System Digestivus
A
C
B
H
I
J
Mouth
Pharynx
Salivary glands
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
(behind liver)
Stomach
Pancreas (behind
stomach)
Large intestine
Small intestine
Rectum
DIGESTION:
The three Main functions of the Digestive System are:
1. Digestion
Digestion:: Chemical and Mechanical break down of
food products.
Absorption:: into the blood stream
2. Absorption
Elimination:: of solid waste from the body
3. Elimination
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Gingiva merupakan
jaringan lunak pendukung
yang mengelilingi soket
gigi
Gigi-geligi
Gigi desidua (6-12
tahun) 20 buah (4
incisivus, 2 caninus dan 4
molar pada setiap rahang)
Gigi permanen 32 buah
Cavities/Dental Caries
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The Pharynx
Skeletopibasis craniiVC.6
Merupakan saluran otot
yang panjangnya sekitar
5 inch
3 bagian: nasopharing,
oropharing,
laryngopharing
The Pharynx
Deglutition:: also called swallowing
Deglutition
Pharynx
Biasanya dilalui oleh udara dan makanan
Bagian oropharing terdapat bangunan: Tonsila
palatina, fossa supratonsilaris dan tonsila
lingualis
Inervasi: plexus pharyngeus dibentuk oleh
cabang n.IX dan X beserta serabut saraf
otonom. Motorikn.IX; sensorikn.IX dan X
Esophagus
Merupakan saluran otot
yang panjangnya 9 to 10
inch.
Skeletopi: VC.6-VTh. 10
Serabut otot terdiri dari
sirkuler dan longitudinal
yang memungkinkan
pergerakan makanan.
Gerakannya disebut
Peristalsis.
1/3 proksimal (otot lurik), 1/3
medial (campuran otot lurik
dan polos), 1/3 distal (otot
polos)
Esophagus
3 penyempitan: sfingter
oesophageal, belakang arcus
aorta dan hiatus oesophagus
Vascularisasi:
1/3 proksimala.thyroidea
inferior
1/3 medialcab.aorta
descendens
1/3 distalcab.a.gastrica
sinistra
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Gaster
Gaster
Serabut otot mengandung:
Longitudinalletak paling
superfisial sepanjang curvatura
Sirkulerlebih dalam
mengelilingi fundus dan
menebal ke arah pylorus
Oblikpaling dalam, mengitari
fundus dan berjalan sepanjang
dinding anterior dan posterior,
derjalan sejajar dengan
curvatura minor
Gaster
Gaster
Terdiri dari 2 curvatura:
mayor dan minor
Terdiri dari 2 permukaan:
anterior dan posterior
Bagian gaster lain terdiri
dari 3 yaitu: fundus
undus
(upper), body (middle),
and antrum (lower)
Gaster
Serabut otot yang berlipat-lipat
rugae
Dibungkus
peritoneumomentum
Vascularisasi :
A. gastrica dextra
A. gastrica sinistra
A. gastrica brevis
A. gastroepiploica dextra
A. gastroepiploica sinistra
2 tipe digestion:
mekanik
Kimiawi (pepsinmerubah protein
mjd polipetida dan asam
hidroklorik (PH.
2)menghancurkan makanan dan
membunuh mikroorganisme)
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Intestinum tenue
Merupakan bagian yang terpanjang
dari sistem pencernaan yaitu sekitar
20ft mulai dari sphingter pylorususus
besar (caecum)
Sebagian besar intestinum tenue
berbentuk koil dan dilekati lembaran
tipis yang memberikan usus lebih
mesenterium.
fleksibel dan mobile mesenterium
Dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:
1. Duodenum 25 cm setelah gaster
2. Jejunum 2 meter
3. Ileum 5 meter
Serabut otot: sirkuler, longitudinal,
sirkuler
Fungsinya absorbsi nutrisi
Usus halus
Duodenum:
Berbentuk huruf C
Melengkung sekitar
pancreas
4 bagian :
Vascularisasi: r.superior
pancreaticoduodenalis dan
a.mesenterika superior
Inervasi: plexus coeliacus
Intestinum Crassum
Dimulai dari caecumanus
(sekitar 1.5 meter atau 4 feet 9
inches)
Terdiri dari 3 bagian utama:
Caecum,, Colon dan Rectum
Caecum
Rectum.
Bedanya dengan intestinum
tenue?
(Taenia, haustra, appendix
epiploica, dinding, diameter,
gambaran pembuluh darah)
Intestinum Crassum
Caecum
Letak di regio inguinal dextra
Merupakan kantong buntu (p=6cm.
