POTENSIAL AKSI

Abstrak

Sistem saraf manusia suatu jalinan jaringan saraf yang kompleks, sangat khusus
dan saling berhubugan satu dengan yang lain. Karena pengaturan saraf tersebut
terjalin komunikasi antara berbagai sistem tubuh hingga menyebabkan tubuh
berfungsi sebgai unit yang harmonis. Potensial aksi terjadi pada saat terjadinya
depolarisasi dialirkan ke ujung saraf dan mencapai ujung akson (akson terminal).
Timbulnya kontraksi pada otot rangka mulai dengan potensial aksi dalam serabut-
serabut otot. Potensial aksi ini menimbulkan arus listrik yang menyebar ke bagian
dalam serabut, dimana menyebabkan dilepaskannya ion-ion kalsium dari
retikulum sarkoplasma. Selanjutnya ion kalsium menimbulkan peristiwa-peristiwa
kimia proses kontraksi. Potensial aksi melibatkan aliran ionik positif dan negatif
yang bergerak di membran sel. Semakin besar diameter akson semakin cepat
penghantaran potensial aksi karena tahanan arus listrik berbanding terbalik dengan
luas penampang penghantar arus tersebut. Sinyal saraf dihantarkan oleh potensial
aksi, yang merupakan perubahan cepat pada potensial membran yang menyebar
secara cepat di sepanjang membran serabut saraf. Setiap potensial aksi dimulai
dengan perubahan mendadak dari potensial membran negatif istirahat normal
menjadi potensial positif dan kemudian berakhir dengan kecepatan yang hampir
sama dan kembali ke potensial negatif. Untuk menghantarkan sinyal saraf,
potensial aksi bergerak di sepanjang serabut saraf sampai tiba di ujung serabut.
Selama satu potensial aksi, depolarisasi membran ke potensial ambang memicu
serangkaian perubahan permeabilitas akibat perubahan konfirmasi kanal K+ dan
Na+ berpintu-listrik. Perubahan permeabilitas tersebut menyebabkan pembalikan
sesaat potensial membran, dengan influks Na+ menimbulkan fase naik (dari -70 ke
+30 mV), diikuti efluks K+ yang menyebabkan fase turun (dari puncak kembali ke
potensial istirahat).

Kata Kunci : Sistem saraf, potensial aksi, arus listrik, akson.

Abstract

The human nervous system is a complex network of neural networks, highly

specialized and mutually related to one another. Because the nerve regulation is
established communication between various body systems to cause the body to
function as a harmonious unit. Action potential occurs when depolarization is
carried to the nerve endings and reaches the axon ends (terminal axons). The
onset of contraction in skeletal muscle begins with an action potential in muscle
fibers. This action potential creates an electric current that spreads to the inside
of the fibers, which causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum. Furthermore, calcium ions cause chemical events contraction process.
The action potential involves positive and negative ionic flow that moves in the
cell membrane. The larger the axon diameter the faster the action potential is
delivered because the electrical current resistance is inversely proportional to the
cross-sectional area of the current. Nerve signals are delivered by an action
potential, which is a rapid change in membrane potential that spreads rapidly
along the nerve fiber membrane. Every action potential starts with a sudden
change from normal resting negative membrane potential to positive potential and
then ends at almost the same speed and returns to negative potential. To deliver
nerve signals, the action potential moves along nerve fibers until they reach the
end of the fibers. During an action potential, membrane depolarization to the
threshold potential triggers a series of permeability changes due to changes in the
confirmation of the K + and Na + channel with electricity. This change in
permeability causes an instantaneous reversal of the membrane potential, with Na
+ influx causing an upward phase (from -70 to +30 mV), followed by a K + efflux
which causes a descending phase (from the peak back to the resting potential).

Keywords: Nervous system, action potential, electric current, axons.