Peternakan DOMPI klik gambarnya, untuk memperbesar

Jenis-jenis Sapi
(Sapi PO, Limousin, Bali, Brahman, Simmental, BX,
dsb)
1. Sapi LIMOUSIN (Diamond Limousine)

Sapi Limousin kadang disebut juga Sapi Diamond Limousine (termasuk Bos Taurus),
dikembangkan pertama di Perancis, merupakan tipe sapi pedaging dengan perototan yang
lebih baik dibandingkan Sapi Simmental.

Secara genetik Sapi Limousin adalah sapi potong yang berasal dari wilayah beriklim dingin,
merupakan sapi tipe besar, mempunyai volume rumen yang besar, voluntary intake
(kemampuan menambah konsumsi di luar kebutuhan yang sebenarnya) yang tinggi dan
metabolic rate yang cepat, sehingga menuntut tata laksana pemeliharaan lebih teratur.

Sapi jenis limousin ini merupakan salah satu yang merajai pasar-pasar sapi di Indonesia
dan merupakan sapi primadona untuk penggemukan, karena perkembangan tubuhnya
termasuk cepat, bisa sampai 1,1 kg/hari saat masa pertumbuhannya.
Sapi lainnya yang juga merajai pasar-pasar sapi adalah Sapi PO dan Sapi Bali.
Sapi jenis limousin ini SUDAH diternakkan di DOMPI.
2. Sapi PO (Peranakan Ongole)

Sapi PO (singkatan dari Peranakan Ongole), di pasaran juga sering disebut sebagai Sapi
Lokal atau Sapi Jawa atau Sapi Putih.
Sapi PO ini hasil persilangan antara pejantan sapi Sumba Ongole (SO) dengan sapi
betina Jawa yang berwarna putih. Sapi Ongole (Bos Indicus) sebenarnya berasal dari India,
termasuk tipe sapi pekerja dan pedaging yang disebarkan di Indonesia sebagai sapi Sumba
Ongole (SO).

Warna bulu sapi Ongole sendiri adalah putih abu-abu dengan warna hitam di sekeliling mata,
mempunyai gumba dan gelambir yang besar menggelantung, saat mencapai umur dewasa
yang jantan mempunyai berat badan kurang dari 600 kg dan yang betina kurang dari 450 kg.

Bobot hidup Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) bervariasi mulai 220 kg hingga mencapai sekitar
600 kg.

Saat ini Sapi PO yang murni mulai sulit ditemukan, karena telah banyak disilangkan dengan
sapi Brahman. Oleh karena itu sapi PO sering diartikan sebagai sapi lokal berwarna putih
(keabu-abuan), berkelasa dan gelambir.

Sesuai dengan induk persilangannya, maka Sapi PO terkenal sebagai sapi pedaging dan sapi
pekerja, mempunyai kemampuan adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap perbedaan kondisi lingkungan,
memiliki tenaga yang kuat dan aktivitas reproduksi induknya cepat kembali normal setelah
beranak, jantannya memiliki kualitas semen yang baik.

Keunggulan sapi PO ini antara lain : Tahan terhadap panas, tahan terhadap ekto dan
endoparasit; Pertumbuhan relatif cepat walau pun adaptasi terhadap pakan kurang; Prosentase
karkas dan kualitas daging baik.

Sapi PO ini SUDAH diternakkan di DOMPI, dan menjadi salah satu primadona utama,
relatif paling banyak dicari di pasaran.
3. Sapi BALI

Sapi Bali (Bos Sondaicus) adalah sapi asli Indonesia hasil penjinakan (domestikasi)
banteng liar yang telah dilakukan sejak akhir abad ke 19 di Bali, sehingga sapi jenis ini
dinamakan Sapi Bali.

Sebagai "mantan" keturunan banteng, sapi Bali memiliki warna dan bentuk persis seperti
banteng. Kaki sapi Bali jantan dan betina berwarna putih dan terdapat telau, yaitu bulu putih
di bagian pantat dan bulu hitam di sepanjang punggungnya.
Sapi Bali tidak berpunuk, badannya montok, dan dadanya dalam.
Sapi Bali jantan bertanduk dan berbulu warna hitam kecuali kaki dan pantat. Berat sapi Bali
dewasa berkisar 350 hingga 450 kg, dan tinggi badannya 130 sampai 140 cm. Sapi Bali betina
juga bertanduk dan berbulu warna merah bata kecuali bagian kaki dan pantat. Dibandingkan
dengan sapi Bali jantan, sapi Bali betina relatif lebih kecil dan berat badannya sekitar 250
hingga 350 kg.

Sewaktu lahir, baik sapi Bali jantan maupun betina berwarna merah bata. Setelah dewasa,
warna bulu sapi Bali jantan berubah menjadi hitam karena pengaruh hormon testosteron.
Karena itu, bila sapi Bali jantan dikebiri, warna bulunya yang hitam akan berubah menjadi
merah bata.

Keunggulan sapi Bali ini antara lain : Daya tahan terhadap panas tinggi; Pertumbuhan tetap
baik walau pun dengan pakan yang jelek; Prosentase karkas tinggi dan kualitas daging baik;
Reproduksi dapat beranak setiap tahun.
Sapi Bali ini SUDAH diternakkan di DOMPI, dan menjadi salah satu primadona, karena
digemari masyarakat.
4. Sapi BRAHMAN

Sapi Brahman adalah keturunan sapi Zebu atau Boss Indiscuss.

Aslinya berasal dari India kemudian masuk ke Amerika Serikat (AS)
pada tahun 1849 dan berkembang pesat disana. Di Amerika Serikat,
sapi Brahman ini dikembangkan, diseleksi dan ditingkatkan mutu
genetiknya. Setelah berhasil, jenis sapi ini
diekspor ke berbagai negara. Dari AS, sapi
Brahman menyebar ke Australia dan kemudian
masuk ke Indonesia pada tahun 1974.

Sapi Brahman relatif tahan terhadap penyakit dan mempunyai variasi

wana kulit yang beragam dari yang berwarna putih, coklat sampai
yang kehitaman, Brahman memiliki kualitas karkas yang bagus.

Ciri khas sapi Brahman adalah berpunuk besar dan berkulit longgar, gelambir dibawah leher
sampai perut lebar dengan banyak lipatan-lipatan. Telinga panjang menggantung dan berujung
runcing. Sapi ini adalah tipe sapi potong terbaik untuk dikembangkan.

Persentase karkasnya 45-50%. Keistimewaan sapi ini tidak terlalu selektif terhadap pakan
yang diberikan, jenis pakan (rumput dan pakan tambahan) apapun akan dimakannya, termasuk
pakan yang jelek sekalipun. Sapi potong ini juga lebih kebal terhadap gigitan caplak dan
nyamuk serta tahan panas. Sapi jenis ini belum diternakkan di DOMPI.
5. Sapi BX (Brahman cross)

Sapi BX (Brahman Cross), adalah ternak sapi hasil domestikasi/penjinakan sapi Brahman
yang dikembangkan di Amerika dan Australia dan disilangkan dengan berbagai jenis sapi
lainnya, seperti sapi Shorthorn, sapi Santa Gertrudis, Droughmaster, Hereford,
Simmental, dan sapi Limousin. Hasil silangan ini kemudian disilangkan lagi dengan sapi
Brahman sehingga campuran darah dalam setiap keturunan sangat bervariasi.

Model yang diterapkan dalam pelaksanaan pengembangan sapi Brahman Cross adalah
menghasilkan ternak sapi yang memiliki pertumbuhan baik dan tahan terhadap iklim
tropis serta tahan terhadap penyakit/hama penyebab penyakit, kutu dan tunggau.

Oleh karena itu, sapi ini cocok dikembangkan di Indonesia yang beriklim tropis.

Warna kulit sapi ini sangat bervariasi antara lain putih abu-abu, hitam, coklat, merah,
kuning, bahkan loreng seperti harimau. Pasar tradisional tertentu masih ada yang "fanatik"
dengan warna kulit, sehingga dengan banyaknya variasi warna kulit sapi ini bisa memenuhi
selera tiap-tiap pasar yang cenderung masih spesifik.

Sapi Brahman Cross mulai diimport Indonesia (Sulawesi) dari Australia pada tahun 1973.
Pada tahun 1975, sapi Brahman cross didatangkan ke pulau Sumba dengan tujuan utama
untuk memperbaiki mutu genetik sapi Ongole di pulau Sumba. Importasi Brahman cross dari
Australia untuk UPT perbibitan (BPTU Sumbawa) dilakukan pada tahun 2000 dan 2001
dalam rangka revitalisasi UPT. Penyebaran di Indonesia dilakukan secara besar-besaran mulai
tahun 2006 dalam rangka mendukung program percepatan pencapaian swasembada daging
sapi.

