Sejarah
Pada tahun 2013, ketika Aileen Lee
menciptakan istilah "unicorn", baru 39
perusahaan yang tergolong unikorn.[14]
Menurut penelitian Harvard Business
Review, perusahaan rintisan yang
didirikan antara 2012 dan 2015 nilainya
bertambah dua kali lebih cepat daripada
perusahaan rintisan yang didirikan antara
2000 dan 2013.[15]
Akuisisi perusahaan
Modal swasta
Mencegah IPO
Kemajuan teknologi
Nilai
Perkembangan nilai yang membuat
perusahaan rintisan menjadi unikorn dan
dekakorn berbeda daripada nilai
perusahaan yang sudah mapan. Nilai
perusahaan mapan dihitung dari kinerja
tahun-tahun sebelumnya, sedangkan nilai
perusahaan rintisan dihitung dari potensi
pertumbuhan dan prediksi
perkembangan jangka panjang di
pasarnya.[22] Nilai unikorn biasanya
berasal dari putaran pendanaan dari
badan-badan pemodal usaha besar yang
menanamkan modal di perusahaan
rintisan. Nilai perusahaan rintisan juga
bisa terdongkrak ketika perusahaan yang
lebih besar mengakuisisi sebuah
perusahaan dengan nilai unikorn.
Contohnya, ketika Unilever membeli
Dollar Shave Club[23] dan Facebook
membeli Instagram dengan nilai $1
miliar,[24] kedua perusahaan ini (Dollar
Shave Club dan Instagram) otomatis
menjadi unikorn.
Tren
Ekonomi berbagi
Data
Berikut adalah data unikorn per 13 Maret
2018:[6][29]
Unikorn terbesar
Uber
Nilai saat ini: $69 miliar (Desember
2017)
Total modal yang ditanamkan: $10,7
miliar
Uber, sebelumnya bernama UberCab,
adalah perusahaan jaringan
transportasi yang memungkinkan
pengguna memesan mobil untuk
mengangkut mereka ke tempat lain
(seperti taksi) menggunakan aplikasi
telepon genggam. Uber beroperasi di
81 negara dan 581 kota.[30]
Tahun berdiri: 2009
Pendiri: Garrett Camp, Oscar Salazar,
Travis Kalanick
Sektor industri: Transportasi
Kantor pusat: San Francisco, California
ANT Financial
Nilai saat ini: $60 miliar (Februari
2018)
Total modal yang ditanamkan: $4,5
miliar
ANT Financial, sebelumnya bernama
Alipay, adalah perusahaan pembayaran
yang mengoperasikan platform
pembayaran Alibaba.
Tahun berdiri: 2014
Pendiri: Jack Ma
Sektor industri: Jasa keuangan
Kantor pusat: Xihu District, Hangzhou,
Tiongkok
Didi Chuxing
Nilai saat ini: $56 miliar (Desember
2017)
Total modal yang ditanamkan: $17
Billion
Didi Chuxing, sebelumnya bernama
Didi Kuaidi, adalah perusahaan
jaringan transportasi yang
memungkinkan pengguna memesan
mobil untuk mengangkut mereka ke
tempat lain (seperti Uber)
menggunakan aplikasi telepon
genggam. Didi Chuxing beroperasi di
400 kota dengan 400 juta pengguna di
Tiongkok.
Tahun berdiri: 2012
Pendiri: Cheng Wei, Wu Rui, Zhang Bo
Sektor industri: Transportasi
Kantor pusat: Distrik Haidian, Beijing,
Tiongkok
Xiaomi
Nilai saat ini: $45 miliar (Juli 2017)
Total modal yang ditanamkan: $1.1
miliar
Xiaomi adalah perusahaan elektronika
Tiongkok sekaligus produsen telepon
pintar terbesar kelima di dunia.
Tahun berdiri: 2010
Pendiri: Chuan Wang, Hong Feng,
Huang Jiangji, Jiangji Wong, Lei Jun, Li
Wanqiang, Lin Bin, Liu De, Wang Chuan,
Zhou Guangping
Sektor industri: Perangkat keras
Kantor pusat: Distrik Haidian, Beijing,
Tiongkok
Airbnb
Nilai saat ini: $31 miliar (Desember
2017)
Total modal yang ditanamkan: $3.4
miliar
Airbnb, adalah perusahaan pasar
berbagi properti daring yang
memungkinkan pengguna menginap di
berbagai vila, apartemen, hostel, atau
hotel. Airbnb memiliki 3 juta tempat
penginapan di 65.000 kota di 191
negara.
