Peradaban

Islam
Kekaisaran Arab secara umum makmur berdasarkan
perdagangan yg luas dengan menggunakan kapal & unta.
Kalah unta pergi ke Morocco suatu negara yg jauh di
barat menyebrang Laut Caspia.
Perdagangan mulai makmur saat dinas@ Abasiyah
(Abassid dynasty). Kota-kota luar biasa besar mulai
makmur, seper@ : Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Cordoba.
Kota-kota Islam memiliki penampilan ciri2 sik sendiri
seper@ : Istana (Palace) & mesjid (mosques); bangunan2
yg sangat mengesankan spt. air mancur (fountains),
pemandian2 umum (public baths), & bazaars.

Islamic Achievements
> Seni di ekspresikan di Mesjid2 (Mosques) / dekorasi = pola
geometris-arab (arabesques- geometric) : huruf2 Arab,
tumbuh2an, & gambar2/lukisan2 abstrak
> Tidak ada gambar/lukisan Muhammad di se@ap tampilan
seni tsb. Nabi memperingatkan bahwa dpt menjadi imitasi/
@ruan Allah melalui lukisan2 yg dibuat
> Great Mosque of Samarra; mesjid terbesar yg pernah
didirikan, letak saat ini di Iraq, melipu@ luas sekitar 10 acres
> Mesjid di Cordoba, Spanyol = 514 pilar yg didirikan
bangunan di dalam hutan pohon2
> Palaces (istana2) mereeksikan kejayaan Islam; misal :
Istana Alhambra di Granada, Spanyol ; adalah istana Islam
terbaik di jamannya.

www.knowmuhammad.org

Kesultanan Seljuk Turki

Pada tahun 650, literatur 1g

a l k i m i a M e s i r k u n o t e l a h
diterjemahkan ke dlm bahasa
Arab

Padahal dlm waktu lama diduga bahwa

tulisan hieroglyphics pertama kali di
terjemahkan th 1822. Tapi saat ini telah
diketahui bhw Muslims orang pertama
y g m e n t e r j e m a h k a n E g y p - a n
Hieroglyphics.

In the year 700, an early industrial factory

complex for Islamic po1ery and glass
producHon was built in Ar-Raqqah, Syria.
Extensive experimentaHon was carried out
at the complex, which was two kilometres
in length, and a variety of innovaHve high-
purity glass were developed there. Two
other similar complexes were also built, and
nearly three hundred new chemical recipes
for glass were produced at all three sites.

In 763, The House of Wisdom

was founded and the transla@on
movement was started by the
Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.
The caliph would pay its weight
in gold for every translated
book.

Through the transla@on movement, Muslims traveled to all parts of the world to
nd and translate knowledge from other civiliza@ons. They translated ancient
Egyp@an, Hebrew, Persian, Greek, and Roman knowledge into Arabic. This way
they became transmicers of knowledge that was almost lost and forgocen. Ader
they had nished gathering and learning all the knowledge they could nd in the
world, they started cri@sizing, adding their own ideas and producing original works
of their own.

Muhammad ibnu Musa al-Khwarizmi

Arabic: ), earlier transliterated as
Algoritmi or Algaurizin, (c. 780, Khwrizm c. 850) was a Persian
mathemaHcian, astronomer and geographer during the Abbasid
Empire, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
In the twelZh century,
LaHn translaHons of his work on the Indian numerals introduced
the decimal posiHonal number system to the Western world. His
Compendious Book on Calcula-on by Comple-on and Balancing
presented the rst systema-c solu-on of linear and quadra-c
equa-ons in Arabic. In Renaissance Europe, he was considered the
original inventor of algebra, although it is now known that his
work is based on older Indian or Greek sources. He revised
Ptolemy's Geography and wrote on astronomy and astrology.
Some words reect the importance of al-Khwarizmi's
contribuHons to mathemaHcs. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr,
one of the two operaHons he used to solve
quadraHc equaHons. Algorism and algorithm stem from
Algoritmi, the LaHn form of his name. His name is also the origin
of (Spanish) guarismo and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both
meaning digit.

Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni

Ab al-Rayhn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Brn (born 5
September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died 13 December 1048 in
Ghazni) known as Alberonius in Latin and Al-Biruni in English, was
a Persian-Khwarezmian. Muslim scholar and polymath from the
Khwarezm region.
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the
medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics,
mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also
distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. He
was conversant in Khwarezmian, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, and
also knew Greek, Hebrew, Syriac and Berber. He spent a large
part of his life in Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan, capital of
the Ghaznavid dynasty which ruled eastern Iranian lands and
the northwestern Indian subcontinent. In 1017 he traveled to the
Indian subcontinent and became the most important
interpreter of Indian science to the Islamic world. He is given the
titles the "founder of Indology" and the "first anthropologist. He
was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations,
and was given the title al-Ustadh ("The Master") for his
remarkable description of early 11th-century India.[6] He also
made contributions to Earth sciences, and is regarded as the
"father of geodesy" for his important contributions to that field,
along with his significant contributions to geography

Jabir Ibnu Hayyan

Abu Ms Jbir ibn Hayyn (al-Barigi / al-
Azdi / al-Ku / al-Tusi / al-Su, Arabic:
, Persian: , .c.721c.815) was a
prominent Arab or Persian polymath: a
chemist and alchemist, astronomer and
astrologer, engineer, geographer,
philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and
physician. Born and educated in Tus, he
later traveled to Kufa. Jbir is held to have
been the rst pracHcal alchemist.
As early as the 10th century, the idenHty
and exact corpus of works of Jbir was in
dispute in Islamic circles. His name was
LaHnized as "Geber" in the ChrisHan West
and in 13th-century Europe an anonymous
writer, usually referred to as Pseudo-Geber,
produced alchemical and metallurgical
wriHngs under the pen-name Geber.