Dengan pemeliharaan secara intensif yaitu dengan kandang yang sesuai dan pakan yang
berkualitas serta iklim yang menunjang, sapi ini sangat bagus pertumbuhannya. Average Daily
Gain (ADG) Brahman Cross berkisar antara 1,0 - 1,8 kg/hari. Bahkan dalam kondisi tertentu
bisa mencapai 2 kg/hari. Dibandingkan dengan sapi lokal terutama PO (Peranakan Ongole)
yang ADG nya hanya berkisar 0,4 - 0,8 kg/hari tentunya sapi ini lebih menguntungkan untuk
fattening (penggemukan).
Karkas Brahman Cross bervariasi antara 45% - 55% tergantung kondisi sapi saat timbang
hidup dan performance tiap individunya. Pemeliharaan ideal untuk fattening adalah selama
60-70 hari untuk sapi betina, sedangkan untuk jantannya antara 80-90 hari, karena apabila
digemukkan terlalu lama maka perkembangannya akan semakin lambat dan akan terjadi
perlemakan dalam daging (marbling) yang hal ini di pasar lokal (RPH) tradisional kurang
disukai oleh customer.

Dari berbagai keunggulan tersebut di atas, dewasa ini di Indonesia terutama di wilayah Jawa
Barat dan Sumatera banyak bermunculan Feedlot yang secara intensif menggemukan sapi
Jenis Brahman Cross ini. Sapi jenis ini belum diternakkan di DOMPI.
6. Sapi SIMMENTAL (METAL)

Sapi Simmental di kalangan peternak populer dengan nama Sapi Metal, dan sebagian
peternak atau pedagang sapi kadang salah kaprah dengan menyebutnya sapi limousin,
bahkan ada yang menyebut sapi Brahman.

Sapi Simmental (juga termasuk Bos Taurus), berasal dari daerah Simme di negara Switzerland
(Swiss), namun sekarang berkembang lebih cepat di benua Amerika, serta di Australia dan
Selandia Baru (New Zealand). Sapi ini merupakan tipe sapi perah dan pedaging.

Sapi jantan dewasanya mampu mencapai berat badan 1150 kg sedang betina dewasanya 800
kg. Secara genetik, sapi Simmental adalah sapi potong yang berasal dari wilayah beriklim
dingin, merupakan sapi tipe besar, mempunyai volume rumen yang besar, voluntary intake
(kemampuan menambah konsumsi diluar kebutuhan yang sebenarnya) yang tinggi dan
metabolic rate yang cepat, sehingga menuntut tata laksana pemeliharaan yang lebih teratur.
Sapi jenis ini SUDAH diternakkan di DOMPI.
7. Sapi MADURA
Sapi Madura adalah salah satu sapi potong lokal yang asli Indonesia, pada awalnya banyak
didapatkan di Pulau Madura, namun sekarang sudah menyebar ke seluruh Jawa Timur.

Sapi Madura pada mulanya terbentuk dari persilangan antara banteng dengan Bos
indicus atau sapi Zebu, yang secara genetik memiliki sifat toleran terhadap iklim panas
dan lingkungan marginal serta tahan terhadap serangan caplak.

Karakteristik sapi Madura sangat seragam, yaitu bentuk tubuhnya kecil, kaki pendek dan kuat,
bulu berwarna merah bata agak kekuningan tetapi bagian perut dan paha sebelah dalam
berwarna putih dengan peralihan yang kurang jelas; bertanduk khas dan jantannya bergumba

Ciri-ciri umum fisik Sapi Madura adalah : Jantan maupun betinanya sama-sama berwarna
merah bata; Paha belakang berwarna putih; Kaki depan berwarna merah muda; Tanduk
pendek beragam, pada betina kecil dan pendek berukuran 10 cm, sedangkanpada jantannya
berukuran 15-20 cm; Panjang badan mirip Sapi Bali tetapi memiliki punuk walaupun
berukuran kecil.

Secara umum, Sapi Madura memiliki beberapa keunggulan antara lain mudah dipelihara;
Mudah berbiak dimana saja; Tahan terhadap berbagai penyakit; Tahan terhadap pakan kualitas
rendah. Dengan keunggulan tersebut, Sapi Madura banyak diminati oleh para peternak
bahkan para peneliti dari Negara lain. Sudah banyak Sapi Madura dikirim ke daerah lain.

Sapi dalam kehidupan masyarakat Madura, bukan hanya mempunyai tempat khusus di
kehidupan para petani di Madura, Sapi Madura juga membawa pengaruh terhadap tradisi
budaya yang memberikan efek positip terhadap kelestarian Sapi Madura ini. Sapi Madura
berjenis kelamin jantan, dimanfaatkan sebagai "Sapi Kerapan" yang menjadi salah satu
aset pariwisata penting di Pulau Madura. Sapi jenis ini belum diternakkan di DOMPI.
8. Sapi BRANGUS

Sapi Brangus ini adalah persilangan betina Brahman dan pejantan Aberden Angus.
Sapi Brangus ini juga merupakan salah satu dari jenis BX (Brahman cross).
Ciri-ciri sapi Brangus antara lain warna hitam, leher dan telinga pendek, punggung lurus,
badan kompak dan padat, kaki kuat dan kokoh, komposisi darah 5/8 Angus dan 3/8 Brahman.

Keunggulan sapi Brangus antara lain tubuh besar dan kompak, pertumbuhannya cepat, berat
badan dewasa di atas 900 kg, tahan terhadap iklim tropis dan pakannya sederhana. Sapi jenis
ini tidak diternakkan di DOMPI.
9. Sapi ABERDEEN ANGUS

Sapi Aberdeen Angus ini masuk di Indonesia melalui Selandia Baru, tapi awal mulanya
berasal dari Skotlandia.

Ciri-ciri sapi Aberdeen Angus antara lain warna hitam, leher dan telinga pendek, penuh bulu,
punggung lurus, badan kompak dan padat, kaki kuat dan kokoh.

Keunggulan sapi Aberdeen Angus antara lain tubuh besar dan kompak, pertumbuhannya
badan cepat, berat badan dewasa di atas 900 kg, tahan terhadap iklim dan pakan tropis. Sapi
jenis ini tidak diternakkan di DOMPI.
10. Sapi ANGUS

Sapi Angus merupakan sapi yang mempunyai tingkat kualitas karkas yang sangat bagus, serta
mempunyai ketahanan terhadap penyakit dan merupakan keturunan dari sapi Brahman.

Sapi Angus ini masuk ke Indonesia melalui Selandia Baru.

Sapi ini juga mempunyai tingkat produktivitas dalam berkembang biak yang sangat bagus,
dimana betinanya mempunyai kemampuan yang sangat bagus untuk berkembang biak dan
menyusui anaknya.
Sapi Angus ini juga merupakan salah satu dari jenis BX (Brahman cross). Sapi jenis ini tidak
diternakkan di DOMPI.
11. Sapi SANTA GERTRUDIS

Sapi Santa Gertrudis ini adalah hasil persilangan antara pejantan Brahman dan betina
shorthorn yang di kembangkan pertama kali di King Ranch Texas Amerika serikat tahun
1943.

Sapi Santa Gertrudis ini masuk Indonesia mulai tahun 1973, bobot jantan dewasa di atas 900
kg dan betina di atas 725 kg. Sapi ini juga merupakan salah satu dari jenis BX (Brahman
cross). Sapi jenis ini tidak diternakkan di DOMPI.
12. Sapi DROUGHMASTER

Sapi Droughmaster merupakan persilangan antara betina Brahman dan pejantan

Shorthorn, dikembangkan di Australia dan jarang sekali kita jumpai di Indonesia.

Sapi Droughmaster ini juga merupakan salah satu dari jenis BX (Brahman cross). Sapi jenis
ini tidak diternakkan di DOMPI.
13. Sapi SHORTHORN

Sapi Shorthorm ini dikembangkan di negara Inggris bagian utara. Bobot jantan dewasa
di atas 1100 kg sedangkan bobot betina di atas 850 kg.

Sapi Shorthorm berwarna merah coklat tua, putih, merah coklat tua dan putih. Mempunyai
bentuk puting susu yang baik dan produksi susunya pun baik. Anaknya kecil, namun akan
tumbuh dengan cepat besar. Kualitas dagingnya baik.

