Step 1
Lokhea purulenta
Cairan secret yang keluar dari cavum uteri pada masa nifas (berupa nanah)
Nifas
Suatu masa pulih kembali setelah masa persalinan, organ reproduksi kembali normal . sampai 8
minggu, jika lebih berarti patologis
Step 2
Step 3
1. Apa saja perubahan fisiologis dan anatomi yang terjadi pada fase nifas? Bedanya multipara dan
nulipara
Perubahan uterus :
- pembuluh darah: diameter pembuluh darah mengecilobliterasi, diresorbsi
- cervix dan segmen bawah uterus : laserasiOUE tetep terbuka(2jari)
menipispembentukan ulang, hymen tidak berubah(parous)
- involusisetelah pengeluaran placentapembuluh darah menutup krn
kontraksilamina parietal iskemilokhea
2minggu post partum uterus masuk pelvis minor, 4 minggu normal lagi
Beda multi dan nuliafter pain
Nulipara:kontraksi teraturtidak terlalu sakit
Multipara: kontraksi tidak teratursakit
- lokheapelepasan desidualamina parietal iskemi
Lokhea:
Lokhea rubra: warna merah( 1-2 hari ) paling banyak volumenya
Lokhea sanguinolenta : merah kekuningan disertai lendir (3-7 hari)
Lokhea serosa: agak pucat (3-4 hari ), 7-14 hari
Lokhea alba : putih banyak secret sel darah putih (sampai 6minggu)
-endometrial regenerasi :postpartum2-3 hari lamina superficialnekrosis, lamina
basalisbakal endometrium
volume normal masing-masing lokhea
Cara mengukur volumenya
Beberapa jam setelah placenta keluar: HPL dalam serum tidak terdeteksi, HCG tidak terdeteksi
juga pada hari ke 10), estrogen kembali normal sebelum hari ke 7 masa nifas, prolaktin
meningkat, oksitosin meningkat (kontraksi uterus, ejeksi ASI)
Ada 2 refleks yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh keadaan jiwa ibu, yaitu :
Refleks Prolaktin
Pada waktu bayi menghisap payudara ibu, ibu menerima rangsangan
neurohormonal pada putting dan areola, rangsangan ini melalui nervus vagus
diteruskan ke hypophysa lalu ke lobus anterior, lobus anterior akan mengeluarkan
hormon prolaktin yang masuk melalui peredaran darah sampai pada kelenjar-
kelenjar pembuat ASI dan merangsang untuk memproduksi ASI.
Mekanoreseptor di
puting payudara
hipotalamus
Gardjito, Widjoseno. 1994. Retensi Urin, Permasalahan dan Penatalaksanaannya. Akses April 16, 2010, 10:32 di
http://urologi.or.id/pdf/JURI%20VOLL%204%20NO.2%20TAHUN%201994_2.pdf
Involusi Uterus
Involusi Uterus atau pengerutan uterus merupakan suatu proses dimana uterus kembali ke
kondisi sebelum hamil dengan bobot hanya 60 gram. Proses involusio uterus adalah
sebagai berikut :
Autolysis
Merupakan proses penghancuran diri sendiri yang terjadi di dalam otot uterine. Enzim
proteolitik akan memendekkan jaringan otot yang telah mengendur hingga panjangnya 10
kali panjang sebelum hamil dan lebarnya 5 kali lebar sebelum hamil yang terjadi selama
kehamilan.
Terdapat polymorph phagolitik dan macrophages di dalam system vascular dan system
limphatik
Oksitosin menyebabkan terjadinya kontraksi dan retraksi otot uterin sehingga akan
menekan pembuluh darah yang mengakibatkan berkurangnya suplai darah ke uterus.
Proses ini membantu untuk mengurangi situs atau tempat implantasi plasenta serta
mengurangi perdarahan.
3. Jelaskan macam-macam kelainan masa nifas
Demam post partum : normal naiknya 0.5C, tapi jika lebih dari 38C infeksi.
Kelainan payudara : galaktokel
Kelainan uterus : sub involusi , harusnya 6-8 minggu kembali normal tp disini terjadi kelainan.
PPP : Perdarahan yang keluar setelah persalinan,
ada primer dan sekunder
Primer (24jam pertama)
Sekunder (setelah 24 jam postpartum)
Kelaianan lain : seperti trombosis atau tromboemboli.
