Chapter 5

First Law of
Thermodinamics
1
Energy balance
Perubahan energi total suatu
sistem selama suatu proses
adalah sebanding dengan
perbedaan antara energi total
masuk ke sistem dan energi
total keluar sistem selama
proses.

2
System Energy Change (Esystem)

Perubahan energi suatu sistem akan sama

dengan nol jika perubahan keadaan sistem
tersebut sama dengan nol selama proses

3
System Energy Change (Esystem)

4
Closed System
No mass transfer
No kinetic energy change nor potential
energy change:

5
Energy Transfer Mechanism
Heat Transfer, Q
Work Transfer, W
Mass flowrate, m

6
Energy Transfer Mechanism

7
 Closed System Energy Balance

(energy of the system) (energy of surroundings) 0

Esurroundings Q W Esystem Q W

U Q W
t

dU t dQ dW 8
Example

9
Exercise

10
11
12
13
Example

14
15
Exercise
Air mengalir melalui air terjun dengan
ketinggian 100 m. Jika diambil 1 kg air sebagai
sistem, dan tidak ada perpindahan energi
antara sistem dan lingkungan.
Berapa energi potensial air di puncak air
terjun?
Berapa energi kinetik air sesaat sebelum
menyentuh dasar?

16
Exercise

17
Exercise

18
Work of piston

V2t

W pdV t
V1t

dW pdV t

d (nU t ) dQ dW

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 Constant P and V Process

Persamaan umum hukum pertama termodinamika untuk proses

sistem tertutup reversibel:
d (nU ) dQ Pd (nV )
Volume total konstan:
Q nU
Panas yang ditransfer sama dengan perubahan energi
internal sistem
Tekanan konstan: dQ d (nU ) d (nPV ) dQ d n(U PV )
Q nH
Definisi matematis entalpi: H U PV
Panas yang ditransfer sama dengan perubahan entalpi
sistem
20
Calculate U and H for 1 kg of water when it is vaporized at the
constant temperature of 100 C and the constant pressure of 101.33
kPa. The specific volumes of liquid and vapor water at these
conditions are 0.00104 and 1.673 m3/kg. For this change, heat in the
amount of 2256.9 kJ is added to the water.

Imagine the fluid contained in a cylinder by a frictionless piston

which exerts a constant pressure of 101.33 kPa. As heat is added,
the water expands from its initial to its final volume. For the 1-kg
system:
H Q 2256.9kJ

U H P(V )
2256.9 J 101.33kPa (1.673 0.001)m3
2256.9kJ 169.4kJ
2087.5kJ
21
Heat Capacity
Setiap benda memiliki kapasitas untuk panas. Semakin kecil
perubahan temperatur suatu benda yang disebabkan oleh
transfer panas dengan kuantitas tertentu, semakin besar
kapasitas panas benda tersebut.

dQ
Kapasitas panas: C
dT
Lebih tergantung pada proses, daripada pada keadaan.
Dua kapasitas panas, CV dan CP, umum dipakai untuk fluida
homogen; keduanya sebagai fungsi keadaan, didefinisikan
sebagai hubungan dengan persamaan keadaan lain.

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Heat capacity at ...
Volume konstan Tekanan konstan

U H
CV CP
T V T P
T2 T2
U CV dT (const V ) H CP dT (const P)
T1 T1

CV merupakan fungsi CP merupakan fungsi

keadaan dan tidak keadaan dan tidak
tergantung pada tergantung pada
proses proses

23
Air at 1 bar and 298.15K is compressed to 5 bar and 298.15K by two different mechanically
reversible processes: (1) cooling at constant pressure followed by heating at constant volume;
(2) heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure. Calculate the heat
and work requirements and U and H of the air for each path.
Information: the following heat capacities for air may be assumed independent of temperature:
CV = 20.78 and CP = 29.10 J/mol.K. Assuming for air that PV/T is a constant, regardless of the
changes it undergoes. At 298.15 K and 1 bar the molar volume of air is 0.02479 m3/mol.
The final volume: V2 V1 P1 0.004958 m3
P2 V2
(1) The temperature of the air at the end of the cooling step: T T1 59.63 K
V1
Q H CP T 6941 J U H PV 4958 J
During the second step: U Q CV T 4958 J
The complete process: Q 6941 4958 1983 J U 0 W U Q 1983 J
H U ( PV ) 0
P2
(2) The temperature of the air at the end of the heating step: T T1 P1
1490.75 K

Q U CV T 24788 J
During the second step: Q H CP T 34703 J U H PV 24788 J
The complete process: Q 24788 34703 9915 J U 0 W U Q 9915
24
J
H U ( PV ) 0
Calculate the internal-energy and enthalpy changes that occur when air is changed
from an initial state of 40F and 10 atm, where its molar volume is 36.49 ft3/lb-mole,
to a final state of 140F and 1 atm.
Assume for air that PV/T is constant and that CV = 5 and CP = 7 Btu/lb-mol.F.

Independent of paths! Two-step process:

(1) cooled at constant volume to the final pressure;
(2) heated at constant pressure to the final temperature.
T1 40 459.67 499.67 R T2 140 459.67 599.67 R

Constant volume Constant pressure

P1
T T1 49.97 R P1T2
P2 V2 V1 437.93 ft 3
P2T1
U CV T 2248.5 Btu H CP T 3847.9 Btu
H U ( PV ) 3141.6 Btu U H PV 2756.2 Btu

H H1 H 2 507.7 Btu
Intermediate state 25
U U1 U 2 706.3 Btu
Assignment

26