Farmakoepidemiologi
Wanita hamil rata2 minum 3 jenis obat or lebih
Gejala penyakit saat hamil: nyeri, mual,
Drugs Use
in Pregnancy
Teratogenesis
Teratogen adalah bahan apapun yang
Perubahan Farmakokinetika
meningkat 50 %, shg:
Perubahan Farmakokinetika
the fetus in the first trimester, & possibility of fetal harm appears
remote
Category B : Either animal studies do not indicate a risk to the fetus
and there are no controlled studies in pregnant women or animal
studies have indicated fetal risk but controlled studies in women fail
to demonstrate a risk to the fetus
Category C : Either animal studies indicate a fetal risk and there are
no controlled studies in women or there are no available studies in
women or animal
Category D : There is positive evidence of fetal risk but there maybe
certain situation where the benefit outweigh the risk
Category X : There is definite fetal risk base on studies on animal or
human or base on human experienceand the risk clearly outweight
any benefit to pregnant women
- Diethylstilbesterol
- Alcohol
- Iodides
- Androgens (Danazol)
- Isotretinoin
- Live Vaccine
- Tetracycline (especially
weeks 24-26)
- Thalidomide
- Warfarin
- Oral hypoglycaemics
(diazepam)
- Estrogens
- Methimazole
- Quinolones
- Progestins
- Tricyclic antidepres-
sants
- Diuretics
- Aminoglycosides
- Isoniazid
- Aspirin
- Narcotics
- Barbiturates
- Nicotine
-blockers
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflama-
- Benzodiazepines
- Caffeine
- Chloramphenicol
- Coccaine
tory Drugs
- Oral hypoglycemics
- Propylthiouracil
- Sulfonamides
Drugs and
Lactation
(Ionized)
Total
25.119 +
25.120
10.000
Total
10.001
M = 10.001 = 0,40
P 25.120
Variasi Rasio M/P antara 0,1-1,5; dengan pernyataan umum :
Asam lemah (sulfanilamid, salisilat, penisilin, dll) Rasio M/P < 1;
Basa lemah (antipyrin, linkomycin, ephedrine, dll) Rasio M/P > 1
ASI maksimal;
maksimal scr umum konstr.obat dlm ASI
capai maks.: 1-3 jam setelah dosis oral sang ibu,
menyusui tepat sebelum minum obat dpt kurangi
expos obat thd bayi,hanya u/ obat dg waktu paruh
pendek, tdk utk obat slow release. Juga, jadwal
bayi minum ASI sulit utk diatur scr tetap.
6. Minum obat sebelum bayi tidur lama;
lama berguna
utk obat long acting yg diminum sekali sehari.
7. Berhenti menyusui;
menyusui bila demi kesehatan ibu &
utk obat yg sangat toksis (khemoterapi kanker).
- Heroin
- Amphetamine
- Isotretinoin
- Bromocriptine
- Lithium
- Coccaine
- Marijuana
- Cyclophosphamide
- Methotrexate
- Cyclosporine
- Nicotine (smooking)
- Doxorubicin
- Phenylcyclidine
- Ergotamine
- Clemastine
- Gold Salts
- Alluminium antacids
- Amantadine
- Indomethacin
- Methadone (>20 mg/day)
- Antidepresant:amytriptilin, amoxa-
- Metoclopramide
- Methimazole
pine,desipramine, domipramin,
doxapin,fluoxetin,fluvoxamin,
imipramin trazodone
Antipsychotic:chlorpromazine,haloperidol,mezoridha
zine,perphenazine
Atenolol
Chloramphenicol
Benzodiazepin: diazepam,lorazepam,midazolam,prazepam,
quazepam,temazepam
- Metronidazol
- Nalidixic acid
- Nitrofurantoin
- Phenobarbital
- Primidone
- Phenytoin
- Salicylates
- Sulfonamide
- Sulfasalazine
septiveuse progestin
- Thiazide diuretic - Ergotamine
- Cabergoline
During Pregnancy
Acetaminophen
Heparin, LMWH
Phenobarbital
During Lactation
Acetaminophen
Heparin, Warfarin
Carbamazepin/Ethosuximide/Valproic
Antidiabetic
Insulin
Insulin,Tolbutamide
Antihypertensi Methyldopa
ACEI/Ca-antagonist
Anti-infection Penicillin/Cephalo- Penicillin/Cephalosporin
sporin
LMWH = low molecular weight heparin; ACEI = Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor
During Lactation
Prednisolone
Oxymetholazide
drop/spray
Sucralfate,famotidin
Laxative/Stool Psyllium/docusate
Softener
Psyllium/docusate