- Etiologi :
hipotoni, atonia uteri
sisa plasenta
perdarahan kartena robekan
gangguan koagulasi
infeksi : local dan umum, terbatas pada vulva vagina, menyebar lewat pembuluh darah dan
limfe, permukaan endometrium
-terlokalisir (perineum, vulva
-menyebar/sistemiktrombussumbatanvena(v. femoralis)flegmensia alba dolens di
kanan/kiri terbawaa ke aliran darah sistemikbisa ke paru sumbatanmeninggal lebih
cepat
Sering terjadi infeksi karena vagina berubah jadi basa , normalnya asam untuk proteksi kuman
Robekan dari placentabisa terjadi infeksiflora normal di vagina terbawa ke uterus
4. Jelaskan macam-macam lokhea
Lokhea:
Fisiologis
Lokhea rubra: warna merah( 1-2 hari ) paling banyak volumenya
Lokhea sanguinolenta : merah kekuningan disertai lendir (3-7 hari)
Lokhea serosa: agak pucat 7-14 hari
Lokhea alba : putih banyak secret sel darah putih (sampai 6minggu)
-endometrial regenerasi :postpartum2-3 hari lamina superficialnekrosis, lamina
basalisbakal endometrium
Patologis :
Lokhea purulenta
Cairan secret yang keluar dari cavum uteri pada masa nifas (berupa nanah) karena infeksi
*kompresi bimanual*
SUMBER : PERDARAHAN POST PARTUM, oleh YOSEPH ADI KRISTIAN (102008015), Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana, Jl.Arjuna Utara No.6 Jakarta Barat 11510
Masase fundus uteri
Segera sesudah plasenta lahir
(maksimal 15 detik)
Early postpartum endometritis usually results from colonization or infection of the amniotic fluid prior to
delivery.8 Often amniotic fluid infection will not be recognized during labor, particularly if fever has not developed.
Risk factors important for amniotic fluid infection are also important for early postpartum endometritis and include
those events likely to contaminate amniotic fluid (i.e., prolonged labor, prolonged rupture of the membranes, multiple
cervical examinations, and lower socioeconomic status).9 Patients in lower socioeconomic groups probably have
increased rates of virulent vaginal organisms that produce upper tract infection.10 Prolonged labor and rupture of
membranes contribute to amniotic fluid colonization from organisms colonizing the lower genital tract. Colonizing
organisms usually do not invade the endometrium or produce infection if patients deliver vaginally, because the
contaminated amniotic fluid drains into the vagina in these cases. However, during cesarean section, bacteria in the
amniotic fluid no longer remain within the uterus but have the potential to contaminate the peritoneal cavity and
incisions of the uterus and abdominal wound. In fact, postpartum endometritis (uterine-peritoneal infections) is
tenfold to 20-fold more common in patients delivered by cesarean section than among patients who deliver
vaginally.2
Early postpartum endometritis is usually diagnosed on the basis of a temperature of 38.5C or higher in the first 24
hours or 38C or higher for 4 consecutive hours beyond the first 24 hours from delivery. Uterine tenderness is
expected because most patients will have both a uterine and an abdominal wound from the cesarean section. Since
wide variations occur in the degree of uterine tenderness, the finding of uterine tenderness is not a precise guide to
establish whether or not uterine infection is present. Some organisms, particularly streptococci, may produce little or
no uterine tenderness. Careful physical examination will usually reveal signs of peritonitis with an ileus and rebound
tenderness in both upper and lower quadrants of the abdomen. It is important during the physical examination to
exclude other sources of fever, particularly from wound, intravenous line, or lung infection.
Many physicians do not routinely obtain endometrial cultures because the organisms that cause early postpartum
endometritis have been well described and, until recently, have been relatively similar between hospitals. Certainly
unreliable culture results occur when cervicovaginal cultures are used or transcervical endometrial cultures are
obtained by pushing an unprotected swab through the cervix.11 Instead, protected swabs should be used to obtain
endometrial culture, because they reduce (although they do not eliminate) cervicovaginal contamination. Endometrial
or amniotic fluid cultures taken at the time of delivery accurately reflect the endometrial flora for 24 hours post
partum and can be substituted for a transcervical endometrial culture during this period. However, endometrial
cultures should be obtained for the remaining patients to detect an unusual or particularly virulent organism.
Organisms that are commonly isolated from patients with postpartum endometritis have been described elsewhere in
these volumes and are not discussed in detail here. Cultures typically recover a wide variety of facultative bacteria,
including group B streptococci, other facultative streptococci, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Escherichia coli, and a wide
variety of anaerobic bacteria, including Bacteroides and Peptostreptococcus species.6,12 Blood cultures recover similar
organisms from approximately 15% to 25% of febrile patients.6 Bacteremia per se does not predict the severity or the
course of infection, although the isolation of certain virulent organisms can be predictive of severe infection. Despite
the high frequency of positive blood cultures, young, otherwise healthy patients rarely develop septic shock.