Sapi ini sebenarnya sebagai sapi perah. Di eksport dari Inggris ke Amerika pertama kali pada
tahun 1780. Disebut juga sebagai sapi jenis DURHAM. Sapi jenis ini tidak diternakkan di
DOMPI.
14. Sapi BEEFMASTER

Sapi Beefmaster merupakan persilangan antara sapi Brahman, sapi Hereford, dan sapi
Shorthorn yang dikembangkan pertama kali oleh Mr. Lasater.

Kombinasi antara ketiga sapi tersebut menghasilkan sapi yang superior. Sapi Beer Master ini
juga merupakan salah satu dari jenis BX (Brahman cross). Sapi jenis ini tidak diternakkan di
DOMPI.
15. Sapi RED ANGUS
Sapi Red Angus tidak bertanduk, sangat mudah berkembang biak, dan cepat dewasa. Kualitas
dagingnya sangat baik.

Sapi Red Angus merupakan hasil kawin silang antara sapi asli di Aberdeenshire
(Inggris) dengan sapi asli dari Angus (Skotlandia). Pertama di eksport ke benua lain tahun
1873. Sapi jenis ini tidak diternakkan di DOMPI.
16. Sapi CHAROLAIS

Sapi Charolais ini dikembangkan di negara Perancis, warna bulu perak dan merupakan
jenis paling besar di negara tersebut, sapi ini jarang di jumpai di pasar-pasar tradisional.

Pertumbuhan badan sapi Charolais per hari mampu mencapai 1,3 kg (pada saat masa
pertumbuhan). Sapi jenis ini tidak diternakkan di DOMPI.
17. Sapi FH (Friesian Holstein/Fries Holland)

Sapi Fresian (Fries) ini merupakan sapi penghasil susu paling utama di dunia. Sapi ini
mempunyai produktivitas yang sangat baik.

Warna kulitnya hitam putih dengan batas jelas, ujung ekornya putih. Bila adat warna hitam di
bawah tardus, tidak boleh dipotong sampai atas. Sapi jenis ini tidak diternakkan di DOMPI.
SAPI TEMPERATE

A
ANGUS

They have been favored through the ages with a temperate climate and good crops,
although the topography of the country is rough. Pastures do well in the area because of well-
distributed rainfall.
Plenty of grass, plus a nearly ideal temperature for cattle production, has made the area very
suitable for some of the greatest improvement that has been made in our purebred breeds of
cattle. The county of Angus was early noted for its production of potatoes, grain crops, and
feed. This shire contains a fine expanse of highly cultivated land known as Strathmore, which
is one of the very fine valleys in that part of Scotland and which has become famous in the
history of the Aberdeen-Angus breed.
The county of Aberdeen is the most productive agricultural region in Scotland and depends
largely upon crops and livestock for income. The fishing industry, however, is stressed along
the coastline. The tiny counties of Banff and Kincardine have long been known as livestock
centers.
Northern Scotland, although in a more northern latitude than the United States, has a more
uniform temperature throughout the year. The Gulf Steam tempers the climate in the winter,
and the summers remain cooler than weather commonly experienced in the United States.
RED ANGUS
CHAROLAIS

Origins of the Breed

The exact origins of the Charolais are lost to us but it must have been developed from cattle found in
the area. Legend has it that white cattle were first noticed in the region as early as 878 A.D., and by
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were well and favorably known in French markets,
especially at Lyon and Villefranche.
Selection developed a white breed of cattle which, like other cattle of continental Europe, were used
for draft, milk and meat.
The cattle were generally confined to the area in which they originated until the French Revolution.
But, in 1773, Claude Mathieu, a farmer and cattle producers from the Charolles region, moved to the
Nievre province, taking his herd of white cattle with him.
The breed flourished there, so much so that the improved cattle were known more widely as
Nivemais cattle for a time than by their original name of Charolais.
One of the early influential herds in the region was started in 1840 by the Count Charles de Bouille.
His selective breeding led him to set up a herd book in 1864 for the breed at Villars near the village of
Magny-Cours.
Breeders in the Charolles vicinity established a herd book in 1882. The two societies merged in 1919,
with the older organization holding the records of the later group into their headquarters at Nevers,
the capital of the Nievre province.
The French have long selected their cattle for size and muscling. They selected for bone and power to
a greater extent than was true in the British Isles. The French breeders stressed rapid growth in
addition to cattle that would ultimately reach a large size.
These were men that wanted cattle that not only grew out well but could be depended upon for
draft power. Little attention was paid to refinement, but great stress was laid on utility. The Charolais
of France are white in color, horned, long bodied, and good milkers with a general coarseness to the
animal not being uncommon.
Introduction to the United States
Soon after the First World War, a young Mexican industrialist of French name and ancestry, Jean
Pugibet, brought some of the French cattle to his ranch in Mexico. He had seen the Charolais cattle
during World War I while serving as a French army volunteer and was impressed by their appearance
and productivity.
He arranged for a shipment of two bulls and 10 heifers to Mexico in 1930. Two later shipments in
1931 and 1937 increased the total number to 37 - eight bulls and 29 females. Not long after the last
shipment, Pugibet died and no further imports were attempted.
The first Charolais to come into the United States from Mexico are believed to be two bulls, Neptune
and Ortolan, which were purchased from Pugibet by the King Ranch in Texas and imported in June
1936.
Later imports of bulls were owned by some of the early "pioneers" in the industry: Harl Thomas, Fred
W. Turner, C.M. "Pete" Frost, M.G. Michaelis Sr., and I.G. "Cap" Yates, all of Texas, J.A. "Palley" Lawton
of Louisiana, and others.
In the mid-1940s an outbreak of Hoof and Mouth Disease occurred in Mexico. As a result, a treaty
between the United States, Canada and Mexico set up a permanent quarantine against cattle coming
into any of these countries from Europe or any country in which Hoof and Mouth Disease was known
to exist.
This barred any further importation of French Charolais on this continent until 1965 when Canada
opened the import doors via rigid quarantine both in France and in Canada.
Development in the United States
Until the mid-1960s, all the Charolais in Mexico, the United States and Canada were descendants of
this initial Pugibet herd. Due to the limited number of original animals and the import restrictions
which were in place, they have been crossed on other cattle in an upgrading process.
Because of the use of the upgrading process few of the Charolais cattle currently found in the United
State are of pure French breeding. With the lightening of the import restrictions in Canada in the
mid-1960's fullblood Charolais were again imported from France.
This allowed for the importation of new bloodlines from France. This meant new genetic material for
tightly-bred Charolais pedigrees of the time. Several breeding herds were estabilished in Canada, as
well as the island of Eleuthera, in the Bahamas. Japan, England and Ireland also imported purebred
Charolais directly from France. Offspring from these herds were later imported to the United States.
American Charolais are referred to as "purebred" or "recorded" depending upon the percentage of
known Charolais blood. The term purebred is used on those that carry 31/32 or more Charolais blood
and those less than 31/32 can be referred to as recorded.
People wishing to develop a herd will still find it possible to upgrade, using purebred Charolais sires,
a foundation cow herd of one of the other cattle breeds or their crosses. Five generations of
purebred bulls are required to produced the 31/32 level for classification as "purebred".
Sires used in the grading-up process must be registered. The offspring from the first as well as
succeeding generations must be registered as "recorded" until they reach the 31/32 level at which
time they are referred to as purebred.
It has been said that no other breed has impacted the North American beef industry so significantly
as the introduction of Charolais. The Charolais came into widespread use in the United States cattle
industry at a time when producers were seeking larger framed, heavier cattle than the traditional
British breeds.
The increased use on the range indicates that the cows have performed well under a variety of
environmental conditions. Their ability to walk, graze aggressively in warm weather, withstand
reasonable cold, and raise heavy calves has drawn special praise from many that have them.
Bulls have developed a well-earned reputation when used in grading-up for herd improvement. This
is especially noted when they are used in herds where size and ruggedness are lacking Charolais are
white or creamy white in color, but the skin carries appreciable pigmentation. The hair coat is usually
short in summer but thickens and lengthens in cold weather.
Charolais is a naturally horned beef animal. But through the breeding-up program, where naturally
polled breeds were sometimes used as foundation animals, polled Charolais have emerged as an
important part of the breed. Charolais cattle are large with mature bulls weighing from 2,000 to well
over 2,500 pounds and cows weigh from 1,250 to over 2,000 pounds.
Reference:
Briggs, H.M. & D.M. Briggs. Modern Breeds of Livestock. Fourth Edition. Macmillan Publishing Co.
1980
Promotional material, American-International Charolais Association, Kansas City, MO
Photographs:
American-International Charolais Association, Kansas City, MO

