SYSTEM
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Subject
Introduction
Why is it important to understand the characteristics
of wireless channel ?
To determine the most appropriate signal design (source, channel
coding, and modulation)
To develop new technologies in the radio signal transmitters and
receivers
In multiuser communications, channel access scheme must be
done as efficiently as possible.
In cellular systems, coverage of the desired signal is computed as
accurately as possible excess power would result in excessive
interference as well.
In cellular communication systems, to ensure the communication
connection from cell to cell, then the lowest allowable level to be
determined.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
1.
Pendahuluan
baru
dalam
1.
Pendahuluan
Ideal Channel
detection
Ideal channel
Transmitted bit
AWGN
1.
Pendahuluan
Physical
Channel
Transmitted bit
AWGN
1.
Pendahuluan
Screening
Multipath propagation
Distance MS-BS
MS speed
External system interference
transmitted signal
received
signals
signal to
antenna
Mobility
( redundancy)
Fig. 17 (TM2100EU03TM_0001 Transmission Principles, 35)
Introduction
Free Space Loss
Diasumsikan terdapat satu sinyal langsung (line of sight path)
sangat mudah memprediksi dengan free space formula
Reflection
Terdapat sinyal tak langsung datang ke receiver setelah
mengalami pantulan terhadap object. Mungkin terdapat banyak
pantulan yang berkontribusi terhadap besarnya delay.
Diffraction
Propagasi melewati object yang cukup besar seolah-olah
menghasilkan sumber sekunder, seperti puncak bukit dsb.
Scattering
Propagasi melewati object yang kecil dan/atau kasar yang
menyebabkan banyak pantulan untuk arah-arah yang berbeda.
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Multipath at Wireless
transmitter
R
Street
R: Reflection
D: Diffraction
S: Scattering
receiver
Building Blocks
C
A
Receiver
Transmitter
A: direct path
B: reflection
C: diffraction
D: scattering
PR
PR_thres
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
0
Introduction
17
Empirical Model.
Derived from measurements and intensive research in an area
Attenuation curves are plotted and the results made formulations
Popular attenuation formula : Okumura-Hata, dan Walfish Ikegami
1.
18
Pendahuluan
Jari-Jari
Fresnell I
4 h 1h 2
R1
8/18/2015
18
P
T
w
2
4d
PR
A
2 PT
4 d
G R 4 A
2
P R PT G R
4 4 d 2
2
P R = P T GT G R
4 d
Small scale
Definisi Fading
Fading didefinisikan
sebagai fluktuasi daya di
penerima
Fading
Jarak
Definisi :
local mean ( time averaged )
dari variasi sinyal
t
Direct Wave
Narrowband
Channel
Rx Level
Wideband
Channel
Channel Pulse
Response
Resultant
Reflected Wave
p(m )
1
m 2
(mm )2
2
2 m
where
m
= normal random variable signal strength(dBm)
m
= Average (mean) signal strength (dBm)
m
= standard deviation
Model Hata
Model Walfisch-Ikegami ( COST-231 )
Model Okumura
dll
PROPAGATION MODEL
Macrocells
150
1920
100 km
- 1000 meter
Okumura Model
Can be obtained from Okumuras emprical plots shown in the book (Rappaport),
page 151.
G(hte): base station antenna heigh gain factor
G(hre): mobile antenna height gain factor
GAREA: gain due to type of environment
G(hte) = 20log(hte/200)
1000m > hte > 30m
G(hre) = 10log(hre/3)
hre <= 3m
G(hre) = 20log(hre/3)
10m > hre > 3m
Pt
2
PL ( dB ) 10 log
10 log
2
2
Pr
d
L
150
Hatta Model
+
[1,1
11,75
- 40.94
300 MHz
300 MHz
- 40.94
dimana ,
dan,
CM =
0 dB
untuk kota menengah dan kota
suburban
3 dB
untuk pusat kota metropolitan
LC =
Lf + LRTS + Lms
Lf
; untuk LRTS + Lms < 0
di mana
L =
-10 + 0.354
2.5 + 0.075( - 35)
4.0 0.114( - 55)
; 0 < < 35
; 35 < < 55
; 55 < < 90
Prediction Model
dimana Lbsh =
54
54 + 0.8hb
54 + 0.8 hb . R
ka =
; hb < hr
; hb > hr
; hb > hr
; d > 500 m hb < hr
; 55 < < 90
Catatan : Lsh dan ka meningkatkan path loss untuk hb yang lebih rendah.
