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PELATIHAN PENANGANAN PENDERITA GAWAT

DARURAT BAGI
G PERAWAT PELAKSANA
S

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Luaranyangingindicapai
y TehnikpemeriksaanEKGyangtepat
p y g p
y IntrepretasidasarEKG
y IntrepretasiEKGemergency

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Definisi
y Elektrokardiogram(ECGorEKG)
g ( )
adalahalatyangdigunakanuntuk
merekamaktivitaslistrikjantung
y Kelainanyangdapatdiidentifikasi
K l i d tdiid tifik i
melaluiEKG
y Aritmia
y Iskemia/infarkmiokard
y Pembesaranruangruangjantung
y Gangguanakibatketidakseimbangan
elektrolit/obat2an

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Mengapa jantung harus dilihat dari semua sumbu?
Hal ini dapat dianalogikan seperti kita ingin melihat mobil ini secara menyeluruh.
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Dengan meletakkan kamera pada beberapa sudut maka kita dapat mengetahui bentuk
mobil ini secara menyeluruh.
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TheNormalConductionSystem

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Pemeriksaan EKG dimulai dengan meletakkan electrode merah pada tangan kanan
kanan,
elektrode kuning pada tangan kiri dan elektrode hijau pada kaki kiri.

Elektrode pada kaki kanan hanya digunakan sebagai arde sehingga diberi warna hitam.
Ketiga Augmented Limb Leads (aVR, aVL dan avF) akan membentuk tiga sumbu yang
saling berpotongan sebagai mana yang dapat dilihat pada gambar di sebelah kanan.
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Perhatikan bahwa kutub positif aVR berada di kwadran barat laut. Basuki Rahmat
Limb leads dapat memberikan gambaran dari aspek:
Inferior : II, III, dan aVF
High lateral : I dan aVL

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v9

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Adaptedfrom:www.numed.co.uk/electrodepl.html

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Untuk mendapat gambaran yang lebih lengkap kita umumnya memerlukan pandangan
potongan horizontal yang dapat diperoleh dengan memasang Chest Leads:
11/18/2009 V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 dan V6. Basuki Rahmat
Chest leads dapat memberikan gambaran
dari aspek:
Septal : V1 - V2
Anteroseptal
A t t l : V1- V3
Apikal : V3- V4
Anteroapikal : V2- V4
Lateral : V5 -V
V6
Anterolateral : V4 -V6
Anterior : V1-V6
High Lateral : I & aVL
Anterior extensif : V1-V6 + I & aVL
Inferior : II, III, aVF

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Kalau kita telah melakukan pembuatan EKG kita akan melihat gambaran
gelombang EKG seperti ini. Lalu apa yang kita harus lakukan?
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Th El
The t di
Electrocardiogram ( ECG )
y P wave : atrial
depolarisation R

y QRS complex :
ventricular T
depolarisation P

y T wave : ventricular
repolarisation Q
S

y Atrial repolarisation
hidden by QRS
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Terminologi morfologi QRS

qRs Rs R rS

QR Q/QS rSr
RsR
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KONSEP DEPOLARISASI EKG

DEPOLARISASI

A C

B
A :aVR
B :V1
C :II
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INTERPRETASIEKG
KelayakanBaca
Irama
Rate
Axis
Anatomi
GelombangP
PRi t
PRinterval
l
GelombangQRS
SegmenST
GelombangT
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KELAYAKANBACA

Identitas
Waktujamdantanggal
Kalibrasi
kecepatan
ApakahperekamanEKGsudahbenar?

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IRAMAJANTUNG
Supraventrikular(QRSSempit)
Sinus
Atrial
Junctional
Ventrikular(QRSlebar)

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Normal Sinus Rhythm

Rhythm
Rh th : Regular
R l
Rate : 60 100
P wave : Normal in configuration;
g ; precede
p each QRS
Q
PR : Normal ( 0. 12 0.20 seconds )
QRS : Normal ( less than 0.12 seconds )

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RATE
TERATUR
Metodekotaksedang
Metodekotakkecil

TIDAKTERATUR

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CaramenilaiECG

ota seda g ::300x/mny


1kotaksedang 300 / y
2kotaksedang :150x/mnt
Takikardi
33Kotaksedangg :100x/mnt
/
4kotaksedang:75x/mnt Rate normal

55kotaksedang
g :60x/mnt

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Whatistheheartrate?

www.uptodate.com

(300/6)=50bpm

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Whatistheheartrate?

www.uptodate.com

(300/4)=~75bpm

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Whatistheheartrate?

(300/1.5)=200bpm

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AXIS
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Right Atrial Enlargement
RightAtrialEnlargement

y Tall peaked P wave (>2.5 mm), normal width


(< 0
0.12
12 s) in lead II
II, III
III, or AVF
y Increased in the initial positive P wave in V1
Left Atrial Enlargement
LeftAtrialEnlargement
Features:
y Width of the P wave
> 0.12 sec in lead II
y Notched P wave
y P terminal force is
>0.04s & >1mm tall
y V1: large biphasic P
wave with
i h wide
id
terminal component
y Leftward
L ft d P axisi ((+45
45
and -30)
BIATRIALABNORMALITY
y The presence of the independent criteria for both left and
right atrial abnormality
y P wave will be notched and broad ( 0.12 s) in lead I & II,
and will have a p prominent negative
g component
p in V1.
Initial forces will be tall in lead II
P Pulmonale
P Mitrale
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PRINTERVAL

