PEMBAHASAN
Klasifikasi Ilmiah:
Famili : Herpesviridae
Subfamili : Alphaherpesvirinae
Genus : Simpleksvirus
Spesies : Virus Herpes Simpleks Tipe 1 dan Virus Herpes Simpleks
Tipe 2
2.1.1 Morfologi
Pembungkus berasal dari selaput inti sel yang terinfeksi. Pembungkus
ini mengandung lipid, karbohidrat, dan protein, dan dapat
menghilangkan eter. Genom ADN beruntai-untai ganda (BM 85-106 X
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10 ) berbentuk lurus. Tipe 1 dan 2 memperlihatkan 50% urutan
homologi.
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2.1.2 Karakteristik
Virion: berselubung, kapsid simetris ikosahedral, dengan 162
kapsomer.
Ukuran: 145-200 nm (selubung virus), 110 nm (nukleokapsid).
Asam nukleat: double-stranded DNA, linear
2.2 SEJARAH
Herpes simpleks sudah ada sejak lama, meskipun baru dipahami
dalam seratus tahun terakhir ini. Herpes simplex adalah salah satu infeksi
menular seksual tertua yang dikenal manusia dan telah didokumentasikan
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dan diobati (dengan berbagai metode dan keberhasilan yang terbatas)
selama ribuan tahun. Herpes memiliki sejarah yang sangat menarik, mulai
di Yunani kuno:
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2.2.5 Herpes di tahun 1900-an
- 1913: Wilhelm Grater, seorang dokter mata Jerman, mampu
menularkan virus herpes dari orang yang terinfeksi ke kornea
kelinci dan kembali lagi ke manusia. Ini disebut tes Grater, yang
digunakan untuk mendiagnosis herpes sampai 1940-an.
- Pada tahun 1925 seorang ahli virus Amerika, Ernest
Goodpasture, membuktikan bahwa perjalanan virus herpes
melalui saraf, bukan darah.
- Pada tahun 1939, Frank LacFarlane Burnet, seorang ahli
mikrobiologi Australia, mengembangkan teori latency, atau fakta
bahwa virus herpes berada sementara di ganglions dan tidak ada
gejala.Pada tahun 1971 ilmuwan Jack Stevens dan Marjorie Cook
membuktikannya.
- Seorang ilmuwan Perancis, Arnaud Tzanck mengembangkan
crypto-diagnosis untuk herpes, yang menggantikan tes Grater.
- Pada tahun 1978, obat anti-virus pertama, Acyclovir, aman, tidak
beracun, dan efektif untuk manusia. Ini dikembangkan oleh
Gertrude Elion dan tiga tahun kemudian tersedia secara
komersial.
2.3 PATOGENESIS
Infeksi virus Herpes simpleks ditularkan oleh dua spesies virus,
yaitu virusH e r p e s s i m p l e k s - I ( H S V - 1 ) d a n v i r u s H e r p e s
s i m p l e k s I I ( H S V - 2 ) . V i r u s i n i merupakan kelompok virus DNA
rantai ganda. Infeksi terjadi melalui kontak kulitsecara langsung dengan
orang yang terinfeksi virus tersebut. Transmisi tidak hanyaterjadi pada saat
gejala manifestasi HSV muncul, akan tetapi dapat juga berasal darivirus
shedding dari kulit dalam keadaan asimptomatis.
Pada infeksi primer, kedua virus Herpeks simpleks , HSV 1 dan
HSV-2 bertahan di ganglia saraf sensoris . Virus kemudian akan mengalami
masa laten,dimana pada masa ini virus Herpes simpleks ini tidak
menghasilkan protein virus,oleh karena itu virus tidak dapat
terdeteksi oleh mekanisme pertahanan tubuh host .Setelah masa
laten, virus bereplikasi disepanjang serabut saraf perifer dan
dapatmenyebabkan infeksi berulang pada kulit atau mukosa.
Virus Herpes simpleks ini dapat ditularkan melalui sekret kelenjar
dan secretgenital dari individu yang asimptomatik, terutama di
bulan-bulan setelah episode pertama penyakit, meskipun jumlah dari
lesi aktif 100-1000 kali lebih besar
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a) Infeksi virus herpes simpleks primer, virus bereplikasi di orofaringeal
dannaik dari saraf sensoris perifer ke ganglion trigeminal.
b) Herpes simplex virus dalam fase latent dalam ganglion trigeminal
c) Berbagai rangsangan memicu reaktivasi virus laten, yang kemudian
turundari saraf sensorik ke daerah bibir atau perioral menyebabkan
herpes labialis rekuren.