HEREFORD
 Thrifty and enterprising farmers near Hereford in the County of Herefordshire,
England, were determined to produce beef for the expanding food market created by Britain's
industrial revolution.
To succeed in Herefordshire, these early-day cattlemen realized they must have cattle which
could efficiently convert their native grass to beef and do it at a profit. There was no breed in
existence at the time to fill that need, so the farmers of Herefordshire founded the beef breed
that logically became known as Herefords. These early Hereford breeders molded their cattle
with the idea in mind of a high yield of beef and efficiency of production, and so firmly fixed
these characteristics that they remain today as outstanding characteristics of the breed.
Beginning in 1742 with a bull calf from the cow Silver and two cows, Pidgeon and Mottle,
inherited from his father's estate, Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford
breed.
This was 18 years before Robert Bakewell began developing his theories of animal breeding.
From the start, Mr. Tomkins had as his goals economy in feeding, natural aptitude to grow
and gain from grass and grain, rustling ability, hardiness, early maturity and prolificacy, traits
that are still of primary importance today. Other pioneering breeders were to follow the
Tomkins' lead and establish the world-wide renown for the Herefordshire cattle causing their
exportation from England to wherever grass grows and beef production is possible.

Herefords in the 1700's and early 1800's in England were much larger than today. Many
mature Herefords of those days weighed 3,000 pounds or more. Cotmore, a winning show
bull and noteworthy sire, weighed 3,900 pounds when shown in 1839. Gradually, the type
and conformation changed to less extreme size and weight to get more smoothness, quality
and efficiency.

HEREFORD IMPORTATIONS

Herefords came to the United States in 1817 when the great statesman Henry Clay of
Kentucky made the first importation -- a bull and two females.
These cattle and their offspring attracted considerable attention, but they were eventually
absorbed by the local cattle population and disappeared from permanent identity.
The first breeding herd in America is considered to be one established in 1840 by William H.
Sotham and Erastus Corning of Albany, New York, and for practical purposes Herefords in
the United States date from the Sotham-Corning beginning. The more densely populated
eastern area of the United States, including herds in New England, was the early home of
Herefords and from there they fanned out to the South and West as the population expanded
and the demand for beef increased. Records of the New York State Fair reveal that 11
Herefords were exhibited there in 1844 and were highly praised. Several breeders were active
in exhibiting at fairs and exhibitions in the East and Midwest where the Herefords met with
great success. Perhaps the greatest early interest in the breed came from the 1876 Centennial
Exposition in Philadelphia where T. L. Miller was awarded a medal for the first-prize herd.

HEREFORDS - THE GREAT IMPROVER

With the end of the Civil War and the coming of the American Industrial Revolution, the
westward expansion continued and so did America's appetite for beef. Western ranching
developed from free land and local longhorned cattle originally brought to Mexico by the
Spanish conquerors and allowed to drift northward into what is now America's great
southwestern cattle country. These cattle were tough and had the bred-in ability to survive, a
trait that enabled their being driven to railhead shipping points and then transported by rail to
slaughter at eastern markets. It was on such cattle that Herefords proved the great improver.
They survived the rough ranching conditions and improved beef quality in the process.
Demand for Hereford bulls boomed.

DEMAND CAUSES INCREASE IN HEREFORD IMPORTATIONS IN 1890's

To satisfy the growing market which developed from the western area cattlemen, Hereford
breeders expanded their herds through heavy importations from Herefordshire. Whereas only
200 head were imported up to 1880, more than 3,500 head of Herefords came over during the
1880-1889 period. During this time, breeders of Herefords led by such men as T. L. Miller, C.
M. Culbertson and Thomas Clark, all of Illinois, won hard-fought battles for breed
acceptance in the agricultural fairs and expositions which furthered the use of Herefords in
American beef production. Early Hereford breeder promoters and exhibitors in the 1870's and
1880's included such names as Earl, Stuart, Fowler, Van Natta and Studebaker of Indiana, and
the Swan Land and Cattle Co., forerunner of the present Wyoming Hereford Ranch. These
breeders were instrumental in the movement of Herefords to Wyoming, other mountain states
and the Northwest. Gudgell and Simpson of Missouri made their start in 1877. Four years
later, they were to gain everlasting renown in the Hereford world through importing and
concentrating on the great young sire Anxiety 4. No other bull comes close to the stature of
Anxiety 4 for he is often credited as being the "Father of American Herefords" and "the bull
that gave Herefords hindquarters." Today, he is the common ancestor of nearly all Hereford
cattle in this country. The Hereford industry in America passed a great milestone of progress
on June 22, 1881 , when a few breeders met in Chicago at the Grand Pacific Hotel to lay the
foundation for the organization of the American Hereford Association, essentially for the two-
fold purpose of keeping the breed's records and promoting the interests of Hereford breeders.
For over a century, the AHA has performed its duties with little change in the original bylaws
while providing leadership for the industry that has seen Hereford cattle taken to every area,
region and territory of America and become the greatest influence in the nation's beef
production activity.

HEREFORDS BECOME DOMINANT

It was largely through shows and expositions that Herefords gained their greatest acceptance
among cattlemen of this country and, no doubt, the first great impact was scored at the 1883
Chicago Fat Stock Show, the forerunner of the famous International Livestock Exposition
which, until closing after the 1975 event, was the premier show for market animals in
America. At this show over a century ago, the Hereford steer Roan Boy won the grand
championship for his exhibitor, C. M. Culbertson. The steer's early maturity marked the
beginning of the end for the previously popular four-year-old steers -- the big, rough, old
fashioned kind. In 1886, a two-year-old Hereford was grand champion and in 1903 Hereford
yearlings won the carlot grand championship. Three years later a 336-day-old Hereford won
the show, the first ever at less than two years old. Thus, Herefords led the way in
revolutionizing beef production in America, largely through the traits of doing ability and
early maturity -- getting fat at an early age and producing the ideal in "baby beef." While
other traits in beef cattle continued to be important in the cattle breeder's selection program
during the ensuing years, there is no doubt that early maturity and fattening ability were of
primary concern because (1) the market paid the highest price for the cattle that fattened well
on forage; thus (2) the preferred breeding animals were those that demonstrated the ability to
fatten readily at a given age. To get this early maturity, breeders in the late 1930's and 1940's
eagerly sought out the compact type of conformation -- short, low set, wide and deep-bodied
cattle -- as their preferred breeding stock. By comparison, such cattle were naturally smaller.
Their success in achieving such an animal with its abundance of fat and establishing that kind
as the breed's "ideal" proved to eventually be a detriment. The market changes that surfaced
in the 1960's caused such cattle to be penalized in price and discriminated against.

DEMAND CHANGES HEREFORD TYPE

Following World War II and well into the 1950's, the compact, fat, small type cattle continued
to be favored in the show ring, but quietly and almost unnoticed, there was a change taking
place in the meat-packing industry and in the basic American consumer's diet which reflected
on the demand and price of the favored kind up to that time. The commercial market for fat or
beef tallow declined, plus the fact that consumers were unwilling to buy the excess fat on cuts
from "over done" carcasses. The result was that beef packers paid less for the overfat cattle
and suddenly there was a different type of animal preferred by the industry -- a trimmer,
leaner, less fat and more red meat kind. The once preferred wide-backed, overfat and wastey
cattle were heavily docked in the market. This change in market preference was first
expressed in Hereford circles at the National Hereford Conference in Denver in 1963, voiced
more loudly in 1967 at a conference in Kansas City, and in the now famous 1969 conference
in Wisconsin this change was very conclusively demonstrated. Economics in cost of
production required faster daily gain at less cost conversion of feed to muscle instead of fat,
and far less loss in offal waste in the desired market kind. These requirements translated to
more size and a different style of conformation which, in turn, presented the breeder with a
tremendous challenge in modernizing the breed and turning it around to a new kind of
Hereford endowed with all the basic economical traits to encompass total performance -- no
desired trait achieved at the expense of another. Accomplishing, their objective in a
remarkably short time is a great tribute to the dedication of Hereford breeders, the broad
genetic base of the breed, and the ability of breeders to utilize modern technology along with
the practical application of the breeder's art.

