1.
S + Ves
Ex : My Uncle goes to work everyday
(-)
S + do/does not + V1
Ex : Mary doesnt like to study english
(?)
Do/does + S + VI
2.
Sometimes
= kadang-kadang
Often
= sering
Seldom
= jarang
Never
= Tidak pernah
Ever
= pernah
Usually
= selalu
Generally
= umumnya
Occassionally
= sekali-kali
S + am/is/are + Ving
Ex : My Uncle IS READING A NEWSPAPER
(-)
(?)
am/is/are + S + Ving
3.
S + have/has + V3
Ex : I have spoken to him abaout it several times
(-)
S + have/has not + V3
Ex : John hasnt studied english
(?)
HAVE/HAS + S + V3
Penggunaan JUST
Just digunakan untuk menandakan bahwa suatu perbuatan baru saja selesai
Ex : I have just seen the exeamination result
4.
5.
(-)
(?)
S + V2
Ex : My Uncle went to Bogor yesterday
(-)
S +did not + V1
Ex : John did not go to school yesterday, because he was sick
I didnt see him at the meeting last night
(?)
6.
Did + S + VI
= tadi/baru saja
Yesterday
= kemarin
= kemarin dulu
(+)
S + was/were + Ving
Ex : when we were watching TV Last night, the light went out (padam)
7.
(-)
(?)
was/were + S + Ving
S + had + V3
Ex : when my friend phoned me last night, i had gone to movie
8.
(-)
S + had not + V3
(?)
had + S + V3
9.
S + shall/will + V1
Ex : I shall/will go to bandung tomorrow
(-)
S + shall/will not + V1
Ex : The Plane will not arrive at 3 oclock
(?)
shall/will + S + V1
Tonight
=sebentar malam
Tomorrow
= besok
Later
= nanti
Soon
= segera
In a little while
= sebentar lagi
(-)
S + shall/will no be + Ving
(?)
shall/will + S + Ving
Ex : Ayah saya seharusnya sudah sedang bekerja di sana selama 3 tahun pada tahun
yang lalu
S + should/would have + been + Ving
Ex : I should have been studying E nglish here for 6 months
2. May/might (boleh)
May : Present = You may come to my house anytime you like.
Might : Past
3. Must/have to
Must : keharusan yang datang dari diri pembicara
Have to : Present yaitu keharusan yang datang dari luar, bukan dari diri pembicara
Had to : Past
Ex : You must go now because i want to go to bed
You have to go now otherwise, yo will miss the bus
4. Must
Ex : (+) They must finish the work on time
(-) You need not to go now
6. Have to/has to
Has to : untuk orang ke III tunggal
Ex : we have to try it again
She has to send the letter at once
7. To be able to (dapat/sanggup)
Digunakan sebgai pengganti can/could
Present : S + am/is/are + able to + V1
My father is not able to read japanese
Past : S + was/were + able to + V1
When i was a boy i was able to swim well
8. Should/ought to (seharusnya)
Digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan yang merupakan harapan dari pembicara
Present : S + Should/ought to + VI
Past : S + Should/ought to + have + V3
9. Shall
Shall digunakan khusus dalam bentuk pertanyaan, sama dengan would you like me to ...
Ex : Shall I open the door
Indirect
Was/were
Should/would
Could
Might
Had to
Indirect
Then
The following day
The following week
That night
That day
The day before
The night before
The week before
There
Those
That
3. Tenses
Direct
Simple present
Simple past
Present perfect
Present Continues
Present Perfect Continues
Simple future
Indirect
Simple past
Past perfect
Past perfect
Past Continues
Past Perfect Continues
Past future
1. STATEMENT (pernyataan)
Direct
Indirect
My sister said to me : I dont like My sister said to me that she didnt like
tennis
tennis
Tom said : i didnt go to school this Tom said that he had not gone to school that
morning
morning
2. COMMAND (perintah)
Direct
He asked to me : open your book
Mary told me : Stop talking to jane
Mary told john : Dont wait for me
Indirect
He asked me to : open your book
Mary told me to Stop talking to jane
Mary told john not to wait for her
3. QUESTION (pertanyaan)
Direct
The man asked me : where do you
live?
I asked him : when did you get back
from your trip?
Indirect
The man asked me where i lived
I asked him when he had got back from your
trip
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE adalah kalimat pengandaian dimana terdiri dari Main Clause
dan If Clause. Dalam bahasa Inggris CONDITIONAL SENTENCE dibagi 3 yaitu :
1. Future Possible
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang akan dilakukan atau trjadi di masa
yang akan datang bila suatu syarat dipenuhi
Main Clause
If Clause
Simple Future Tenses
Simple Present Tenses
Ex : If you study hard, you will pass the examination
2. Present Unreal
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan di
masa sekarang
Main Clause
If Clause
Past Future Tenses
Simple Past Tenses
Ex : If you studied hard, you would pass the examination
If i had a car, i would take a trip to bali
3. Past Unreal
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu keadaan yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan yang
sebenarnya di masa lampau
Main Clause
If Clause
Past Future Perfect Tenses
Past Perfect Tenses
Ex : If i had gone to the concert last night, he would have seen mary
GERUND
Gerund adalah kata kerja bentuk ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.