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in the affected areas (such as genitalia, buttocks, and thighs)
and groups of small red bumps that develop into blisters.
Over the next 2 - 3 weeks, more blisters can appear and
rupture into painful open sores. The lesions eventually dry
out, develop a crust, and heal rapidly without leaving a scar.
Blisters in moist areas heal more slowly than others. The
lesions may sometimes itch, but itching decreases as they
heal.
About 40% of men and 70% of women develop other
symptoms during initial outbreaks of genital herpes, such as
flu-like discomfort, headache, muscle aches, fever, and
swollen glands. (Glands can become swollen in the groin
area as well as the neck.) Some patients may have difficulty
urinating, and women may experience vaginal discharge.
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- Rarely, the infection may be accompanied by difficulty
in swallowing, chills, muscle pain, or hearing loss.
In children, the infection usually occurs in the mouth. In
adolescents, the primary infection is more apt to appear in
the upper part of the throat and cause soreness.
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days of intense dental work, particularly root canal or tooth
extraction.
Timing of Recurrences. Recurrent outbreaks may occur at
intervals of days, weeks, or years. For most people, outbreaks
recur with more frequency during the first year after an initial
attack. During that period, the body mounts an immune
response to HSV, and in most healthy people recurring infections
tend to become progressively less severe and less frequent. The
immune system, however, cannot kill the virus completely.
Virologic Tests
Viral culture tests are made by taking a fluid sample, or
culture, from the lesions as early as possible, ideally within the
first 3 days of appearance. The viruses, if present, will reproduce
in this fluid sample but may take 1 - 10 days to do so. If infection
is severe, testing technology can shorten this period to 24 hours,
but speeding up the timeframe during this test may make the
results even less accurate. Viral cultures are very accurate if
lesions are still in the clear blister stage, but they do not work as
well for older ulcerated sores, recurrent lesions, or latency. At
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these stages the virus may not be active enough to reproduce
sufficiently to produce a visible culture.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are much more
accurate than viral cultures, and the CDC recommends this test
for detecting herpes in spinal fluid when diagnosing herpes
encephalitis (see below). PCR can make many copies of the virus
DNA so that even small amounts of DNA in the sample can be
detected. PCR is much more expensive than viral cultures and is
not FDA-approved for testing genital specimens. However,
because PCR is highly accurate, many labs have used it for herpes
testing.
An older type of virologic testing, the Tzanck smear test,
uses scrapings from herpes lesions. The scrapings are stained and
microscopically examined for the virus. Findings of specific giant
cells with many nuclei or distinctive particles that carry the virus
(called inclusion bodies) indicate herpes infection. The test is
quick but accurate 50 - 70% of the time. It cannot distinguish
between virus types or between herpes simplex and herpes
zoster. The Tzanck test is not reliable for providing a conclusive
diagnosis of herpes infection and is not recommended by the
CDC.
Serologic Tests
Serologic (blood) tests can identify antibodies that
are specific to the virus and its type, herpes virus simplex 1
(HSV-1) or herpes virus simplex 2 (HSV-2). When the herpes
virus infects someone, their body's immune system
produces specific antibodies to fight off the infection. If a
blood test detects antibodies to herpes, it's evidence that
you have been infected with the virus, even if the virus is in
a non-active (dormant) state. The presence of antibodies to
herpes also indicates that you are a carrier of the virus and
might transmit it to others.
Newer “type-specific” assays test for antibodies to
two different proteins that are associated with the herpes
virus:
- Glycoprotein gG-1 is associated with HSV-1
- Glycoprotein gG-2 is associated with HSV-2
Although glycoprotein (gG) type-specific tests have been
available since 1999, many of the older nontype-specific tests are
still on the market. The CDC recommends only type-specific
glycoprotein (gG) tests for herpes diagnosis.
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Serologic tests are most accurate when administered 12 -
16 weeks after exposure to the virus. Recommended tests
include:
- HerpeSelect. This includes two tests: ELISA (enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay) or Immunoblot. They are both highly
accurate in detecting both types of herpes simplex virus.
Samples need to be sent to a lab, so results take longer than
the in-office Biokit test.
- Biokit HSV-2 (also marketed as SureVue HSV-2). This test
detects HSV-2 only. Its major advantages are that it requires
only a finger prick and results are provided in less than 10
minutes. It is very accurate, although slightly less so than the
other tests. It is also less expensive.