The 1960's saw the beginning of acceptance of the performance era in Herefordom. Breeders
began giving concentrated attention toward applying new-found tools such as performance
testing, artificial insemination, objective measures, embryo transfers, generation turnover,
and sire evaluation to effect more and more rapid genetic change in the past 25 years than
perhaps had been accomplished previously since Benjamin Tomkins undertook his systematic
efforts to make better beef cattle from his native Herefords. In 1963, the American Hereford
Association embarked on an experimental program to test sires under practical feedlot
conditions through their progeny in feedlot performance and carcass yield.

That program was replaced by the current National Reference Sire program to identify
superior sires. This program led the way for all breeds in sire testing. The beginning of the
American Hereford Association's record keeping activity was expanded to include
performance records and initiation of the present Total Performance Records (TPR) service in
1964.

Having been developed over some two decades, often amended to utilize new technology and
to provide maximum service to breeders, the TPR program that has evolved has proven to be
a great service to individual breeders and the breed in general. Presently, there are some two
million records of performance on file in the AHA computer, stored for use to assist in
selecting for improvements in future cattle generations. The late 1960's found breeders faced
with overpowering evidence that the breed had too many cattle that simply did not measure
up in the modern measures of performance and with great competition from European
"exotic" breeds, Hereford followers sought out breeders and bloodlines noted for cattle of
substantial size and performance.

It was fortunate for the breed that there was an ample and broad genetic base from which to
select when the demand came for larger framed cattle. Breeders found the growth traits fairly
easy to select for. Both 205-day and yearling weights were accurate measures of growth,
fairly easy to obtain, and they were highly heritable.

Within herd selection was a long process when considering the rule of thumb of cow
generation being some seven years. Many breeders began looking for short cuts. They
searched the country for sires with more frame and size, requesting and analyzing weaning
and yearling weights. Leaders in beef cattle education and research stressed growth as a
major criteria of performance, often ignoring or de-emphasizing the most important
economical trait of beef cattle production, fertility. Breeders often selected for frame score
and mature weight, and paid little heed to fertility, structural soundness, feet and legs. The
"yellow and mellow" coloring, a tic of white in the back or extra white on the legs and
underline became less of a selection criteria. "If big enough, markings and color became less
important."

Where and in what bloodlines could these cattle be found to increase the frame and weight of
Herefords? Voices of the speakers at the Madison, Wisconsin, conference in June, 1969, had
barely quieted when breeders started looking. The frame 5 steers at the conference came from
the Northwest. That's where many breeders headed and they found some bigger-than average
framed bulls there. Many were of Evan Mischief, Mark Donald and Real Prince Domino
bloodlines. Some breeders selected bigger framed cattle in Canada, many of which traced to
an American-bred Prince Domino son, Real Prince Domino 109. Also about this time,
breeders found the Line One cattle developed by the U.S. Range and Research Station at
Miles City, Montana. It was at the Miles City station in 1934 that a selection program
commenced and the development of inbreeding several different lines with selection
emphasis on yearling weights. Of all the different lines developed at Miles City, the most
prominent to date has been the Line Ones.

The foundation cows for the Line Ones traced back to stock purchased in 1926 from George
M. Miles. The bulls used in the development of the line were half-brothers, Advance Domino
20 and Advance Domino 54, purchased in Colorado. These two foundation sires were strong
in Prince Domino blood.

Although the Line One cattle were developed at the Miles City station and they have
remained a prime source of seedstock, a number of other breeders drew heavily on Line One
sires starting in the 1940's, and these breeders became suppliers of the Line One seedstock in
the early 1970's.

The complete and universal acceptance of utilizing performance records was a slow process
and, even today, does not have universal appeal. Different breeders place emphasis on
different aspects.

Because of such difference in opinions in the past, the present, and likely in the future,
Hereford cattle will command the premier spot in the beef cattle industry for years to come.

Reference:

The American Hereford Association, Box 014059, Kansas City, MO 64101 Phone: (816) 842-
3757
Photographs:
Dr. Robert Kropp, Oklahoma State University
LIMOUSIN (JANTAN DAN BETINA)