Tahun berdiri: 2008
Pendiri: Brian Chesky, Joe Gebbia,
Nathan Blecharczyk
Sektor industri: Penginapan &
perjalanan
Kantor pusat: San Francisco, California
Lihat pula
Daftar perusahaan rintisan unikorn
Daftar badan pemodal usaha
Gelembung unikorn
Valuasi (keuangan)
Pendanaan modal usaha
Referensi
1. ^ Rodriguez, Salvador (September 3,
2015). "The Real Reason Everyone Calls
Billion-Dollar Startups 'Unicorns' " .
International Business Times. IBT Media
Inc. Diakses tanggal January 3, 2017.
2. ^ Lee, Aileen (2013). "Welcome To The
Unicorn Club: Learning From Billion-Dollar
Startups" . TechCrunch. Diakses tanggal
26 December 2015. “39 companies belong
to what we call the 'Unicorn Club' (by our
definition, U.S.-based software companies
started since 2003 and valued at over $1
billion by public or private market
investors)... about .07 percent of venture-
backed consumer and enterprise software
startups”
3. ^ Griffith, Erin & Primack, Dan (2015).
"The Age of Unicorns" . Fortune.com.
Diakses tanggal 26 December 2015.
“Subtitle: The billion-dollar tech startup
was supposed to be the stuff of myth.
Now they seem to be... everywhere.”
4. ^ Chohan, Usman (2016). "It's Hard to
Hate a Unicorn, Until it Gores You" . The
Conversation. Diakses tanggal 26 October
2016.
5. ^ Roberts, Daniel & Nusca, Andrew
(2015). "The Unicorn List" . Fortune.
Diakses tanggal 26 December 2015.
6. ^ a b c CrunchBase. "The CrunchBase
Unicorn Leaderboard | TechCrunch" .
TechCrunch (dalam bahasa Inggris).
Diakses tanggal 2018-03-06.
7. ^ Frier, Sarah & Newcomer, Eric (2015).
"The Fuzzy, Insane Math That's Creating
So Many Billion-Dollar Tech Companies" .
Bloomberg L.P. Diakses tanggal 26
December 2015. “Subtitle: Startups
achieve astronomical valuations in
exchange for protecting new investors...
Snapchat, the photo-messaging app
raising cash at a $15 billion valuation,
probably isn't actually worth more than
Clorox or Campbell Soup. So where did
investors come up with that enormous
headline number?”
8. ^ Winkler, Rolfe (2015). "Bill Gurley Sees
Silicon Valley on a Dangerous Path" . The
Wall Street Journal. Diakses tanggal 26
December 2015. ((Perlu berlangganan
(help)). “Subtitle: Subtitle: Venture
capitalist says companies hurt
themselves by trying to delay going public”
9. ^ Blodget, Henry (2008). "Tech: How To
Survive Great Depression 2.0 Without
Firing Everyone" . Business Insider.
Diakses tanggal 26 December 2015. “It
seems every serious venture capital firm
has now had a chat with its portfolio
companies about how it[']s time to fire
people... VC-extraordinaire Bill Gurley's
Benchmark has had the same chat with its
companies, but Bill tells peHUB that
there's actually an alternative to canning
half your company: Move to San Jose”
10. ^ Griffith, Erin (2015). "Bill Gurley
Predicts 'Dead Unicorns' in Startup-Land
this Year" . Fortune. Diakses tanggal 26
December 2015. “Subtitle: A crash would
affect more than just startups. ... Bill
Gurley, the prominent investor behind Uber
and Snapchat, has been sounding the tech
bubble alarm for months now. He's
preached about the dangerous appetite
for risk in the market, the alarmingly high
burn rates and the excess of capital
sloshing around in Silicon Valley. “There is
no fear in Silicon Valley right now,” he said.
“A complete absence of fear.” He added
that more people are employed by money-
losing companies in Silicon Valley than
ever before. Will there be a crash? “I do
think you’ll see some dead unicorns this
year,” he said, using the term used to
describe startups with valuations higher
than $1 billion.”