- Western Blot Test. This is the gold standard for researchers
with accuracy rates of 99%. It is costly and time consuming,
however, and is not as widely available as the other tests.
False-negative (testing negative when herpes infection is
actually present) results can occur if tests are done in the early stages
of infection. False-positive results (testing positive when herpes
infection is not actually present) can also occur, although more rarely
than false-negative. Your doctor may recommend that you have the
test repeated.
Doctors recommend serologic herpes tests especially for:
People who have had recurrent genital symptoms but no
negative herpes viral cultures
Confirming infection in people who have visible symptoms of
genital herpes
Determining if the partner of someone diagnosed with genital
herpes has acquired herpes
People who have multiple sex partners and who need to be
tested for different types of STDs
At this time, doctors do not recommend screening for HSV-1 or HSV-2
in the general population.
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Thus, the results at 6 months are favorable for 55 (65%) of 85
patients and poor for 30 (35%) of 85 patients. An HSE relapse
(confirmed by PCR analysis of CSF HSV) occurred in 1 patient 2
months after the end of the course, the first 24-day acyclovir. These
patients have a poor recovery. Fifty-three of 83 patients assessed 1
year after the onset of HSE. Among these, 15 (28%) died, 9 (17%) had
a complete recovery, 12 (23%) had mild disability, 10 (19%) had
moderate disability, and 7 (13%) had severe disability. Two patients
living in long-term care facility died before the end of the first year
after the onset of HSE, 1 patient at 8 months after nosocomial
infection occurring and the other at 10 months after the onset of
neurological sequelae HSE.
At least 80% of patients with clinical symptoms of primary
HSV infection will obviously develop into recurrent herpes stage
within 12 months.
In patients with recurrent lesions average recurrence time is
4 or 5 times a year. If untreated HSV-1 encepalitis 70% more likely to
die but with acyclovir can decrease the consumption possibilities.
(Primary and recurrent HSV infection have a poor prognosis that is
70% chance of death in patients who did not receive treatment.)
Because babies do not get a normal immune response, neonatal HSV
infection has a mortality of more than 60% (Wilson, et al, 2001)
The prognosis is good if treatment is done early and precisely, the
period of illness lasts shorter and less frequent rekurens.
2.5.2 Pengobatan
Some antivirus have been developed to inhibit HSV.
Commonly used is the acyclovir analog nucleic acid, which is
converted by enzymes into monoposfat virus, and the cells become
triposfat enzyme inhibitor which is competent for viral DNA
polymerase. Acyclovir significantly reduced the duration of primary
infection but is less effective for the infection. Valacyclovir is a
product of acyclovir can diseraplebih well and can be used for the
dosage and frequency of use were lower (Wilson, et al, 2001).
Famcyclovir is an oral drug that is converted to pencyclovir,
having a good bioavabilitas, is equivalent to acyclovir but can also be
provided with a lower frequency. According to some studies
Famcyclovir be an appropriate drug for use in the early stages of
infection in order to reduce the opportunity for the virus to spread
widely in the future significantly. Famcyclovir consumed as much as
250 mg in 3 times a day for 5 days starting from the first stage of
infection (Anonymous, 2010).
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Recurrent HSV infection can consume 125 mg of aspirin per
day. Aspirin can reduce the levels of prostaglandins that can trigger
inflammation.
In addition to the above drugs can jugamengkonsumsi
alternative medicines such as lysine supplements, aloe vera cream,
lemon balm and others (Anonymous, 2010).
After diagnosi enforced, both clinically, with or without
investigation, the next step is to provide treatment. Treatment can
be divided into three categories: prophylaxis, treatment of non-
specific and specific treatment.
1. Measures Prolaksis
a) The person is given information about the nature of the
disease that can menulat especially when being terkene
attacks, since it should implement abstinence.
b) Idividual protection. Used two kinds of barrier devices,
namely spermisidal foam and condoms. Komninasi tersebujt,
when followed by washing genitals using water and soap
after coitus, can prevent the transmission of genital herpes
almost 100% (Raab and Lorincz, 1981). Foam supermisidal in
vitro apparently has virisidal nature, and condoms can
reduce the penetration of the virus.
c) Trigger factors be avoided.
d) Psychiatric consultation may be able to help due to
psychological factors have oeranan timbunya attacks.
2. Treatment of non-specific
a) The pain and other symptoms vary, so the administration of
analgesics, and antipruritus antipretik tailored to individual
needs.
b) Substances that berisifat hair antiseptic, such as povidone
jodium drying topical lesions, prevent secondary infection
and speed healing time.
c) or kontrimoksasol Antibiotics may be given to prevent
secondary infection.