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Pembesaran ventrikel
Blok bundle his kanan atau kiri
Poor R wave progression

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VENTRICULARHYPERTROPHY
y Result of pressure or volume load imposed upon
the ventricle
y Correlation: thickness of ventricular muscle with
magnitude of depolarization wave
y ECG feature of ventricular hypertrophy:
y Increase in the height of depolarization
y Prolongation of QRS duration
y Lengthening
g g of the activation time ((intrinsicoid
deflection)
y Downsloping ST segment depression
y T wave abnormality (asymmetric T wave inversion)
VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY vs
VENTRICULARHYPERTROPHYvs
ENLARGEMENT
y There were no voltage criteria to differentiate either
hypertrophy nor dilatation of the ventricle
y Most patients with DCM show ECG of hypertrophy

Chou.Electrocardiography in clinical practice, 1991


J Electrocardiol. 1994;27(4):323-8
Hypertens
ype te s Res.
es 1998;21(4):259-66
998; ( ) 59 66
RightVentricularHypertrophy
y RV dominance: tall positive R in right precordial
leads
y Sokolow-Lyon
S
R in V1 + S in V5-V6 >11 mm
R in V1 > 7mm
R:S ratio in V1 >1
RAD >+90 degrees
RBBB pattern itself doesnt indicate RVH
LEFTVENTRICULARHYPERTROPHY
y LV dominance
y Prominent negative S wave in the right leads
and
d ttallll R waves iin th
the lleft
ft chest
h t llead
d
y Criteria:
y SV1 + RV5 or RV6 > 35 mm
y R waves in aVL 11-13 mm
y Slight ST depression or T wave inversion (strain
type) in V5 & V6
y LAD
y Most patient with LBBB have underlying LVH
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STdepresidanperubahangelombangT

STdepresidianggapbermaknabila>1mmdibawahgarisdasarPTdititikJ
TitikJdidefinisikansebagaiakhirkompleksQRSdanpermulaansegmenST

BentuksegmenST:

up
upsloping
sloping (tidakspesifik)
horizontal (lebihspesifikuntukiskemia)
downsloping (palingterpercayauntukiskemia)

PerubahangelombangT pada
iskemiakurangbegituspesifik
iskemiakurangbegituspesifik,
KecualiadanyahyperacuteT

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HYPERACUTETWAVE

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p
Horisontal slope

Downslope

Upslope

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NSTEACS
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Acuteanteroseptalmyocardialinfarction.
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Acuteanterolateralmyocardialinfarction
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Acuteinferoposteriormyocardialinfarction
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GANGGUAN IRAMA
GANGGUANIRAMA
A.IramaEktopik:
>Atrial
>IramaJuntional
>Ventrikuler
B.Gangguankonduksi
>SABlok
>AVBlok
>InterventrikulerBlok
I t t ik l Bl k

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SUPRAVENTRIKULAR
TAKIKARDI

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SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
SUPRAVENTRICULARTACHYCARDIA

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Atrial Fibrillation :

-from multiple area of re-entry within atria


-or from multiple ectopic foci
-irregular,
i l narrow QRS complex l
-very rapid atrial electrical activity
(400-700 x/min).
f m atrial depolarization
-no uniform p

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ATRIAL FIBRILATION
ATRIALFIBRILATION

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Junctional rhythm:
-AV junction can function as a pace maker
(40-60 x/min).
-due
due to
t the failure of
f sinus node
n de to
t initiate
time impulse or conduction problem.
-normal-looking QRS.
-retrograde
g P wave.
-P wave may preceede, coincide with, or
follow the QRS

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JUNCTIONAL RHYTM
JUNCTIONALRHYTM

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JUNCTIONALRHYTM

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Irama Ventricular

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VES (Ventricular
(V t i l Extra
E t Sistole)
Si t l )

SR

VES
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VES

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Sinus rhythm
with
Multifocal VES

VES VES

SR SR SR SR SR SR

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Ventricular Tachycardia

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= 1.286 N = 0.657 N

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Ventricular Fibrillation

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PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
(PEA)

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First-degree AV block

Rhythm
Rh th : Regular
R l
Rate : Usually normal
P wave : Sinus P wave present; one P wave to each QRS
PR : Prolonged ( greater than 0.20 seconds )
QRS : Normal

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1stt degree AV block

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Second -degree AV block, Mobitz I

Rhythm : Irregular
Rate : Usually slow but can be normal
P wave : Sinus P wave present;
some not followed by QRS complexes
PR : Progressively lengthens
QRS : Normal

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2nd degree AV block, type 1

Missing
g QRS
Q Missing QRS

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Second-degree AV block, Mobitz II

Rhythm : Regular usually;


can be irreguler if conduction ratios vary
Rate : Usually slow
P wave : Two,
T three,
th or ffour P waves b
before
f each
h QRS
PR : PR interval of beat with QRS is constant;
PR interval may be normal or prolonged
QRS : Normal if block in His bundle;
wide if block involves bundle branches

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2nd degree AV block, type 2

Missing QRS

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Third-degree AV block

y
Rhythm g
: Regular
Rate : 40 60 if block in His bundle;
30 40 if block involves bundle branches
P wave : Sinus P wave present; bear no relationship to QRS;
can be found hidden in QRS complexes and T waves
PR : Varies greatly
QRS : Normal if block in His bundle;
wide
id if bl
blockk involves
i l bundle
b dl branches
b h

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Total AV Block /3rd degree AV block

QRS QRS QRS

P P P P P P P

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