DAFTAR ISI

COVER
LEMBARAN PENHESAHAN
ABSTRAK
KATA PENGANTAR
DAFTAR ISI..........................................................................................................i
DAFTAR NOTASI................................................................................................v
DAFTAR GAMBAR.............................................................................................vii
DAFTAR TABEL..................................................................................................xi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN
I.1 Latar Belakang........................................................................................1
I.2 Rumusan Masalah...................................................................................2
I.3 Tujuan Perancangan................................................................................3
I.4 Manfaat Perancangan..............................................................................3
I.5 Batasan Masalah......................................................................................3
I.6 Sistematika Penulisan..............................................................................4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA

2.1 Mesin Fluida............................................................................................5
2.1.1 Jenis Turbin Berdasarkan Aliran Air Masuk Runner...................5
2.1.2 Jenis Turbin Berdasarkan Perubahan Momentum Fluida............6
2.1.3 Jenis Turbin Berdasarkan Kecepatan Spesifik (ns).....................7
2.1.4 Jenis Turbin Berdasarkan Head dan Debit..................................8
2.2 Perkembangan Desain Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro.............8
2.2.1 Perkembangan Pemb. Listrik Turbin Air Jenis Propeller............8
2.3 Perhitungan Karakteristik Utama Dari Turbin Jenis Propeller..............11
2.3.1 Menentukan Diameter Luar Sudu Turbin....................................12
2.3.2 Menentukan Diameter Luar Dalam Turbin.................................12
2.3.3 Kavitasi.......................................................................................12
2.4 Perancangan Sudu Turbin........................................................................12
2.4.1 Segitiga Kecepatan......................................................................13

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 2.4.2 Langkah-Langkah Menentukan Dimensi Utama Sudu...............14
2.5 Konstruksi Turbin....................................................................................18
2.5.1 Perencanaan Poros Turbin...........................................................18
2.5.2 Perencanaan Diameter Poros Turbin...........................................20
2.5.3 Gaya Yang Dialami Poros Turbin................................................20
2.5.4 Pemeriksaan Kekuatan Poros......................................................20
2.6 Perencanaan Bantalan.............................................................................21
2.6.1 Axial Load Thrust Ball Bearing..................................................21
2.7 Draft Tube...............................................................................................22
2.7.1 Straight Conical Draft Tube........................................................23
2.7.2 Bell Mouth Draft Tube...............................................................24
2.7.3 Curved Draft Tube.......................................................................24
2.8 Dasar – Dasar Perencanan Draft Tube....................................................25
2.9 Seleksi Material.......................................................................................27
2.10 Metode AHP ...........................................................................................30
2.11 Perencanaan Proses Manufaktur.............................................................34
2.12 Perencanaan Biaya..................................................................................40
2.13 Effisiensi Turbin......................................................................................40

BAB III METODOLOGI PERANCANGAN.......................................................41

3.1 Waktu Dan Tempat ................................................................................41
3.2 Diagram Alir Penelitian...........................................................................40
3.3 Tahapan Pelaksanaan Penelitian..............................................................43
3.4 Pemilihan Bentuk Turbin........................................................................44
3.5 Data Perancangan Sudu Turbin...............................................................45
3.6 Pembuatan Gambar Teknik.....................................................................45
3.7 Perencanaan Pembuatan..........................................................................45
3.8 Pengujian.................................................................................................45
3.8.1 Alat dan Bahan...................................................................................45
3.8.2 Lay Out Pengujian..............................................................................49
3.8.3 Prosedur Pengujian.............................................................................49

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BAB IV Pemilihan Model Konstruksi Turbin.......................................................51
4.1 Modifikasi Bentuk...................................................................................51
4.2 Model Alternatif.....................................................................................53
4.3 Menyeleksi Konsep Alternatif................................................................57

BAB V Perencanaan Sudu Turbin Dan Draft Tube...............................................62

5.1 Data Perencanaan Turbin........................................................................62
5.2 Aliran Masuk..........................................................................................64
5.3 Elbow 450................................................................................................69
5.4 Draft Tube...............................................................................................70
5.5 Propeller Dan Hub...................................................................................75
5.6 Bearing....................................................................................................81
5.7 Perencanaan Poros...................................................................................82
5.8 House Bearing.........................................................................................86

BAB VI Perencanaan Pembuatan Turbin..............................................................87

6.1 Proses Pemotongan.................................................................................87
6.2 Porses Gurdi............................................................................................89
6.3 Proses Pembentukan................................................................................90
6.4 Proses Pengelasan................................................................................. 90
6.5 Proses Pengelasan Draft Tube............................................................... 90
6.6 Proses Pengelasan Flange..................................................................... 91
6.7 Pengelasan Rangka............................................................................... 92
6.8 Proses Bubut......................................................................................... 92
6.9 Proses Phinising.................................................................................... 92
6.10 Proses Pengecoran Hub dan Sudu......................................................... 92
6.11 Waktu Total Pengerjaan Turbin............................................................. 93
6.12 Rancangan Biaya.................................................................................. 93

