Definisi
Epidemiologi
Klasifikasi
DEFINISI
Diabetes mellitus (DM) adalah kelompok
gangguan metabolisme lemak, karbohidrat, dan
metabolisme protein yang dihasilkan dari
gangguan dalam sekresi insulin, aksi insulin
(sensitivitas), atau keduanya.
(Dipiro 8th Ed)
EPIDEMIOLOGI
International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th edn. Brussels, Belgium:
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Prevalence (%) estimates of diabetes (20-79 years) by income group and age
EPIDEMIOLOGI
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080574/
(Dipiro 8th ed)
http://www.who.int/genomics/about/Diabetis-fin.pdf
FAKTOR RISIKO
DAN ETIOLOGI
2. Overweight or obese
obese resistensi insulin <<<
• VAT (visceral adipose tissue) lipolisis tinggi FFA meningkat tajam
menstimulasi produksi VLDL dan menurunkan sensitivitas insulin di
jaringan perifer
• VAT mempproduksi TNFα, IL 6, dan resistin, resistensi insulin
• Sel lemak memproduksi adinopektin meningkatkan sensitivitas
insulin dan oksidasi FFA pada obese jumlah adinopektin berkurang
4. Ras/Etnik
The risk of diabetes is
18% higher among
Asian Americans, 68%
higher among
Hispanics, and 74%
higher among non-
Hispanic Blacks
compared with
nonHispanic White
adults
5. Prediabetes
• Previously identified impaired fasting glucose
(IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or A
1c between 5.7% and 6.4%
– IFG is defined as having a fasting blood glucose
(FBG) level between 100 and 125 mg/dL
– IGT is defined by a postprandial blood glucose
level between 140 and 199 mg/dL
• HT Increased RAAS
stimulation of Ang II type 1 receptors, meningkatkan produksi
reactive oxygen species (ROS) di adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and
cardiovascular tissue menurunnya sensitivitas insulin
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3314178/)
(Crisholm-Burns, 2016)
FAKTOR RISIKO
DAN ETIOLOGI
7. Dislipidemia
• High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) < 35 mg/dL
and/or a triglyceride > 250 mg/dL
(Crisholm-Burns, 2016)
FAKTOR RISIKO
DAN ETIOLOGI
8. Umur
• In 2012, di US
– 11.2 juta 65 years of age or older
– only 208,000 younger than age 20 years.
• Penurunan kapasitas proliferasi sel beta dan
peningkatan kepekaan terhadap apoptosis adalah
keadaan yang berkaitan dengan penuaan
https://www.intechopen.com/books/glucose-tolerance/age-is-an-important-risk-factor-for-type-
2-diabetes-mellitus-and-cardiovascular-diseases
FAKTOR RISIKO
DAN ETIOLOGI
9. PCOS
Hiperinsulinemia PCOS
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/759835_2
FAKTOR RISIKO
DAN ETIOLOGI
Kong AS, Williams RL, Smilth M, et al. Acanthosis nigricans an d diabetes risk factors: preval
ence in young persons seen in southwestern US primary care practices. Ann Fam Med
. 2007;5(3):202-20
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1886491/
FAKTOR RISIKO
DAN ETIOLOGI
11. Gender
• Bervariasi
This difference between the sexes may be a consequence of
differences between men and women in the distribution of
risk factors for diabetes mellitus (e.g. obesity, physical
inactivity, poor diet , etc)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4890267/
FAKTOR RISIKO
DAN ETIOLOGI
Type 1 DM Type 2 DM
Gestational
Speciffic types
diabetes
of diabetes
mellitus