A wide variety of antibiotics have been used to successfully treat postpartum endometritis. The
antibiotic should be active against the most common facultative and anaerobic bacteria.13 Over 90% of
patients with postpartum endometritis readily respond to antibiotic therapy. Several possibilities must
be checked when patients do not respond to antibiotic therapy (Table 3). The administration of too low
an antibiotic dose is the most common cause of treatment failure. Pregnant and postpartum women
require a 40% increase in antibiotic dose over that required when they are no longer pregnant.14 The
40% increase in blood volume, extracellular volume, and glomerular filtration rate that occurs during
pregnancy is maintained in the immediate postpartum period, and antibiotic concentrations must be
high enough to achieve bacterial inhibition in the postpartum patient. Thus, most antibiotics,
particularly those excreted through the kidneys, need to be administered at a high dosage. For example,
the increased doses that should be given post partum calculate to between 8 and 12 g/day of a -lactam
(penicillin or cephalosporin) antibiotic. Other causes of antibiotic treatment failure include infection
from resistant organisms (unusual), wound infection, abscess formation, and the development of septic
thrombophlebitis.13
http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Serious%20Postpartum%20Infections/item/177
FREKUENSI
Secara umum frekuensi infeksi puerperalis adalah sekitar 1-3%. Secara
proporsional angka infeksi menurut jenis infeksi adalah :
KLASIFIKASI
1.Pemeriksaan Laboratorium
http://eprints.uns.ac.id/107/1/167420309201012551.pdf
10. Bagaimana penatalaksanaan dari scenario setelah mengatasi perdarahan
A wide variety of antibiotics have been used to successfully treat postpartum endometritis. The
antibiotic should be active against the most common facultative and anaerobic bacteria.13 Over 90% of
patients with postpartum endometritis readily respond to antibiotic therapy. Several possibilities must
be checked when patients do not respond to antibiotic therapy (Table 3). The administration of too low
an antibiotic dose is the most common cause of treatment failure. Pregnant and postpartum women
require a 40% increase in antibiotic dose over that required when they are no longer pregnant.14 The
40% increase in blood volume, extracellular volume, and glomerular filtration rate that occurs during
pregnancy is maintained in the immediate postpartum period, and antibiotic concentrations must be
high enough to achieve bacterial inhibition in the postpartum patient. Thus, most antibiotics,
particularly those excreted through the kidneys, need to be administered at a high dosage. For example,
the increased doses that should be given post partum calculate to between 8 and 12 g/day of a -lactam
(penicillin or cephalosporin) antibiotic. Other causes of antibiotic treatment failure include infection
from resistant organisms (unusual), wound infection, abscess formation, and the development of septic
thrombophlebitis.13
http://www.glowm.com/section_view/heading/Serious%20Postpartum%20Infections/item/177
11. Mengapa dokter memberikan paracetamol dan meminta pasien banyak minum
Paracetamol :Untuk antipiretik dan analgesic menghambat COX 1, menekan zat pirogen
endogen
Deskripsi:
Paracetamol adalah derivat p-aminofenol yang mempunyai sifat antipiretik/analgesik
Sifat antipiretik disebabkan oleh gugus aminobenzen dan mekanismenya diduga
berdasarkan efek sentral.
Sifat analgesik parasetamol dapat menghilangkan rasa nyeri ringan sampai sedang.
Sifat antiinflamasinya sangat lemah sehingga sehingga tidak digunakan sebagai
antirematik.
Indikasi:
Sebagai antipiretik/analgesik, termasuk bagi pasien yang tidak tahan asetosal.
Sebagai analgesik, misalnya untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri pada sakit kepala, sakit gigi,
sakit waktu haid dan sakit pada otot.menurunkan demam pada influenza dan setelah
vaksinasi.
Kontra Indikasi:
Hipersensitif terhadap parasetamol dan defisiensi glokose-6-fosfat dehidroganase. Tidak
boleh digunakan pada penderita dengan gangguan fungsi hati.
www.pps.unud.ac.id/.../pdf.../unud-290-1606964304-bab%20ii%20revisi.pdf
MEKANISME REAKSI
Paracetamol bekerja dengan mengurangi produksi prostaglandins dengan
mengganggu enzim cyclooksigenase (COX). Parasetamol menghambat kerja COX pada
sistem syaraf pusat yang tidak efektif dan sel edothelial dan bukan pada sel kekebalan
dengan peroksida tinggi. Kemampuan menghambat kerja enzim COX yang dihasilkan
otak inilah yang membuat paracetamol dapat mengurangi rasa sakit kepala dan dapat
menurunkan demam tanpa menyebabkan efek samping
Derajat syok
-ringan
-sedang
-berat
Step 4
Nifas
Infeksi
Primer : atonia uteri Sekunder : Retensio
Placenta
Pemeriksaan
penunjang :Kultur
darah, darah rutin,
USG