Al Kindi
Abu Ysuf Yaqb ibn Isq a-abb al-Kind (Arabic:
, LaHn: Alkindus) (c. 801873 CE), known as "the
Philosopher of the Arabs", was an Iraqi Muslim Arab philosopher,
mathemaHcian, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the rst of the
Muslim peripateHc philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the
"father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy for his synthesis, adaptaHon and
promoHon of Greek and HellenisHc philosophy in the Muslim world.

Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe. He was born and educated
in Basra,[6] before going to pursue further studies in Baghdad. Al-Kindi
became a prominent gure in the House of Wisdom, and a number of
Abbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translaHon of Greek
scienHc and philosophical texts into the Arabic language. This contact
with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as Greek philosophy was oZen
referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound eect on his intellectual
development, and led him to write hundreds of original treaHses of his
own on a range of subjects ranging from metaphysics, ethics, logic and
psychology, to medicine, pharmacology,[ mathemaHcs, astronomy,
astrology and opHcs, and further aeld to more pracHcal topics like
perfumes, swords, jewels, glass, dyes, zoology, Hdes, mirrors,
meteorology and earthquakes.

Al Kindi
In the eld of mathemaHcs, al-Kindi played an important
role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and
ChrisHan world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and
devised several new methods of breaking ciphers. Using his
mathemaHcal and medical experHse, he was able to
develop a scale that would allow doctors to quanHfy the
potency of their medicaHon.

The central theme underpinning al-Kindi's philosophical
wriHngs is the compaHbility between philosophy and other
"orthodox" Islamic sciences, parHcularly theology. And
many of his works deal with subjects that theology had an
immediate interest in. These include the nature of God, the
soul and propheHc knowledge.[13] But despite the
important role he played in making philosophy accessible to
Muslim intellectuals, his own philosophical output was
largely overshadowed by that of al-Farabi and very few of
his texts are available for modern scholars to examine.

Ibnu Sina (Avicenna)

pur sin (Persian or
or Pur-e Sina; [pur
sin] "son of Sina";[full citaHon needed] c. 980 June 1037),
commonly known as Ibn Sn, or in Arabic wriHng Ab Al al-
usayn ibn Abd Allh ibn Sn (Arabic )or
by his LaHnized name Avicenna, was a Persian[3][4][5][6]
polymath, who wrote almost 450 treaHses on a wide range of
subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In parHcular, 150 of
his surviving treaHses concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them
concentrate on medicine.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast
philosophical and scienHc encyclopaedia, and The Canon of
Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many medieval
universiHes. The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the
universiHes of Montpellier and Leuven as late as 1650. Ibn Sn's
Canon of Medicine provides a complete system of medicine
according to the principles of Galen (and Hippocrates).
His corpus also includes wriHng on philosophy, astronomy,
alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic,
mathemaHcs, physics, as well as poetry. He is regarded as the
most famous and inuenHal polymath of the Islamic Golden Age.

In 754, the first pharmacy and drugstores were opened in Baghdad.

The first apothecary (pharmacist) shops were also opened in the Islamic
world.

In 763, the first Bimaristan (hospital) opened in

Baghdad during the Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid.

An Arabic manuscript, dated

1200, Htled Anatomy of the Eye,
authored by al-Mutadibih

Medicine was the rst of

the Greek sciences to be -
studied in depth by Islamic
scholars. Here, an -
illustraHon of bloodle|ng
in Iraq in about 1240.

In 780, Jabir ibn Hayyan, a Muslim chemist who

is considered by many to be the father of
chemistry, introduced the experimental scienHc
method for chemistry, as well as laboratory
apparatus such as the alembic, s@ll and retort,
and chemical processes such as pure dis@lla@on,
liquefac@on, crystallisa@on, and ltra@on.

He also invented more than twenty types of

laboratory apparatus, leading to the discovery
of many chemical substances. He also
developed recipes for stained glass and
described lustre-painHng on glass.

The Great Mosque of Samarra

Contoh @pe2 Minaret (menara) Masjid

The minaret of the Ali Mosque Manar, Isfahan, Iran (1118-1157 CE).
Erected during the reign of Seljuk sultan Sanjar (118-1157 CE).
Decorated by two balconies. The shaZ below the balconies
embellished with interlocking stars in recess, altering to a diamond
pa1ern at the top end, four bands of Kuc inscripHons, three of which
are highlighted with glazed Hles

The Koutoubia Mosque or Kutubiyya Mosque

(Arabic: Arabic pronunciation: [jamiulkutubija(h)]) is
the largest mosque in Marrakech, Morocco. The mosque is also known
by several other names, such as Jami' al-Kutubiyah, Kotoubia
Mosque, Kutubiya Mosque, Kutubiyyin Mosque, and Mosque of
the Booksellers. It is located in the southwest medina quarter of
Marrakech. The mosque is ornamented with curved windows, a band of
ceramic inlay, pointed merlons, and decorative arches; it has a large
plaza with gardens, and is floodlit at night. The minaret, 77 metres
(253 ft) in height, includes a spire and orbs. It was completed under the
reign of the Almohad Caliph Yaqub al-Mansur (1184 to 1199), and has
inspired other buildings such as the Giralda of Seville and the Hassan
Tower of Rabat

BAZAARS

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