BAB VII Pengujian Effisiensi Turbin............................................................ 95

7.1 Lay Out Pengujian................................................................................ 95

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7.2. Prosedur Pengujian............................................................................... 96
7.3 Analisa Hasil Pengujian........................................................................ 96

BAB VIII Penutup.......................................................................................... 103

8.1 Kesimpulan........................................................................................... 103
8.2 Saran..................................................................................................... 105
Daftar Pustaka
Lampiran 1. Gambar Teknik
2. Photo Alat
3. Photo Sudu
4. Tabel Data

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 DAFTAR NOTASI

A Luas penampang m2

A Gaya angkat N

B Tinggi sudu m

B Lebar sudu m

C Beban dinamik N

C1 Faktor beban kejut pada bantalan -

Cb Faktor beban lentur -

Cm Kecepatan absolut arah meridian m/s

Di Diameter terdalam dari sudu gerak m

Do Diameter terluar dari sudu gerak m

Ds Diameter Poros m

f Penebalan sudu -

Fa Gaya aksial N

Fef Gaya sentrifugal N

Ff Gaya tangensial N

g Pecepatan grafitasi m/s2

Ixx,Iyy Momen inersia luas mm4

L Panjang sudu gerak m

M Massa sudu gerak kgf

Mp Beban puntir terhadap poros turbin Nm

N Kecepatan Putar sudu Turbin yang diinginkan rpm

nr Kecepatan luar rpm

nq Kecepatan spesifik -

Peff Daya efektif turbin Watt

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Q Debit air masuk m3/s

Ra Rasio aliran -

Rx Jari-jari sudu segmen ke-x m

S Perbandingan antara diameter luar dan diameter dalam -

t Jarak antara sudu m

U Kecepatan tangensial m/s2

V Volume m3

Ymaks Tebal maksimum m

Yo,Yu Persen panjang kordinat punggung sudu %

Ysch Energi yang tersedia untuk momen di sudu m2/s2

Z Jumlah sudu -

Zu Rugi-rugi gesekan m2/s2

o
α Sudut kontak (Derajat)

α ,δ Sudut masuk o
(Derajat)
o
β Sudut yang mengapit kecepatan relatif dengan kec (Derajat)

tangensial

ε Bilangan keluaran -

ε a Koefisien gaya angkat -

ε w Koefisien gaya gesek -

γ Berat jenis N/m2

λ Sudut luncur o
(Derajat)

η h Efisiensi hidrolik turbin %

η u Efesiensi sudu %

ρ Massa jenis fluida kg/m3

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1 Negara Pengembang Mikrohidro....................................... 1

Gambar 2.1 Turbin aliran tangensial...................................................... 5

Gambar 2.2 Model turbin aliran aksial.................................................. 6

Gambar 2.3 Model turbin aliran aksial- radial....................................... 6

Gambar 2.4 Empat macam runner turbin konvensional........................ 8

Gambar 2.5 Sketsa instalasi uji turbin................................................... 9

Gambar 2.6 Turbin jenis turbo propeller............................................... 9

Gambar 2.7. Vertical tabular turbine type.............................................. 10

Gambar 2.8. Horizontal tabular turbine type......................................... 11

Gambar 2.9 Seketsa turbin propeller..................................................... 11

Gambar 2.10 Segitiga kecepatan.............................................................. 13

Gambar 2.11 Sudut dan gayapada profil sudu turbin propeller............... 13

Gambar 2.12 Grafik perbandingan ζa/ζA dengan t/l.................................. 16

Gambar 2.13 Grafik perbandingan ζA dengan ζW.............................................................. 16

Gambar 2.15 Grafik untuk menentukan sudut serang............................. 17

Gambar 2.16 Axial load thrust ball bearing............................................ 21

Gambar 2.17 Draft tube........................................................................... 22

Gambar 2.18 Tipe losses pada turbin reaksi............................................ 23

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Gambar 2.19 Straight conical draft tube................................................. 23

Gambar 2.20 Bell mouth draft tube.......................................................... 24

Gambar 2.21 Curved draft tube............................................................... 24

Gambar 2.22 Longitudinal cross-section of hydraulic power plant........ 25

Gambar 2.23 Prinsip hidrolik dari draft tube........................................... 26

Gambar 2.24 Grafik performa conical diffuser........................................ 27

Gamabar.2.25 Diagram Blok..................................................................... 28

Gambar 2.26 Hubungan kelenturan dengan berat jenis.......................... 28

Gambar 2.27 Young Modulus.................................................................. 29

Gambar 2.28 Bagan Hierarki................................................................... 31

Gambar 3.1 Diagram alir....................................................................... 42

Gamabar 3.2 Diagram AHP Pemilihan Turbin........................................ 44

Gambar 3.3 Turbin Uji........................................................................... 46

Gambar 3.4 Spesifikasi Pompa.............................................................. 46

Gambar 3.5 Weirmeter........................................................................... 46

Gambar 3.6 Neraca Pegas...................................................................... 47

Gambar 3.7 Presure Gauge.................................................................... 47

Gambar 3.8 Tachometer......................................................................... 47