3. Specific Treatment
Antivirals can be used for the treatment of Herpes Simplex is
Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, and Famcyclovir. While some types of
alternative medicine that can be used to speed up the healing
process include lysine supplements, aloe vera cream and balm
lemon.Berbagai range of antiviral drugs have been used to cope
with genital herpes, for example idoksuridin topical, cytarabine
(Ara-C) and Viradabin (Ara-A) intravenously, inosipleks
(isoprinosin), and interferon. Antiviral drugs are now widely used
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is the acyclovir, and currently there are another 2 new antiviral
drug valacyclovir and famciclovir are.
a. Acyclovir
Acyclovir is an antiviral drug-specific herpes virus, can be
given to patients with mukokotan infection with immune
deficiency. These drugs only work on cells that are exposed to
infection. Has no teratogenic effects. Bai drug tolerance, no
toksisitasa penekanana not cause acute and bone marrow,
liver and kidneys. But even then never reported side effects
such as renal colic, increased levels of urea / creatinine in
serum, local reactions at the injection nausea and vomiting.
Acyclovir can be administered intravenously, orally and
topically. Intravenous route of administration should be
slowly and need supervision. Therefore ssebaiknya given in
the hospital. Dose per administration is 5 mg / kg, at intervals
of 8 hours. Intravenous acyclovir treatment in first-episode
genital herpes, which can take as long as 5-10 days. It was not
able to reduce the recurrence (DKK Corey, 1985). When given
orally at a dose of 200 mg 5 times daily for 5-10 days. Such as
intravenous, oral treatment dramatically reduce viral
shedding.
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Acyclovir dose is given at least 2 x 200 mg / day and can
be lifted up to 3-4 x 200 mg / day depending on the
circumstances. This is effective and safe for jangkam at
least 1 year, with reassessment every 6 months.
4. Episodic suppression with acyclovir, given to individuals
with recurrences, especially when there is stress.
Topical acyclovir is given in the form of cream 5%. This
drug acts directly on infected cells and viral shedding
shortening. Its toxic effects are very minimal, minimal
absorbsinya and no interaction with other drugs that are
used perpetually together. In addition, the data reduce
pain and itching. Because the result is less effective than
oral administration, then use only to reduce the severity
and duration of episodes rekurens.
b. Valaciclovir
This drug is a derivative of L-valil ester of aciclovir. Material
iktif antivirus is acyclovir, thus the efficacy and specificity
associated with the workings of acyclovir. Once absorbed,
valacyclovir quickly and almost entirely, converted to acyclovir
and L-valine. Bioavailabilitasnya tonggi 3-5 times more than
can be achieved by high-dose oral acyclovir. levels in plasma
after oral valacyclovir 1000 mg approaching levels that can be
achieved by acyclovir administered intravenously.
In clinical trials comparing valacyclovir 2 x 500 mg / day, with
oral acyclovir 5 x 200 mg / day, and placebo within 24 hours
after onset of complaints and clinical symptoms rekurens first
episode genital herpes showed that valacyclovir therapy
significantly reduces pain and accelerate lesion healing and
shorten the duration of viral quickly shedding. The most
common side effects reported are headache and nausea.
c. Famciclovir
Another new drug is intivirus famciclovir (famciclovir)
which is derived diasetil-6-deoxy pensiklovir. While
pensiklovir itself is a class of antiviral guanine components,
which can be applied topically and intravenously.
Famciclovir, developed for the treatment of herpes virus
infections, by oral administration. Famciclovir way of
working together as acyclovir, which inhibits DNA
synthesis.
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viral shedding and shorten recovery time, compared to
placebo. When compared with acyclovir treatment 5 x 200
mg / day for 5 days, giving 3x famciclovir 750 mg / day in
the same time, the statistics do not show the duration of
viral shedding oerbedaan, when the disappearance of
vesicles and ulcers, serte krustasi occurrence and
disappearance of pain .
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neonatas biasanya terjadi melalui jalan lahir yang terinfeksi, jarang
terjadi didalam uterus atau postpartum
Masa Inkubasi
Masa inkubasi berlangsung dari 2 sampai dengan 12 hari.