The History of Limousin

These golden-red cattle are native to the south central part of France in the regions of
Limousin and Marche. The terrain of the homeland has been described as rugged and rolling
with rocky soil and a harsh climate.
Consequently, the growing of field crops was very difficult at best and emphasis was placed
on animal agriculture. Limousin cattle, as a result of their environment, evolved into a breed
of unusual sturdiness, health and adaptability.
This lack of natural resources also enabled the region to remain relatively isolated and the
farmers free to develop their cattle with little outside genetic interference.
During these early times of animal power, Limousin gained well-earned reputation as work
animals in addition to their beef qualities. Rene Lafarge reported in 1698, "Limousin oxen
were universally renowned and esteemed both as beasts of burden and beef cattle." At the end
of their work life these animals were then fattened for slaughter.
Traditionally, French cattle were kept in a confinement or semi-confinement situation.
However, Limousin cattle spent the majority of their time outdoors in the harsh climate of the
region. This was a source of great pride to the breeders.
The cows calved year round, outdoors, to bring in a regular source of income and the heifers
were bred to calve at three years of age. In the winter, the entire herd was outside and
whatever the season, the cattle were handled on a daily basis.
Once in the 1700s and again in the mid-1800s, an attempt was made by a small number of
French Limousin breeders to crossbreed their cattle in hopes of gaining both size and scale. In
1840 several breeders crossbred their Limousin with oxen of Agenaise variety.
The resulting animals were taller, having more volume of muscling in their hindquarter.
Unfortunately, however, these crossbred cattle proved not to be economical as they needed a
larger amount of feed than could be provided in the majority of the region.
Only near Limoges, where manure and fertilizers were plentiful and growing of field crops
was widespread, did these cattle prosper.
Limousin breeders admitted their mistake and then concentrated upon improving the breed
through natural selection. A leader in the natural selection movement was Charles de Leobary
and his herdsman, Royer.
Through a very tough, selective process these two developed an outstanding herd of
"purebred" Limousin. From 1854 to 1896 the de Leobary herd won a total of 265 ribbons at
the prestigious Bordeaux Competition, one of France's finest cattle shows.
Limousin cattle made a deep impression in French cattle shows during the 1850s. The first
show wins were at the Bordeaux Fair where Limousin took second and third places.
The cattle belonged to the already mentioned de Leobary herd. Furthermore, in 1857, '58 and
'59, Limousin animals topped other breeds in some of the first carcass competitions at the
farm produce competition held at Poissy, near Paris.
The reputation of Limousin as meat animals was firmly established. Today, Limousin cattle
are still referred to as the "butcher's animal" in France. The widespread use of natural
selection made it important to record the bloodlines of the outstanding Limousin bulls and
females. So, in November of 1886, the first Limousin Herd Book was established. Louis
Michel presided over the herd book, the objective of which was to ensure the uniformity of
the breed Michel and his 11 fellow herd book commissioners were extremely rigid in the
selections.
Between 1887 and 1890, the commission met six times and out of 1,800 animals presented
for registration from 150 different farms, only a total of 674 (117 males and 497 females)
were accepted for registration.
The formation of the herd book had other important consequences. Once established, the
French government then established shows solely for Limousin cattle. As with their
counterparts today, these shows provided tremendous exposure for the breed as the many
valuable traits of these beef cattle were presented for all to see.
By July of 1914, the total number of animals registered in the herd book was 5,416. It is
interesting to note the herd book has been reorganized twice since it was founded, once in
1923 and again in 1937.
Both times these reorganizations were used to redefine the characteristics of the breed,
making the breeders more selective, thus improving the quality of the animals.
Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, Limousin breeders paid close attention to
morphological characteristics as the breed developed.
The medium size of these cattle as compared to other European breeds was, and is still, an
outstanding breed trait. They also selected for the dark golden-red hide with wheat colored
underpinnings.
French records also show a great deal of emphasis was stressed upon deep chest, a strong top-
line, well-placed tailhead and strongly-muscled hindquarter. The end result was an efficient,
hardy, adaptable animal which was extremely well-suited for its only intended purpose ... to
produce meat.
As the breed developed in France, cattlemen in North America were looking to Europe to
improve their native beef cattle here in the United States. In the late 1800s, English breeds
such as the Hereford, Shorthorn and Angus were imported and crossed on native cattle, most
of them of Spanish background. In the early 1900s Charolais were imported into Cuba and
Mexico and were first introduced into the United States in the early 1930s. The acceptance of
Charolais, combined with the use of crossbreeding as a tool to increase beef production, lead
to the investigation of many other European breeds, including Limousin, by North American
cattlemen.
One of the first exposures in this country concerning Limousin cattle was in the early 1960s
in an issue of the Western Livestock Journal when a Canadian wrote of his impressions after
returning from a trip to France. As more cattlemen traveled to Europe they came back talking
about an impressive "new" beef breed they had seen ... Limousin.
Cattle from France were not eligible for importation into the United States, as France was a
hoof-and-mouth disease affected area. However, the Canadian government did agree to
accept French cattle after they had successfully completed a strict three step quarantine
program.
Before the cattle left France they were held in a three-month quarantine, then once arriving in
Canada they were kept on Grosse Isle off the coast of Nova Scotia or St. Pierre Island in the
Gulf of St. Lawrence for another three-month period.
Finally, the cattle were required to successfully pass a 30-day "on the farm" quarantine. Once
they passed the quarantine, semen could be shipped throughout North America. The first
Limousin imported to Canada was Prince Pompadour, a son of Baron bred at the highly-
respected Pompadour Estate of France.
Through the efforts of Adrien de Moustier of France (later to found Bov Import, Inc.) and
others, the bull arrived in November of 1968. An impressive bull, Prince Pompadour had
been selected by noted French breeder Emil Chastanet as a herd bull for his operation.
After his arrival, Prince Pompadour was brought to the United States to be part of Limousin
exhibitions at various cattle shows and did much to draw attention to the breed. The first
Limousin bulls imported permanently into the United States did not arrive until the fall of
1971. Until this time, the Canadian government had not permitted any Limousin bulls to
leave the country except for short periods for exhibition purposes and then only if the owners
posted a large bond that was refunded when the animal returned to Canada. The first U.S.
import, Kansas Colonel, was born and raised in Canada and was imported by Bob Haag of
Topeka, Kansas, for a group of Kansas Limousin breeders.
The first Limousin semen was available from Prince Pompadour in July of 1969. After being
evaluated by J. J. "Bud" Prosser at the International Beef Breeders facility near Denver,
semen was picked up by Colonel E.J. Geesen of Agate, Colorado. A retired Air Force officer,
Geesen used the semen on his Angus cows on his ranch east of Denver. After the importation
of Prince Pompadour to Canada, another group of Limousin bulls followed in 1969. This
shipment contained Decor, Diplomate, Dandy, Prairie Danseur and Prairie Pride.
These bulls were the base upon which the breed began its long climb up and found good
acceptance on the part of cattlemen. After ten years, many of these bulls still rank high in the
NALF sire summary.
As the first Limousin cattle arrived in North America, cattlemen interested in the breed
realized the need for an organization to promote and develop the breed in the United States
and Canada. At one of these meetings in the spring of 1968 at the Albany Hotel in Denver,
fifteen cattlemen formed the North American Limousin Foundation (NALF). First president
of the NALF was Bob Purdy of Buffalo, Wyoming. A well-respected cattleman, Purdy was a
strong advocate of performance testing. Through his experience with Charolais, Purdy knew
many of the pitfalls to be avoided in the early days. Purdy was a capable administrator who
gave solid leadership to the Foundation during its infancy in the three years he served as
president.
The man responsible for the actual day-to-day running of the NALF was the first executive
vice president, Dick Goff of Denver.
A journalist by profession, Goff's advertising agency had worked for the Charolais
association, and had seen first-hand the development of a new breed association. He knew the
first three to five years of a breed association's existence were extremely critical and financial
stability was the key to survival.
As a result, Goff was largely responsible for the firm financial base upon which the NALF
was built. He developed the idea to sell 100 founder memberships in the NALF for $2,500
apiece. Each founder member was entitled to a prorated share of Prince Pompadour semen,
all of which was owned by the NALF.
All but one of the memberships were sold and the combination of excellent cattle, leadership
and financial stability gave the Limousin breed a tremendous start in North America. From
the initial concentrations in Oklahoma, Texas, South Dakota and western Canada, the
Limousin breed has expanded across North America. The tremendous carcass traits of the
breed have attracted the full attention of the entire beef industry. In addition to solid prices for
breeding stock, feeders are paying a premium for percentage Limousin because of their
excellent feed efficiency and packers are asking for Limousin by name. Percentage Limousin
steers have had unparalleled success in the show ring. Limousin steers have won such
prestigious shows as Denver, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio and Ak-Sar-Ben, not to
mention numerous state and county fairs. Besides these on-foot champions, Limousin steers
have won many carcass shows, living up to their reputation as the "Carcass Breed." The
NALF has grown from the original 99 founding members to over 12,000 active members.
Since NALF began, over 1 million Limousin have been registered through the organization.
Based on annual registrations, Limousin is the largest Continental breed in the United States.
From humble beginnings in France many centuries ago, these golden-red beef cattle have
now achieved acceptance here in the United States as a major contributor to a more efficient
beef industry.
More references:
Reference:
North American Limousin Foundation, P.O. Box 4467, Englewood, CO 80155, Phone: (303)
220-1693. Photographs:
North American Limousin Foundation, P.O. Box 4467, Englewood, CO 80155, Phone: (303)
220-1693.

MURRAY GREY

The Murray Grey breed was evolved in the upper Murray River region in southern
New South Wales, Australia in the early part of this century. The first gray cattle resulted
from the mating of an Angus bull and a roan Shorthorn cow.
Murray Grey cattle are medium in size and fairly early maturing The preferred color is silver-
gray although there are many variations in the shading of gray.
The calves of the breed are small at birth. The cows are good mothers and milk well, and the
calves have good rates of growth. Docility seems to be a genuine asset of the breed both in
the herd and in the feedlot.
The cattle have relatively small heads and bone and are naturally polled. Their survival and
reproductive rate has been very satisfactory under a wide range of climatic and management
conditions.
Murray Greys have high-yielding carcasses with excellent loin development and optimum fat
cover.

SHORTHORN

The Early Breeders.

As early as 1580 there existed a race of superior short-horned cattle on the Yorkshire estates of the
earls and dukes of Northumberland. The coat color of these cattle varied, but among the colors
found were light dun, yellow, yellowish red, deep red, red and white patched, white, and roans.
It was not until after 1750 that accurate records of consequence were kept of the cattle of the area
or of the breeding practices that were followed. Between 1730 and 1780 many eminent breeders
had distinguished themselves in their home localities for cattle of improved type and quality. Among
those who might be mentioned are Sharter, Pickering, Stephenson, Wetherell, Maynard, Dobinson,
Charge, Wright, Hutchinson, Robson, Snowden, Waistell, Richard, Masterman, and Robertson.
These men and others recorded pedigrees in the first volume of the English Herd Book, which was
not published until 1822, or after most of them were no longer active breeders.
The early breeders of Shorthorn or Teeswater cattle left a heritage with which later breeders could
work. The cattle that they developed were usually of considerable size and scale, with wide back and
deep, wide forequarters. Their hair and hide were soft and mellow. In addition, they were cattle that
had ability at the pail and laid on fat readily under conditions of liberal feeding. It is not to be inferred
that these were perfect or ideal cattle as compared to modern standards.
They lacked uniformity and symmetry and were often quite prominent at their hooks and shoulder
points; other faults, such as narrowness of chest, lack of spring of rib, short rumps, long legs, and
unevenness of fleshing, left much to be desired.
The ability of these cows to produce a good flow of milk has always been an asset to the breed, and
size and scale have never been without merit.
Breeders, of course, have striven through the centuries to correct some of the deficiencies that were
prevalent in this Tees River stock, and at the same time to retain the most valued characteristics that
the breed possessed.