11. ^ Rob Price (2018). "Legendary
investor Bill Gurley says that there's a
'systematic problem in Silicon Valley'
because it's too easy to get cash" .
Business Insider. Diakses tanggal 12
March 2018. “There's so much easy
money in the tech industry, entrepreneurs
can afford not to be accountable to their
investors. That "excessive amount of
money," he says, can inflate a startup's
valuation — even if they don't deserve it.”
12. ^ Gornall and Strebulaev (2018).
"Squaring Venture Capital Valuations with
Reality" . Stanford University Working
Paper. Diakses tanggal 11 March 2018.
“We develop a valuation model for venture
capital-backed companies and apply it to
135 U.S. unicorns -- private companies
with reported valuations above $1 billion.
We value unicorns using financial terms
from legal filings and find reported unicorn
post-money valuations average 48% above
fair value, with 13 being more than 100%
above.”
13. ^ Sorkin, Andrew (2017). "How
Valuable Is a Unicorn? Maybe Not as
Much as It Claims to Be" . New York
Times. Diakses tanggal 11 March 2018.
“The average unicorn is worth half the
headline price tag that is put out after
each new valuation.”
14. ^ Fan, Jennifer S. "Regulating
Unicorns: Disclosure and the New Private
Economy." BCL Rev. 57 (2016): 583.
15. ^ "How Unicorns Grow" . Harvard
Business Review. Diakses tanggal 2017-
03-30.
16. ^ Sterman, J. D., Henderson, R.,
Beinhocker, E. D., & Newman, L. I. (2007).
Getting big too fast: Strategic dynamics
with increasing returns and bounded
rationality. Management Science, 53(4),
683-696.
17. ^ a b c Howe, Neil. "What's Feeding The
Growth Of The Billion-Dollar 'Unicorn'
Startups?" . Forbes. Diakses tanggal 2017-
03-30.
18. ^ "To fly, to fall, to fly again" . The
Economist. 2015-07-25. ISSN 0013-0613 .
Diakses tanggal 2017-03-30.
19. ^ a b "Grow fast or die slow: Why
unicorns are staying private" . McKinsey &
Company (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses
tanggal 2017-03-30.
20. ^ Demos, Telis; Driebusch, Corrie
(2015-11-19). "Square's $9-a-Share Price
Deals Blow to IPO Market" . Wall Street
Journal. ISSN 0099-9660 . Diakses
tanggal 2017-03-31.
21. ^ Balakrishnan, Anita (2016-12-16).
"Trivago IPO opens at $11.20 after pricing
at $11, below its expected range" . CNBC.
Diakses tanggal 2017-03-31.
22. ^ "Valuing high-tech companies" .
McKinsey & Company (dalam bahasa
Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-03-30.
23. ^ "Unilever Buys Dollar Shave Club for
$1 Billion" . Fortune. Diakses tanggal
2017-03-30.
24. ^ Raice, Shayndi; Ante, Spencer E.
(2012-04-10). "Insta-Rich: $1 Billion for
Instagram" . Wall Street Journal.
ISSN 0099-9660 . Diakses tanggal 2017-
03-30.
25. ^ Newlands, Murray (July 17, 2015).
"The Sharing Economy: Why it Works and
How to Join" . Forbes. Diakses tanggal
March 31, 2017.
26. ^ Ho, Ky Trang. "How To Profit From
The Death Of Malls In America" . Forbes.
Diakses tanggal 2017-03-31.
27. ^ Nassauer, Sarah (2016-08-08). "Wal-
Mart to Acquire Jet.com for $3.3 Billion in
Cash, Stock" . Wall Street Journal.
ISSN 0099-9660 . Diakses tanggal 2017-
03-31.
28. ^ "Rise of the Unicorns" . Zinnov
Thoughts (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2015-
08-27. Diakses tanggal 2017-04-01.
29. ^ Lunden, Ingrid. "CB Insights: 3,358
tech exits in 2016, 'unicorn births' down
68%" . TechCrunch. Diakses tanggal 2018-
03-06.
30. ^ "Uber Cities" . uberestimator.com
(dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal
2017-03-31.
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