Masa Penularan
HSV dapat diisolasi dalam 2 minggu dan kadang-kadang lebih
dari 7 minggu setelahmuncul stomatitis primer atau muncul lesi
genital primer. Keduanya, yaitu baik infeksi primer maupun
infeksi ulang mungkin terjadi tanpa gejala. Setelah itu, HSV
mungkin ditemukan secara intermittent pada mukosal selama
bertahun-tahun dan bahkanmungkin seumur hidup, dengan atau
tanpa gejala klinis. Pada lesi yang berulang,infektivitis lebih
pendek dibandingkan infeksi primer dan biasanya virus tidak
bisaditemukan lagi setelah 5 hari.
A. Upaya Pencegahan
1). Berikan penyuluhan kesehatan kepada masyarakat dan
tentang kebersihan perorangan yang bertujuan untuk
mengurangi perpindahan bahan-bahan infeksius.
2). Mencegah kontaminasi kulit dengan penderita eksim
melalui bahan-bahan infeksius.
3). Petugas kesehatan harus menggunakan sarung tangan pada
saat berhubunganlangsung dengan lesi yang berpotensi
untuk menular.
4). Disarankan untuk melakukan operasi Cesar sebelum
ketuban pecah pada ibu denganinfeksi herpes genital
primer yang terjadi pada kehamilan trimester akhir,
karena risikoyang tinggi terjadinya infeksi neonatal (30-
50%). Penggunaan elektrida pada kepalamerupakan
kontra indikasi. Risiko dari infeksi neonatal yang fatal
setelah infeksi berulang lebih rendah (3-5%) dan operasi
Cesar disarankan hanya jika terjadi lesi aktif pada saat
persalinan.
5). Menggunakan kondom lateks saat melakukan hubungan
seksual mengurangi risiko infeksi; belum ada anti virus
yang dapat digunakan untuk mencegah terjadinya
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infeksi primer meskipun acyclovir mungkin dapat
digunakan untuk pencegahan untuk menurunkan
insidensi kekambuhan, dan untuk mencegah infeksi
herpes pada pasien dengan defisiensi imunitas.
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nyaman digunakan dan mungkin sangat bermanfaat bagi
pasien dengan infeksi ekstensif berulang. Namun, telah
dilaporkanadanya mutasi strain virus herpes yang
resosten terhadap acyclovir. Valacyclovir danfamciclovir
baru-baru ini diberi lisensi untuk beredar sebagai
pasangan acyclovir denganefikasi yang sama. Pemberian
profilaksis harian obat tersebut dapat
menurunkanfrekuensi infeksi HSV berulang pada orang
dewasa. Infeksi neonatal seharusnya diobatidengan
acyclovir intravena
Untuk menghindari terjangkitnya penyakit herpes maka sebaiknya
anda melakukan beberapa hal berikut:
- Menjaga kebersihan organ genetalia atau alat kelamin pria dan
wanita
- Melakukan vaksinasi/imunisasi. Pada anak sehat usia 1 – 12
tahun diberikan satu kali. Imunisasi dapat diberikan satu kali
lagi pada masa pubertas untuk memantapkan kekebalan
menjadi 60 persen – 80 persen. Setelah itu, untuk
menyempurnakannya, berikan imunisasi sekali lagi saat
dewasa. Kekebalan yang didapat ini bisa bertahan sampai 10
tahun.
- Gunakan jarum suntik yang baru jika anda sdang dalam proses
yang mengharuskan menggunakan jarum suntik.
- Hindari kontak langsung dengan penderita PMS
- Hindari sex bebas atau bergonta-ganti pasangan.
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yaitu dibutuhkan pengalaman yang cukup untuk HSV, dianjurkan
untuk menambahkan serum kontrol positif kuat, dan lemah, di
samping yang disediakan oleh pebrik pembuat reagen dalam tiap seri
pemertiksaan untuk menentukan reprodusibilitas, dan spesifitas
asai(Stewart,1992).
Penggunaan asai untuk penentuan antibodi kelas IgA untuk
membantu menegakkan diagnosis HSV amat jarang dilakukan, namun
kadar antibodi IgA terhadap HSV (sampai titer 512) dapat ditemukan
pada infeksi primer antara 2-12 minggu sejak timbulny gejala
(Stewart, 1992).
Prosedur pemeriksaan:
- Hampir sama dengan ELISA tak langsung untuk penentuan
antibodi pada penyakit infeksi yang lain. Secara singkat
prosedurnya adalah sebagai berikut:
- Sera dari penderita dengan pengenceran 1;12 sebanyak 100
mikro liter/sumuran dimasukkan ke dalam sumuran
lempengan mikrotitrasi yang dilapisi antigen HSV. Sebagai
pengencer sampel dipakai larutan PBS-tween (PH 7,2) yang
ditambah 1% bovine serum albumin(BSA). Inkubasi dilakukan
di suhu ruang selama 20 menit. Setelah itu lempengan
mikrotitrasi dicuci dengan larutan PBS-tween sebanyak 3 kali.