1. Penggunaan gerund sebagai subjek
Swimming is my hobby
Cooking is not Difficult
2. Penggunaan gerund sebagai objek
My hobby is playing football
His favourite sport is climbing mountain
3. Penggunaan gerund setelah semua kata depan (preposition)
My uncle is good at playing tennis
By watching TV we can increase our knowledge
4. Penggunaan gerund setelah kata kerja tertentu
I enjoy studying English with Mrs. Nela
I will finish reading this book tomorrow
5. Penggunaan gerund setelah ungkapan tertentu
This book is worth studying
My sister is busy cleaning the room
It is no use
= tiada gunanya
Worth
= patut
Fancy
= tak disangka
Cant help
= tk dapat menahan
6. Penggunaan gerund sebagai kata ganti possesive
Your coming to her house made her very happy
The teacher doesn like our coming late
7. Penggunaan gerund sebagai kata ganti majemuk
I Like Dancing
I like to dance
INFINITIVE
Infinitive adalah kata kerja dasar dalam bahasa inggris.
1. CONTINIOUS Infinitive
Digunakan setelah kata kerja appear, happen, pretend, seem untuk menyatakan bahwa
suatu kejadian sedang berlangsung.
To be + Ving
Ex : I happened to be passing when the accident took place
(saya kebetulan sedang lewat ketika kecelakaan itu terjadi)
2. PERFECT Infinitive
Digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi lebih awal
To have + Past Participle
Ex : I happened to have driven this kind of car before
(saya kebetulan sudah mengemudikan mobil macam ini sebelumnya.)
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Sama penggunaanya dengan Gerund yaitu merupakan kata kerja bentuk ing, namun
berbeda dalam fungsi maupun kegunaanya. Penggunaan dari PRESENT PARTICIPLE adalah
:
1. Dirangkai dengan to be untuk membentk Present Continious Tense.
2. Digunakan ntuk menyatakan beberapa perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu
yang sama, dan dilakukan oleh pelaku yang sama. Ex : This morning we saw John, He
was standing at the bus stop
Namun yang harus diperhatikan dalam PRESENT PARTICIPLE ini adalah
membedakan antara pekerjaan utama (semua tenses) dengan pekerjaan tujuan (Present
Participle Tenses)
PEKERJAAN UTAMA
I FEEL A SPIDER
WE HAVE SEEN YOUR SISTER
TOMORROW HE WILL COME
Present Participle terdiri dari 2 bentuk yaitu :
PEKERJAAN TUJUAN
WALKING ON MY NECK
SINGING AT THE CONCERT
WAITING THE BUS
1. Aktive
Having + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Ex : Having reead the letter, she broke into tears
Having failed twice, she didnt want to try again
2. Passive
Having + been + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Ex : Having been seen the police the thief run away
Having been bitten twicw, the postman refused too
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (KATA PENGHUBUNG) digunakan untul mengabungkan
induk kalimat dengan anak kalimat yang sama subyek dan obyeknya.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS terdiri dari 2 bentuk yaitu :
1. Defining Relative hanya menjelaskan terbatas pada subyek dan ditulis tanpa adanya
koma
Ex : The boy who broke the school window is tom
2. Non Defining Relative yaitu menjelaskan tidak terbatas hanya pada subyek tetapi ada
suatu keterangan lebih lanjut tentang subyek itu sendiri dan ditulis dengan tanda koma
Ex : Tom who is a naughty boy, broke the school window
Untuk penggunaan RELATIVE PRONOUNS YAITU :
1. WHO digunakan untuk orang sebagai subjek
The man is my father. The man helped The man who helped you yesterday is my
you yesterday
father
I have met the man. The man writes this I have met the man who writes this book
book
2. WHOM digunakan untuk orang sebagai subjek
The man is my father. The man helped you
yesterday
The girl is Marry. You received a letter
from yesterday is marry
ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION
Yaitu gabungan dari sua kalimt yang berbeda subyeknya tetapi predikatnya sama dan
digunkan untuk menghindari pengulangan kata
Ex : John is a student of university. I am a student of university
John is a student of university, and i am too.
John is a student of university, and so am i
(john adalah seorang mahasiswa dan saya juga)
Ex : John is not a student of university. I am a not student of university
John is a not student of university. I am not either
John is a student of university, and neither am i
(john bukan seorang mahasiswa dan saya juga bukan)
1. TOO & SO
S + AUX. + TOO
SO + AUX + S
Ex : John can speak english, and Marry can too
John can speak english, and so can Marry
2. EITHER & NEITHER
S + AUX. + NOT + EITHER
NEITHER + AUX + S
Ex : My sister doesnt like English, and I Dont either
My sister doesnt like English, and neither do I
QUESTION TAG
QUESTION TAG digunakan untuk meminta penegasan dari pendengar tentang
sesuatu yang belum begitu meyakinkan pembicara atau minta persetujuan dari pendengar
1. Kalimat dengan to be (am, is, are, was, were)
I am as fat as he, arent i ?
You are government officer, arent you ?