L=7,5cm)
Mesenterium (-) tapi punya
lipatan(recessus)
Terdapat valvula illeocaecalismencegah
aliran balik fekal dari colon ke dalam
intestinum tenue
Vascularisasi: a. Caecalis anterior dan
posterior
Inervasi: parasimpatisn.vagus;
simpatispleksus mesenterica superior
Makanan disini berisi:
The undigested food (such as fiber)
a small amount of water
non absorbed vitamins and minerals or
salts
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Large Intestine
Appendix vermiformis
Letak di regio iliaca dextra
Otot sempit berbentuk tabung berisi
banyak jaringan limfoid
Panjang=8
Panjang=8--13 cm, melekat di juncture
ileocaecalis sekitar 2,5 cm
Punya penggantung
penggantungmesoappendix
Variasi letak
Vascularisasi: a. Appendicularis
Inervasi: parasimpatis
parasimpatisn.vagus;
simpatis
simpatis
segmen MS Vth X
Belum diketahui fungsinya, tapi jika
tersumbat atau clogged dapat
menyebabkan infeksi atau inflamasi
Appendicitis
Intestinum Crassum
Colon terdiri dari
Colon Ascenden
Letak kuadran kanan bawah di
regio inguinal dextra sampai
lumbal dextra
Panjang 13-20 cm
Membentuk flexura colli
dextra(hepatica)
Organ retroperitoneal
Vascularisasi: a.coli dextra dan
a.ileocolica
Inervasi: parasimpatisn.vagus;
simpatisMS VTh.X, pleksus
mesentericus superior
Intestinum Crassum
Colon Tranversum
Letak di regio umbilicalis
Panjang 38 cm
Organ
intraperitonealmesocolon
transversum
Vascularisasi: a.coli media(2/3
proksimal), dan a.colica sinistra
(1/3 distal)
Inervasi:
2/3 proksimal
parasimpatisn.vagus;
simpatispleksus mesentericus
superior
1/3
distalparasimpatisn.splancnicus
pelvicus; simpatis pleksus
mesentericus inferior
Intestinum Crassum
Colon Descenden
Letak kuadran kiri atas dan
bawah di regio lumbal
sinistra
Panjang 20-25 cm
Organ retroperitoneal
Vascularisasi: a.coli sinistra
dan a.sigmoidea
Inervasi:
parasimpatisn.splanchnic
us pelvicus; simpatis
pleksus mesentericus
inferior
Intestinum crassum
Intestinum Crassum
Colon Sigmoidea
Letak pelvis dextra
Berbentuk huruf S
Organ intraperitoneal
mesocolon sigmoidea
Vascularisasi: a.sigmoidea
Inervasi:
parasimpatisn.splanchnic
us pelvicus; simpatis
pleksus mesentericus
inferior
Karena mobilitasnya
tinggidapat terlipat ke
dalam
mesocolonnyavolvulus
Rectum
Panjang 12-13cm
Menembus diafragma pelviscanalis
analis
Bagian bawahnya melebar disebut
ampulla recti
Tunica muscularis: sirkuler(dalam)
dan longitudinal (luar)
Tunica mucosa dan stratum sirkuler
membentuk 3 lipatanplica
transversa recti (variasi dalam jumlah
dan posisinya)
Vascularisasi: a.rectalis superior,
media dan inferior
Inervasi: parasimpatis dan simpatis
oleh pleksus hypogastricus (peka
terhadapa regangan)
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Intestinum crassum
Anus
Panjang 4-5 cm
Letak di cranial diafragma
pelvisbagian caudal anus
Canalis analis ada lapisan
khas
tunica mukosa
Tunica Submukosa (columna
anales, berisi plexus venosus
rectalis interna)
Tunica muscularis:
sirkuler(dalam) dan
longitudinal (luar)
Vascularisasi: a.rectalis
superior dan inferior
Intestinum crassum
Anus
Punya 2 muskulus sphingter
ani:
Internusinvolunter
externus=volunter
Inervasi:
Tunica mucosa bagian atas
canalis analispleksus
hypogastricus (respon terhadap
regangan)
Tunica bagian bawah canalis
analisn.rectalis
inferior(nyeri,raba,suhu,tekan)
M.sphincter ani
internuspleksus hypogastricus
inferior
M.sphincter ani
eksternusn.rectalis inferior dan
n.sacralis ke VI
Peritoneum
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Omentum mayus
Omentumterdiri dari dua lapisan
peritoneum, yang berjalan dari gaster dan
bagian pertama diodenum menuju viscera
lain. Ada dua jenis:
1. Mayusberasal dari mesenterium dorsalis
2. Minus berasal dari mesenterium ventralis
Omentum minus
Membran tipis yang
berkesinambungan dengan
penutup peritoneum permukaan
anterior dan posterior gaster dan
bagian pertama gaster
Terbagi dua:
Lig.hepatogastricum
Lig.hepatoduodenale
Mesenterium
Lipatan ganda peritoneum yang luas, berbentuk kipas,
yang menghubungkan jejenum dan ileum dengan
dinding posterior abdomen
Fungsinya: memungkinkan adanya pergerakan dan
menyediakan tempat untuk lewatnya vasa, nervi dan
lymphaticus untuk mencapai viscera
Struktur ini adalah
Mesenteriumberhubungan dengan sebagian intestinum
tenue
Mesocolon transversumberhubungan dengan colon
transversum
Mesocolon sigmoideumberhubungan dengan colon
sigmoid
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Ligamentum
Terdiri dari dua lapis peritoneum yang
menghubungkan dua organ satu dengan yang
lain atau melekatkan organ pada dinding
tubuh, dan dapat membentuk bagian dari
omentum
Biasanya penamaan ligamentum ini sesuai
dengan struktur yang dihubungkan.