Gambar 3.9 Sudu coran yang memiliki aerodinamis............................ 48

Gambar 3.10 Sudu dari plat 2 mm dengan kelengkungan aerodinamis. . 48

Gambar 3.11 Sudu dari plat 3 mm tanpa kelengkungan aerodinamis..... 48

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Gambar 3.12. Lay Out Pengujian............................................................ 49

Gambarv 4.1. Horizontal tubular turbine.................................................. 50

Gambar 4.2. Vertikal tubular turbin........................................................ 52

Gambar 4.3. Horizontal Tubular Turbin Model Turbo.......................... 53

Gambar 4.4 Lay Out Turbin Alternatif A.............................................. 54

Gambar 4.5 Lay Out Turbin Alternatif B............................................... 55

Gambar. 4.6 Lay Out Turbin Alternatif C............................................... 56

Gambar. 4.7 Diagram Hirarki AHP....................................................... 57

Gambar.5.1. Saluran masuk.................................................................... 64

Gambar.5.2. Tegangan pada pipa............................................................ 64

Gambar.5.3. Hoop tress (Tegangan Tangensial)..................................... 65

Gambar.5.4. Tegangan Radial Saluran masuk........................................ 67

Gambar 5.5. Diagram Ashby untuk material saluran masuk.................. 68

Gambar.5.6. Elbow 45............................................................................ 69

Gambar 5.7. Dimensi conical draft tube................................................. 60

Gambar 5.8 Conical draft tube............................................................... 60

Gambar 5.9 Diagram Ashby untuk material Draft tube......................... 74

Gambar 5.10 Ukuran Diameter Hub dan Propeller ................................ 75

Gambar. 5.11. Gaya gaya yang bekerja pada propeller turbin................... 76

Gambar 5.12 . Diagram Ashby untuk material propeller........................... 80

Gambar 5.13. Bantalan Glinding............................................................. 81

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Gambar 5.14 Poros................................................................................... 82

Gambar 5.15. Diagram Ashby untuk material Poros................................ 84

Gambar 5.16. House Bearing.................................................................... 86

Gambar 7.1 Lay Out Pengujian............................................................. 95

Gambar 7.2. Gaya angkat (lift) dan gaya seret (drag) dan distribusi aliran.101

Gambar 7.3. Gaya angkat (lift) dan gaya seret (drag) dan distribusi aliran.101

Gambar 7.5. Gaya angkat (lift) dan gaya seret (drag) dan distribusi aliran.103

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Kecepatan spesifik turbin konvensional............................ 7

Tabel.2.2 Spesifikasi utama vertical tubular turbine type GD-LZ.... 10

Tabel.2.3 Spec utama horizontal tubular turbine GD-LZ-12-3kW. 11

Tabel 2.4 Faktor koreksi daya yang akan ditransmisikan.................. 19

Tabel 2.5 Prosedur penilaian perbandingan berpasangan dalam AHP 32

Tabel 2.6 Kuisioner matriks.............................................................. 33

Tabel 2.7 Kuisioner matriks............................................................... 34

Tabel 2.8 Ordo Matriks..................................................................... 34

Tabel 2.9 Ordo Matriks..................................................................... 35

Tabel 2.10 Bobot Relatif...................................................................... 35

Tabel 2.11 Eigen faktor........................................................................ 35

Tabel 2.12 Hantaran Gurdi................................................................... 38

Tabel.3.1. Spesifications Vertikal Tabular Turbine Type .................... 43

Tabel.3.2. Spesificationsi Vertikal Tabular Turbine Type .................. 43

Tabel.3.3. Data Pengujian................................................................... 50

Tabel.3.4. Hasil Pembahansan............................................................ 49

Tabel 4.1. Modifikasi yang akan dikembangkan dari Turbin tipe A... 51

Tabel 4.2 Modifikasi yang akan dikembangkan dari turbin tipe B.... 52

Tabel 4.3. Modifikasi yang akan dikembangkan dari turbin tipe C.... 53

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Tabel 4.4 Matrik Perbandingan Berpasangan.................................... 58

Tabel 4.5 Matrik Penentuan Validasi Bobo...................................... 58

Tabel 4.6 Matrik Penentuan Bobot Efiiensi ...................................... 58

Tabel 4.7 Matrik Penentuan Bobot Daya Yang Di Hasilkan............. 59

Tabel 4.8 Matrik Penentuan Bobot Proses Waktu dan Kemudahan Produksi 59

Tabel 4.9 Matrik Penentuan Bobot Biaya Produksi.......................... 60

Tabel 4.10 Matrik Penentuan Bobot Biaya Perawatan....................... 60

Tabel 4.11 Rekap hasil Perhitungan Bobot.......................................... 60

Tabel. 6.1 Kecepatan Potong.............................................................. 89

Tabel 6.2. Rancangan sambungan Las TIG dan MIG......................... 90

Tabel.7.1. Data hasil pengujian.......................................................... 97

Tabel.7.2. Hasil pembahansan .......................................................... 97

Tabel 7.3. Hasil pengujian rata-rata.................................................... 98

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