Reference:
Briggs, H.M. & D.M. Briggs. Modern Breeds of Livestock. Fourth Edition. Macmillan Publishing Co.
1980 (reprinted with permission from Dr. Briggs).
Photographs:
American Shorthorn Association, 8288 Hascall Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68124, Phone: (402) 393-
7200
SIMMENTAL
 A History of the Simmental Breed
Although the first herd book was established in the Swiss Canton of Berne in 1806, there is evidence
of large, productive red and white cattle found much earlier in ecclesiastical and secular property
records of Western Switzerland.
These red and white animals were highly sought because of their "rapid growth development;
outstanding production of milk, butter, and cheese; and for their use as draught animals." they were
known for their imposing stature and excellent dairy qualities. As early as 1785, the Swiss Parliament
limited exports because of a shortage of cattle to meet their own needs. The Swiss "Red and White
Spotted Simmental Cattle Association" was formed in 1890. Since its origin in Switzerland, the breed
has spread to all six continents. Total numbers are estimated between 40 and 60 million Simmental
cattle world-wide. More than half of these are in Europe.
The spread was gradual until the late 1960s. Records show that a few animals were exported to Italy
as early as the 1400s.
During the 19th century, Simmental were distributed through most of Eastern Europe, the Balkans,
and Russia, ultimately reaching South Africa in 1895. Guatemala imported the first Simmental into
the Western Hemisphere in 1897, with Brazil following suite in 1918 and Argentina in 1922.
There are reports from a variety of sources indicating that Simmental cattle arrived in the United
States before the turn of the century. Simmental were reported as early as 1887 in Illinois, according
to one source; in 1895 in New Jersey; and in both New York and New Mexico around the 1916 to
1920 period.
An ad in an 1896 issue of the Breeder's Gazette, published in Chicago, also made reference to
"Simmenthal" cattle. However, those early imports did not capture the attention of the American
cattleman and the Simmental influence died quietly away until the late 1960s. The breed made its
most recent appearance in North America when a Canadian, named Travers Smith, imported the
famed bull "Parisien" from France in 1967.
Semen was introduced into the United States that same year, with the first half-blood Simmental calf
born in February of 1968. The American Simmental Association was formed in October of 1968.
Simmental spread to Great Britain, Ireland, and Norway in 1970 and to Sweden and other Northern
European countries shortly thereafter. The first purebred bull imported into the United States in 1971
and Australia received Simmental semen and live animals in 1972. The World Simmental Federation
was formed in 1974. In 1976 Simmental cattle were shipped to the Peoples' Republic of China.
The breed is known by a variety of names, including "Fleckvieh" in Germany, "PieRouge",
"Montbeliard", and "Abondance" in France; and "Peseta Rosa" in Italy. The Simmental name is
derived from their original location, the Simme Valley of Switzerland. In German, Thal or Tal means
valley, thus the name literally means "Simme Valley".
The amazing growth of Simmental cattle in North America is really a reflection of what has already
occurred in most agricultural countries of the world. Presently, the American Simmental Association
registered about 80,000 cattle annually into the Simmental and Simbrah herdbooks.
The Association ranks among the top four of the U.S. beef breed associations in annual registrations.
Information and photographs provided by the American Simmental Association, One Simmental Way,
Bozeman, MT 59715.
WAGYU

What are they? Where did they come from?

Most of the cattle were influenced by British and Continental breeds for a few generations nearly 100
years ago. Brown Swiss, Shorthorn, Devon, Simmental, Ayrshire, Korean, Holstein and Angus had
been imported by 1887 and impacted today's Wagyu.
Crossbreeding was prominent for several years, but when the price of crossbreds collapsed in 1910
no further crossbreeding was conducted. The result was selection for specific traits determined by
region and extensive linebreeding was used to achieve those traits.
The dominant black Wagyu strains are Tottori, Tajima, Shimane, and Okayama. Tajima cattle, bred in
the Tajima region, were originally chosen and bred for their heavy forequarters because their
primary use was to pull carts.
They tend to be smaller and less heavily muscled than the Tottori breed. Tottori cattle, because they
were used as pack animals for the grain industry of the Tottori region, were selected for their size and
strength of topline.
The other main "breed" of Wagyu, was developed on the island of Kyushu and are red in color. As
with the blacks, there are two distinct strains-Kochi and Kumamoto. Kochi cattle were strongly
influenced by Korean breeding while Kumamoto are believed to have considerable Simmental
influence.
The original import of these cattle to the U.S. in 1976 consisted of two Tottori Black Wagyu and two
Kumamoto Red Wagyu bulls.
That was the only importation of Wagyu into the U.S. until 1993 when two male and three female
Tajima cattle were imported and 1994 when 35 male and female cattle consisting of both red and
black genetics reached the U.S.
The photographs and information on this page were provided by the American Wagyu Association,
P.O. Box 4071, Bryan, TX 77805 Phone:(409) 260-0300

SAPI TROPIC

BEEFMASTER
 Mr. Lasater also developed a registered Hereford herd in which the cattle had red
circles around each eye. In both his Brahman and Hereford breeding, milk production was
stressed.
Following his death in 1930, the breeding operations came under the direction of his son,
Tom Lasater, who began to combine the breeding of the Brahman and Hereford cattle and
also used some registered Shorthorn bulls.
After making crosses of Brahman-Hereford and Brahman-Shorthorn, he felt a superior animal
had been produced and called the cattle "Beefmaster." The exact pedigree of the foundation
cattle was not known.
The breeding operations were carried on in multiple-sire herds nd rigid culling was practiced.
The Lasater Ranch estimates that modern Beefmaster have slightly less than one-half
Brahman blood and slightly more than one-fourth of Hereford and Shorthorn breeding. The
cattle were handled under range conditions that were often adverse, and a culling program
was started based on disposition, fertility, weight, conformation, hardiness and milk
production.
Stress was placed on the production of beef. No selection has been made to characteristics
that do not affect the carcass, such as horns, hide or color. The Lasater Ranch breeding
program provided an interesting example of the use of mass selection in reaching a goal.
Critics should recall that other breeds have been established in a similar way - a blending of
breeding followed by selection for economically important points Uniformity in many breeds
has been achieved only after many generations of selection.
The original concepts of Tom Lasater in developing Beefmaster cattle have continued.
Selection continues for those points which were originally used by Mr. Lasater and are now
known as the Six Essentials - Weight, Conformation, Milking Ability, Fertility, Hardiness and
Disposition.
Considerable progress has been made in selecting cattle that give very satisfactory levels of
production under the practical and often severe range conditions. Satisfaction by ranchers and
creditable performance in feedlots indicate the value of stressing the important utilitarian
points in developing breeding herds.
References:

Briggs, H.M. & D.M. Briggs. Modern Breeds of Livestock. Fourth Edition. Macmillan
Publishing Co. 1980
Promotional materials. Beefmaster Breeders United, San Antonio, Texas
Photographs:
Beefmaster Breeders United, San Antonio, Texas
Ernie Gill
BRAFORD

Braford History
Working with a base of Brahman cows that were primarily Partin and Hudgins breeding, Alto Adams
Jr. began using Hereford bulls on his St. Lucie County, Florida ranch in 1947. The resulting steer and
heifer calves were outstanding, but the Hereford bulls required to produce those calves had extreme
problems with feet, eyes and general livability. Adams quickly realized that using Hereford bulls that
were not adapted to South Florida was simply not feasible and he began experimenting with various
types of Brahman-Hereford cross bulls.

Eventually he identified Braford bulls that were producing calves that met his needs and he used
these bulls and their offspring to form what is recognized as the Foundation Herd of the Braford
breed in the United States. Brafords are known for superior maternal ability. Early puberty, fertility,
calving ease, optimum milk production, maternal aptitude and productive longevity have earned
Brafords this distinguished reputation. Braford cattle are approximately 3/8 Brahman and 5/8
Hereford.

Reference:
Adams Ranch, Inc., Fort Pierce, FL 34979
United Braford Breeders, 422 East Main Suite 218, Nacogdoches, TX 75961. Phone: (409) 569-8200
Email: ubb@brafords.org
Photographs:
Adams Ranch, Inc., Fort Pierce, FL 34979

BRAHMAN

The Brahman breed originated from Bos indicus cattle originally brought from India.
Through centuries of exposure to inadequate food supplies, insect pests, parasites, diseases
and the weather extremes of tropical India, the native cattle developed some remarkable
adaptations for survival.
These are the "sacred cattle of India," and many of the Hindu faith will not eat meat from
them, will not permit them to be slaughtered, and will not sell them. These facts, in
conjunction with he quarantine regulations of the United States, have made it difficult to
import cattle from India into this country.
All the Bos indicus cattle are characterized by a large hump over the top of the shoulder and
neck. Spinal processes below the hump are extended, and there is considerable muscular
tissue covering the processes.
The other characteristics of these cattle are their horns, which usually curve upward and are
sometimes tilted to the rear, their ears, which are generally large and pendulous, and the
throatlatch and dewlap, which have a large amount of excess skin.
They also have more highly developed sweat glands than European cattle (Bos taurus) and so
can perspire more freely. Bos indicus cattle produce an oily secretion from the sebaceous
glands which has a distinctive odor and is reported to assist in repelling insects.
Origin of the Breed

Some 30 well defined breeds of cattle have been listed in India. Three principal strains or
varieties were brought to the United States and used in the development of the Brahman
breed are the Guzerat, the Nellore, and Gir.
In addition, the Krishna Valley strain was introduced and used to a lesser extent. The general
similarity of the Guzert strain to the cattle selected and developed in this country would
indicate that cattlemen working with the breed have generally preferred this type.
Breed Development

It is said that during the period from 1910 to 1920, many cattle in the south-western part of
Texas and the coastal country along the Gulf of Mexico showed considerable evidence of Bos
indicus breeding. Naturally, many of the bulls that were used were the result of crosses with
other breeds. Some breeders attempted to keep the stock pure, but they were in the minority.
Since there are records of less than 300 imported Brahmans, most of which were bulls, it
must be assumed that other breeds supplied the foundation animals for the breed. The bulls
were used on cows of the European breeds and on the descendants of these crosses.