Food
enters
through
the oral
cavity
and exits
through
the anus
Aphthous Stomatitis
Ulcers
An ulcer is erosion in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or
duodenum. While acid is still considered significant in ulcer
formation, the leading cause of ulcer disease is currently believed to
be infection of the stomach by a bacteria called "Helicobacter
pyloricus" (H. pylori). Another major cause of ulcers is the chronic use
of anti-inflammatory medications.
Aphthous Stomatitis is an illness that causes small ulcers to appear in the mouth,
usually inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on the tongue. This is also known as
"canker sores."
The exact cause of this disease is not known, but there are many factors that are
thought to be involved with the development of canker sores, including:
weakened immune system
allergies to food such as coffee, chocolate, cheese, nuts and citrus fruits
stress
viruses and bacteria
trauma to the mouth
poor nutrition
certain medications
Constipation
When you are not physically active, consuming dietary fibers, and/or become
dehydrated, you are likely to suffer from constipation. It is common for a
constipated person to experience uncomfortable bowel movements and also
feelings of and/or bouts of bloating. This condition usually happens when waste
substance remains too long in the colon, causing more and more water being
absorbed from the waste which also means the feces/stool passes along the large
intestine too slowly. The end result is the dry, lumpy and hard feces, that causes
difficulty and pain during defecation
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea most commonly happens when the intestines and part of the body
gets infected. When this condition happens, the colon is unable to absorb
water quickly enough from liquid waste. The waste is then pushed out of the
anus quickly and simultaneously, causing spasms within the muscles of the
colon, and/or within the abdominal area. Therefore, the feces passes along the
large intestine too quickly and the water is not able to be absorbed from the
waste. Diarrhea causes mushy, loose, watery feces/stool.
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes ulcers in the lining of the rectum and
colon. It is one of a group of diseases called inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcers
form where inflammation has killed the cells that usually line the colon.
Ulcerative colitis can happen at any age, but it usually starts between the ages of
15 and 30. It tends to run in families. The most common symptoms are pain in the
abdomen and bloody diarrhea. Other symptoms may include anemia, severe
tiredness, weight loss, loss of appetite, and bleeding from the rectum.
Colorectal Cancer
The wall of the colon and rectum is made up of layers of tissues. Colorectal
cancer starts in the inner layer and can grow through some or all of the other
layers. The stage (extent of spread) of a cancer depends to a great degree on
how deep the cancer goes into these layers. Cancer that starts in these
different areas may cause different symptoms. But colon cancer and rectal
cancer have many things in common. In most cases, colorectal cancers
develop slowly over many years. It is now know that most of these cancers
start as a polyp -- a growth of tissue that starts in the lining and grows into
the center of the colon or rectum. This tissue may or may not be cancer. A
type of polyp known as an adenoma can become cancer. Removing a polyp
early may keep it from becoming cancer. Over 95% of colon and rectal
cancers are Adenocarcinomas.
Colonic Polyposis
A polyp is an extra piece of tissue that grows inside your body.
Colonic polyps grow in the large intestine, or colon. Most polyps are
not dangerous. However, some polyps may turn into cancer or
already be cancer. To be safe, doctors remove polyps and test them.
Polyps can be removed when a doctor examines the inside of the
large intestine during a colonoscopy.
Diverticulosis
Diverticulosis is a term for small outpouches, or sacs, that develop along an
intestinal wall, usually the colon. Once diverticulosis occurs, it cannot be
reversed, if one of the pouches becomes impacted with waste material, it can
lead to infection and inflammation. weakening of the walls of the colon due to
aging and obesity are causative factors. Diverticulosis occurs mostly in people
over the age of 60, and more than half of the patients who develop it are
markedly overweight.
Overuse of laxatives also weakens the colon.
Anal Fistula
An anal fistula is a small channel that develops between the end
of the bowel, known as the anal canal, and the skin near the anus
(opening where waste leaves the body).
On the surface of the skin around the anus, one or more of the
fistula ends may be seen as holes. An anal fistula is painful and
can cause bleeding and discharge when passing stools.
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Hemorrhoids
Hemorrhoids, also called piles, are swollen and inflamed veins in your
anus and lower rectum. Hemorrhoids may result from straining
during bowel movements, sitting on the toilet to long, or from the
increased pressure on these veins during pregnancy. Hemorrhoids
may be located inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids), or they
may develop under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids).
Literature
Anorexia: Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder.. People who have anorexia have an intense fear of
gaining weight.
weight. They severely limit the amount of food they eat and can become dangerously thin.
dieting,, but it gets out of control. These
Anorexia affects both the body and the mind. It may start as dieting
people think about food, dieting, and weight the majority of their day. They have a distorted body image.
When they look in the mirror, they see a fat person.
Eat up!
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