Gejala Klasik
Gejala Lain
Faktor Risiko
Melahirkan bayi
lebih dari 4 kg / Riw
DM dalam
kehamilan
Stress Merokok
Kriteria Diagnosis DM
Menunjukkan gejala Diabetes Mellitus, dan
Kadar gula darah acak/sewaktu (GDS) 200 mg/dL
ATAU
ATAU
Kadar gula darah 2 jam pada tes toleransi glukosa oral (TTGO)
75 gram 200 mg/dL
ATAU
Sayuran
Karbohidrat
Protein
Lemak
3. Jasmani
3-5x/minggu selama 30-45 menit atau lebih
setiap hari, total 150 mnt/minggu
Harus tetap aktif setiap hari
Pilih olahraga yang bersifat aerobik seperti
: jalan cepat, bersepeda santai, jogging,
berenang.
Bagi yang tdk ada kontraindikasi
(OA, HT tdk terkontrol,
retinopati, nefropati) dianjurkan
latihan beban 2-3x/mgg
4. Terapi Farmakologis
• OHO
• Suntik
• Kombinasi
• Individualisasi Terapi
• Monitoring
O
H
O
I
N
S
U
L
I
N
I
N
S
U
L
I
N
Sasaran Pengendalian DM
IMT 18,5-23 kg/m2
TD Sistolik < 140 mmHg
TD Diastolil < 90 mmHg
GDP 80-130 mg/dl
GD 2 j pp < 180 mg/dl
HbA1c < 7 % atau individual
LDL Kolesterol <100 mg/dl, < 70 mg/dl bila risiko KV
tinggi
HDL Kolesterol : laki-laki>40 mg/dl, perempuan > 50
mg/dl
Trigliserida < 150 mg/dl
KOMPLIKASI
Microangiopathy Macroangiopathy
Diabetic Stroke
Retinopathy
2- to 4-fold increase in
Leading cause cardiovascular mortality
of blindness and stroke5
in adults1,2
Diabetic
Cardiovascular
Nephropathy
Disease
Leading cause of
8/10 individuals with
end-stage
diabetes die from CV
renal disease3,4
events6
Diabetic
Neuropathy Diabetic Foot
1UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Diabetes Res 1990; 13:1–11. 2Fong DS, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl. 1):S99–S102. 3The Hypertension in Diabetes Study Group. J
Hypertens 1993; 11:309–317. 4Molitch ME, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl. 1):S94–S98. 5Kannel WB, et al. Am Heart J 1990; 120:672–676.
6Gray RP & Yudkin JS. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. In Textbook of Diabetes 2nd Edition, 1997. Blackwell Sciences. 7King’s Fund. Counting the cost. The real impact of
non-insulin dependent diabetes. London: British Diabetic Association, 1996. 8Mayfield JA, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl. 1):S78–S79.
Manajemen Hipertensi
ESH-ESC Guideline 2013
JNC 7 blood pressure classification
in adults aged ≥18 years
BP SBP DBP
Classification (mm HG) (mm HG)
Normal <120 and <80
Prehypertension 120-139 or 80-89
Stage 1
140-159 or 90-99
hypertension
Stage 2
160 or 100
hypertension
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. JNC 7 Express. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention,
Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. 2003.
Patofisiologi
• Menurut Kaplan, ada 4 faktor:
- Peran volume intravaskular
- Peran kendali saraf autonom
- Peran RAA
- Peran dinding vaskular pembuluh darah
Kaplan
Faktor risiko
Komplikasi
• Semakin tinggi tekanan darah, semakin besar
risiko KV yang ditimbulkan :
– Serangan Jantung
– Gagal jantung
– Stroke
– Penyakit ginjal kronik
Manfaat Menurunkan
Tekanan Darah
Optimize dosages or add additional drugs until goal blood pressure is achieved.
Consider consultation with hypertension specialist.
Calcium
Alpha blocker antagonist
Most rational
combination
ACE inhibitor Proven bene-
ficial in trials
Journal. Of Hypertension 2003
Table 3. Lifestyle Modifications to Manage Hypertension*
Pharmacologic Management
High Risk X X X X
CAD
Diabetes X X X X X
Kidney Ds X X
Stroke X X
Prevention
Initiation of lifestyle changes and antihypertensive
drug treatment.
Marvin,Clinical management of HT
TERIMA KASIH
SEMOGA BERMANFAAT