DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN SAMPUL ................................................................................. i

DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................. ii

DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... iii

DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................ iv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar Belakang .. ..................................................................... 1

1.2. Rumusan Masalah.. ................................................................. 3

1.3. Tujuan Penelitian.. .................................................................. 4

1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ............................................................... 4

1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus .............................................................. 4

1.4. Manfaat Penelitian.. ................................................................ 4

BAB II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1. Escherichia coli.. .................................................................... 6

2.1.1. Taksonomi .. ................................................................. 6

2.1.2. Morfologi Koloni dan Sifat Biakan Escherichia coli ... 7

2.1.3. Patogensis Escherichia coli .......................................... 8

2.2. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL).. ...................... 10

2.2.1. Epidemiologi ESBL..................................................... 10

2.2.2. Definisi ESBL.. .. ........................................................ 12

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 2.2.3. Mekanisme Resistensi Bakteri Terhadap

Antibiotik Golongan Beta-Laktam.. .. ................... 12

2.2.4. Deteksi ESBL .. ..................................................... 14

2.3. ESBL Pada Escherichia coli................................................... 17

2.4. Antibiotik .............................................................................. 17

2.4.1 Definisi ....................................................................... 17

2.4.2 Klasifikasi Antibiotik ................................................. 18

2.4.3 Resistensi Antibiotik .................................................. 23

2.5 Kerangka Teori dan Kerangka Konsep .................................. 25

2.5.1 Kerangka Teori........................................................... 25

2.5.2 Kerangka Konsep ....................................................... 26

2.5.3 Hipotesis..................................................................... 27

BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN

3.1. Metode dan Jenis Penelitian .................................................... 28

3.2. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ................................................. 28

3.3. Metode Sampling .................................................................... 28

3.3.1 Kriteria Inklusi .............................................................. 29

3.3.2 Kriteria Ekslusi.............................................................. 29

3.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Sampel.................................................. 30

3.5 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ........................................................ 30

3.5.1 Alat ................................................................................ 30

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 3.5.2 Bahan ............................................................................ 30

3.6 Prosedur Penelitian .................................................................. 31

3.6.1 Tahap Persiapan ............................................................ 31

3.6.2 Tahap Pelaksanaan ........................................................ 31

3.6.3 Tahap Pelaporan ............................................................ 33

3.7 Analisis Data ........................................................................... 33

3.8 Klasifikasi Variabel Penelitian ................................................ 34

3.8.1 Variabel Dependen ........................................................ 34

3.8.2 Variabel Independen ..................................................... 34

3.9 Alur Penelitian......................................................................... 35

3.10 Definisi Operasional.............................................................. 36

3.11 Kriteria Objektif .................................................................... 37

3.11.1 Zona Hambat Minimal ................................................ 36

3.12 Etika Penelitian ..................................................................... 37

BAB IV. GAMBARAN UMUM LOKASI PENELITIAN

4.1 Laboratorium Penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran UMI ................ 39

BAB V. HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN

5.1. Hasil Penelitian ....................................................................... 43

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 5.1.1 Karakteristik Sampel ..................................................... 43

5.1.2 Pola Kepekaan Antibiotik ............................................. 45

5.1.3 Perbandingan Hasil Tes Skrining Echerihia coli Penghasil

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) antara Petugas

Kesehatan di IGD dan ICU RS. Ibnu Sina ................... 51

5.2 Pembahasan ............................................................................. 54

5.2.1 Karekteristik Sampel ..................................................... 54

5.2.2 Pola Kepekaan Antibiotik ............................................. 56

5.2.3 Perbandingan Hasil Tes Skrining Echerihia coli Penghasil

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) antara Petugas

Kesehatan di IGD dan ICU RS. Ibnu Sina ................... 58

5.2.4 Keterbatasan penelitian ................................................. 61

BAB VI. PENUTUP

6.1 Kesimpulan.............................................................................. 62

6.2 Saran ........................................................................................ 63

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 64

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Klasifikasi dan Aktivitas Sefalosporin ..................................... 20

Tabel 3.1 Interpretasi Pemeriksaan Tes Skrining ESBL

Menggunakan Rekomendasi CLSI dengan Single Disc

Method ...................................................................................... 36

Tabel 5.1 Distribusi Jumlah Sampel Urin dari Petugas Kesehatan

RS Ibnu Sina Makassar ............................................................ 43

Tabel 5.2 Uji Resistensi dan Deteksi ESBL pada Eschericia coli di

IGD RS Ibnu Sina Makassar .................................................... 49

Tabel 5.2 Uji Resistensi dan Deteksi ESBL pada Eschericia coli di

ICU RS Ibnu Sina Makassar..................................................... 49

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 DAFTAR DIAGRAM

Diagram 5.1 Distribusi Jumlah Sampel Urin dari Petugas Kesehatan

di RS Ibnu Sina ......................................................................... 44

Diagram 5.2 Pola Kepekaan Antibiotik di IGD RS Ibnu Sina ...................... 45

Diagram 5.3 Pola Kepekaan Antibiotik di ICU RS Ibnu Sina ...................... 46

Tabel 5.4 Hasil Pemeriksaan Tes Skrining ESBL Menggunakan

Recomendasi CLSI dengan Single Disc Method di IGD

RS Ibnu Sina ............................................................................. 47

Tabel 5.5 Hasil Pemeriksaan Tes Skrining ESBL Menggunakan

Recomendasi CLSI dengan Single Disc Method di ICU

RS Ibnu Sina ............................................................................. 48

Tabel 5.6 Hasil Pemeriksaan Tes Skrining E.coli Penghasil ESBL

Menggunakan Recomendasi CLSI dengan Single Disc

Method ...................................................................................... 51

Tabel 5.7 Hasil pemeriksaan Tes Skrining ESBL e.coli dari

Sampel Urin Petugas Kesehatan IGD Menggunakan

Rekomendasi CLSI dengan Single Disc Method...................... 52

Tabel 5.8 Hasil pemeriksaan Tes Skrining ESBL e.coli dari

Sampel Urin Petugas Kesehatan ICU Menggunakan

Rekomendasi CLSI dengan Single Disc Method...................... 53

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Escherichia coli ........................................................................... 6

Gambar 2.2. Hasil positif uji Double Disc Synergi ......................................... 16

Gambar 4.1. Laboratorium Penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran UMI ................... 39

Gambar 4.2. Laboratorium Penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran UMI Ruang

4 .................................................................................................. 40

Gambar 4.3. Laboratorium Penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran UMI Ruang

5 .................................................................................................. 41

Gambar 4.2. Laboratorium Penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran UMI Ruang

4 .................................................................................................. 40

Gambar 4.3. Laboratorium Penelitian Fakultas Kedokteran UMI Ruang

5 .................................................................................................. 41

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