average daily
time in operation
(hours)

81

4.5

93

2.1

96

1.0

98

0.4

Berapa dosis harian yang diterimanya? dan Equivalent 8-hour

Sound Pressure Level (SPL) yang dialami pekerja percetakan
tersebut?

Jawab:
8

Tmax

2 ( L 90 ) / 5

Untuk SPL 81 dBA:

Tmax @ 81dBA

8
2

(8190 ) / 5

= 27.858 jam

Untuk SPL 93 dBA:

Tmax @ 93dBA

8
2

( 9390 ) / 5

= 5.278 jam

Untuk SPL 96 dBA:

Tmax @ 96dBA
Untuk SPL 98 dBA:

8
2

Tmax @ 98dBA

( 96 90 ) / 5

8
2( 9890 ) / 5

= 3.482 jam
= 2.639 jam

Noise
n

Ci
Cn
C1
C2
D

....
Tmax1 Tmax 2
Tmax n
i 1 Tmax i
D pr int er

4.5
2.1
1.0
0.4

27.858 5.278 3.482 2.639

= 0.998

Now, expressing this result as a percentage as required

by the problem statement, we have: Dprinter= 99.8%
The Printing Company that employs these four Printers
is not in violation of any established OSHA SPL dosage
standards.

Noise
Lequivalent = 90 + 16.61 log[D]
Lequivalent = 90 + 16.61 log[0.998]
= 89.987
~ 90 dBA
These Printers experience an equivalent SPL
of ~ 90 dBA

Noise
4. How much longer is an individual, without
hearing protection, permitted to work at a
location where the noise level has just been
reduced from 104 dBA to 92 dBA?

To answer this question, we must first determine the OSHA

permitted duration, in hours, for each of the two identified noise
levels.
Tmax = 8 / [2(L-90)/5]
For an SPL of 104 dBA: Tmax @ 104 dBA= 8 / [2(104-90)/5] = 1.149
hours
For an SPL of 92 dBA: Tmax @ 92 dBA= 8 / [2(92-90)/5] = 6.063 hours
The additional time permitted at the lesser noise level of 92
dBA, Tmax, is simply the difference between these two OSHA
permitted time intervals; thus:
Tmax=6.063 1.149 = 4.914 hours
This individual can spend an additional 4.9 hours at a 92 dBA
noise level