kd =
kf =
18
18 15 (hb/hr )
; hb > hr
; hb < hr
Lrts + Lms 0
hb
hb
hm
hr
hm
b
jika hm 0
building
building
building
building
L0 = -10 +0,354
dB
untuk
00 < 350
L0 = 2,5 + 0,075(-35) dB
untuk
L0 = 4 - 0,114(-55)
untuk
550 900
dB
Lbsh = -18log(1+ hb )
(dB)
Untuk
hb > hr
Untuk
hb < hr
Ka = 54
Untuk
Ka = 54 0,8 hb
Untuk
hb > hr
d > 500 m hb < hr
Ka = 54 1,6 hb r
Untuk
55 < < 90
Kd = 18
Untuk
hb > hr
Untuk
h b < hr
Kd = 18 -15 (
hb
hr
f
Kf = 4 +0,7 ( 925 -1 )
f
Kf = 4 +1,5 ( 925 -1 )
Prediction Model
ro = 1mil
= 1,6 km
Pr =
Pro =
=
=
o =
r
Pro
Pr
r f
Pr Pro . . . o
ro f o
Dalam persamaan logaritmik (dB),
r
f
Pr Pro .10 log n.10 log o
ro
fo
Daya terima pada jarak r dari transmitter.
Daya terima pada jarak ro = 1 mil dari
transmitter.
Slope / kemiringan Path Loss
Faktor koreksi, digunakan apabila ada
perbedaan frekuensi antara kondisi saat
eksperimen dengan kondisi sebenarnya.
Faktor koreksi, digunakan apabila ada
perbedaan keadaan antara kondisi saat
eksperimen dengan kondisi sebenarnya.
ao = faktor koreksi
o = 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5
in free space,
Pro = 10-4.5 mWatts
g =2
1
30
.
48
(m)
g = 3.68
in an open area,
Pro = 10-4.9 mWatts
g = 4.35
2
3
(m)
10
(watts)
54
20 dB / dec n 30 dB / dec
v = 2,
for new mobile-unit antenna heigh > 10 m
v = 1,
for new mobile-unit antenna heigh < 3 m
Lee Models
LLee L0 log d F0
where
F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
h
F1 b
30 .5
F2
F3
PT
hb in m
PT in W
10
Gb
Environment
Free Space
Open (Rural)
Suburban
Urban:
Tokyo
Philadelpia
New York
L0 [dB]
91.3
91.3
104.0
20
43.5
38
128.0
112.8
106.3
30
36.8
43.1
h
F4 m
3
f
F5 c
f0
hm in m
fc = carrier frequency in MHz
f0 = In an 900 MHz frequency reference
n=2-3
-50
Open
72
-60
62
52
42
-70
Op
en
Ar
ea
Su
bu
rba
n(
Ph
ilad
elp
hia
-80
(P
-90
32
-100
22
-110
12
-120
o=
(P
Po
o=
Area
( Po
= -4
5 dB
m,
= 20
dB/d
ec
-4
9
-6
1.7
Ne
wa
rk
dB
m
dB
m
=4
3.5
dB
/de
c)
=3
8.4
dB
/de
-6
dB
c)
4
m,
dB
=
m,
36.
=
8d
B/d
43
.1
ec
dB
)
/de
Tok
c)
yo,
Jap
Ne
an
w
Yo
(P
o=
rk
- 84
Ci
ty
dB
m,
(P
=
o=
30.
-7
5d
7d
B/d
ec
Bm
)
,
=4
8d
B/
de
c)
- 70
(P
o=
9 10
area 1
r2
ro = 1mil
= 1,6 km
Pro
Pr
area 1
area 2
r1
r1
1.6 km
r1
Pr Pro .
ro
persamaan
umum,
r
.
r1
r1
Pr Pro .
ro
area 2
f
.
fo
r2
. o
r2
.
r1
o = 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .
5
. ... .
rN1
f
.
fo
. o
Diagram Parameter
Building
Building
MOBILE
Building
Incident
Wave
hb
Building
R
hb
hm
hm
hr
Mobile
GROUND
Cell site
Modul 2 Large Scale Fading
Pathloss Exponent
2
2.7 - 3.5
3.0 - 5.0
1.6 - 1.8
4.0 - 6.0
2.0 - 3.0
Log-normal Shadowing
(Rappa, pp 104)
d1
d2
d3
Plot of the
mean pathloss as
a function of distance
Cell site
(Tx)
x
x
x
Measurement is
usually done for some types
of areas: Urban, suburban, and
85
open areas
Measurements at constant radius f
rom the BTS to produce
79
different pathloss
75
With the linear regression method,
we can obtain the mean
pathloss trend and standard
deviation around the average value
Example for urban: path loss
Slope = 33.2 dB / decade and
Std dev. = 7 dB
xo
x ox
o
o
suburban
o
o
o
o
o o
x x
urban
x
open #
Distance d [km]