- Dalam tahap berikutnya ditambahkan konjugat (goat
antihuman IgG) atau IgM berlabel peroksidase (HRP)
sebanyak 100 mikro liter/sumuran, dan diinkubasikan pada
suhu ruangan selama 20 menit. Selanjutnya lempengan
mikrotitrasi dicuci seperti tahap a, untuk menghilangkan sisa
konjugat yang tidak terikat pada IgG atau IgM anti-HSV yang
terikat pada antigen di fase padat.
- Selanjutnya ditambahkan substrat, yaitu H2O2 0,002% yang
mengandung kromogen 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB)
sebanyak 100 mikro liter/sumuran,Inkubasi dilakukan pada
suhu ruangan selama 10 menit.
Belakangan ini telah dapat diproduksi dalam jumlah besar
antigen g G1,dan g G2 dari HSV di dalam sel insek dengan ekspresi
baculovirus. Antigen g G1, dan g G2 yang mengalami glyosolasi
tersebut menurut beberapa peneliti ternyata memang tipe spesifik
(Bernstein and Stewart,1971). Berdasarkan landasan tersebut, maka
bila g G1, dan g G2 rekombinan ini dipakainsebagai antigen pada uji
ELISA, tes ini dapat dipakai untuk membedakan antibodi terhadap
HSV-1, dan HSV-2.
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Sel darah merah domba (disamak) yang disensitasi dengan
antigen HSV bila direaksikan dengan serum penderita yang
mengandung antibodi terhadap HSV akan mengalami aglutinasi. Tes
ini merupakan imunoasi yang sensitif, dengan derajat sensitivitas
yang lebih tinggi daripada uji fiksasi komplemen, dan IFA. Sensitivitas
dari tes ini setara dengan uji ELISA (Stewart, 1992). Agar tidak
dipengaruhi oleh faktor rematoid, sera untuk uji IHA perlu dipisahkan
lebih dahulu IgM dari IgG-nya.
Keunggulan dari Uji IHA.
- Hasil bisa diperoleh dalam waktu 1 hari.
- Dapat melacak antibodi yang baru diproduksi pada infeksi
primer maupun antibodi stabil pada infeksi laten,dan menahun.
Interpretasi Hasil
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1. Pada kasus yang dicurigai sebagai infeksi primer atau yang baru
terjadi dengan HSV; untuk konfirmasinya perlu di periksa
sepasang sera yang diambil dengan interval 10 hari-3 minggu.
Diagnosis penyakit baru dapatditegakkan bila terdapat
kenaikan tier atau kadar antibodi 4 kali atau bila sebelumnya
diketahui seronegatif, dan sekarang menjadi seropositif.
2. Imunoasi antibodi anti-HSV tidak banyak berguna pada infeksi
berulang.
3. Pada kasus yang dicurigai sebagai ensefalitis HSV, perlu
dilakukan pemeriksaan antibodi,baik dalam cairan intrakel
(serebrospinal) maupun dalam serum.
Bila kadarnya dalam cairan serebrospinal 6% di atas kadarnya dalam
darah, maka amat besar kemungkinan adanya produksi lokal antibodi, dan
adanya infeksi susunan syaraf pusat yang baru terjadi (Stewart, 1992).
1. Pada bayi dengan kelainan kongenital yang belum jelas
penyebabnya,maka penentuan IgM anti-HSV dapat membantu
mengkonfirmasi atau menyingkirkan HSV sebagai penyebabny.
2. Pada ibu hamil, risiko penularan HSV pada bayi yang dilahirkan amat
besar (35-40 %) pada herpes primer, terutama pada akhir kehamilan.
3. Risiko penularan juga amat besar pada ibu hamil dengan sero-HSV
yang positif, namun pada infeksi berulang risiko ini amat kecil (1-3%).
4. Atas dasar ini bila terjadi kenaikan titer IgG 4 kali dengan interval 10-
21 hari maka risiko penularan pada bayi amat besar sehingga perlu
dil;akukan tindakan.
5. Dalam menginterpretasikan hasil tes perlu diperhatikan adanya
antibodi terhadap virus Varicella zoster yang m,erupakan salah satu
virus Herper hominus yang memberikan reaksi silang yang amat kuat
dengan HSV.
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