By the fifth generation (31/32) the offspring carried not only a preponderance of Bos indicus
breeding but selection pressure had permitted the development of an animal generally
regarded as superior to the original imports for beef production.

Physical Characteristics

• Size.

Brahmans are intermediate in size among beef breeds found in the United States. Bulls will
generally weigh from 1600 to 2200 pounds and cows from 1000 to 1400 pounds in average
condition.

The calves are small at birth, weighing 60 to 65 pounds, but grow very rapidly and wean at
weights comparable to other breeds.

• Disposition.

The disposition of Brahman cattle is often questioned. Brahmans are intelligent, inquisitive
and shy. They are unusually thrifty, hardy and adaptable to a wide range of feed and climate.
However, these characteristics also suggest careful, kind handling methods.

Brahmans like affection and can become very docile. They quickly respond to handling they
receive, good or bad. Well bred, wisely selected and properly treated Brahmans are as easily
handled as other breeds.
• Colors.

Brahmans very in color from very light grey or red to almost black. A majority of the breed
are light to medium grey. Mature bulls are normally darker than cows and usually have dark
areas on the neck, shoulders and lower thighs.

• Heat Tolerance.

Studies at the University of Missouri found that Brahman and European cattle thrive equally
well at temperatures down to 8° F.

They found that European cattle begin to suffer adversely as the air temperature goes above
70° F, showing an increase in body temperature and a decline in appetite and milk production
as 75° F, is passed.
Brahmans, on the other hand, show little effect from temperatures up to and beyond 105° F.
Although heat tolerance is only one factor in environmental adaptation of cattle, it is
considered the most important.
These are some of the other factors that allow Brahmans to adapt to adverse conditions.

• Hair Coat.

The short, thick, glossy hair coat of the Brahman reflects much of the sun's rays, adding to its
ability to graze in the glaring midday sun without suffering.

Skin Pigmentation.

The black pigmented skin of Brahmans keeps out the intense rays of the sun, which in
excessive amounts will damage deeper tissue layers.

• Loose Skin.

An abundance of loose skin on the Brahman is thought to contribute to its ability to withstand
warm weather by increasing the body surface area exposed to cooling.

• Sweating Ability.

Brahmans have sweat glands and the ability to sweat freely through the pores of the skin,
which contributes materially to their heat tolerance.

• Internal Body Heat.

One factor contributing to the great heat tolerance of Brahmans, discovered in the Missouri
studies, is that they produce less internal body heat in warm weather than do cattle of
European breeds.
Waste heat is produced from feed at the expense of growth and milk production. Brahman
cattle have been found to fill a unique place in American cattle production. The Brahman and
cattle carrying percentages of Brahman breeding have been found extremely useful in the
southern coastal area of the United States, where they have demonstrated their ability to
withstand hot and humid weather and to resist insects. In more recent years Brahman cattle
have spread considerably from their initial locations and are now found widely through the
United States. They are also good mothers and produce a very satisfactory milk flow under
conditions that are adverse for best performance of the European breeds.
Cancer eye is almost unknown in the breed. They have established a considerable reputation
for a high dressing percentage, and their carcasses have a very good "cutout" value with
minimum of outside fat.
Probably the greatest tribute to the Brahman breed and its breeders is the rapid growth of the
breed outside of the United States. They have constituted a large proportion of our exports of
breeding cattle outside continental North America.

Reference:

Briggs, H.M. & D.M. Briggs. Modern Breeds of Livestock. Fourth Edition. Macmillan
Publishing Co. 1980
Promotional materials from the American Brahman Breeders Association from North Star
Brahman Ranch, Ed or Glenda Daniels, Rt.3 Box 694, Broken Arrow, OK 74014 Phone:
(918) 357-2432
BRANGUS

Background Information
The combination results in a breed which unites the traits of two highly successful parent
breeds. The Brahman, through rigorous natural selection, developed disease resistance,
overall hardiness and outstanding maternal instincts.
Angus are known for their superior carcass qualities. They are also extremely functional
females which excel in both fertility and milking ability.
How It All Began
A review of the development of the Brangus breed would take us back beyond the founding
of the American Brangus Breeders Association in 1949; however, registered Brangus descend
from the foundation animals recorded that year or registered Brahman and Angus cattle
enrolled since then.
Much of the early work in crossing Brahman and Angus cattle was done at the USDA
Experiment Station in Jeanerette, Louisiana. According to the USDA 1935 Yearbook in
Agriculture the research with these crossed started about 1932 During the same period, Clear
Creek Ranch of Welch, Oklahoma and Grenada, Mississippi, Raymond Pope of Vinita,
Oklahoma, the Essar Ranch of San Antonio, Texas, and a few individual breeders in other
parts of the United States and Canada were also carrying on private experimental breeding
programs.
They were looking for a desirable beef-type animal that would retain the Brahman's natural
ability to thrive under adverse conditions in combination with the excellent qualities for
which the Angus is noted.
The early breeders from 16 states and Canada met in Vinita, Oklahoma, on July 2, 1949, and
organized the American Brangus Breeders Association, later renamed the International
Brangus Breeders Association (IBBA), with headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri, and
eventually San Antonio, Texas, where the permanent headquarters has been located since
January, 1973.
There are now members in nearly every state, Canada, Mexico, Australia, Central America,
Argentina, and South Rhodesia in Africa.
Registered Brangus must be 3/8 Brahman and 5/8 Angus, solid black and polled. Both sire
and dam must be recorded with the International Brangus Breeders Association. Foundation
Angus and Brahman cattle must be registered in their respective breed association prior to
being enrolled with the IBBA. Intermediate crosses necessary to reach the 3/8 - 5/8
percentage are certified by the IBBA.
In recent years, the major portion of the Brangus registered are from Brangus parents, but an
increasing number of foundation Brahman and Angus are being enrolled as the breed
achieves greater recognition.
Interest in developing breeds of cattle carrying some percentage of Brahman breeding for the
general improvement of the commercial cattle of the United States speaks well for the
apparent advantages that Bos indicus cattle have in areas of high heat and humidity.
Research at Louisiana has indicated that Brangus cows increased their weights during the
summer months while Angus cows lost weight, indicating that they were more adapted to
coastal climates.
Calves from Brangus were heavier at birth and weaning and for total pounds produced per
cow. The Angus had an advantage in conception rate and calved earlier, and the calves were
more vigorous at birth and survived better to weaning.
The breed have proven resistant to heat and high humidity. Under conditions of cool and cold
climate they seem to produce enough hair for adequate protection.
The cows are good mothers and the calves are usually of medium size at birth. The cattle
respond well to conditions of abundant feed but have exhibited hardiness under conditions of
stress.
Reference:
Briggs, H.M. & D.M. Briggs. Modern Breeds of Livestock. Fourth Edition. Macmillan
Publishing Co. 1980
Promotional materials. International Brangus Breeders Association, San Antonio, TX.
Photographs:
International Brangus Breeders Association, San Antonio, TX

CHARBRAY

The Charbray breed was established in Texas USA in the 1930s when Charolais bulls
from Mexico were crossed with Brahman (bos indicus) cows. The resulting calves weaned
heavier, finished faster and carcase quality was unusually high.
With the importation of Charolais semen into Australia in 1969, a number of Brahman
breeders began experimenting. With the continuing success of the Breed, the Charbray
Society was launched at a meeting in Brisbane on 13 August 1977, when it was agreed that
purebred matings of registered Charolais and Brahmans would be recognised as Charbray and
that the name should apply to cattle bred within the range of 75 and 25% Charolais and
Brahman, either way.
These limits were decided on to allow for variations to suit all environments and thus provide
an Australia-wide market for Charbray cattle.
Professor D F Dowling, at that time Professor of Veterinary Bio-Meteorology, University of
Queensland, and a member of the Steering Committee which prepared the guidelines,
stressed the advantages of a breeding system based on factors to improve beef production and
carcase yield, rather than on regulations designed for the convenience of a Breed Society.
The primary objective of the Charbray Society being to encourage the improvement,
exhibition and sale of Charbray cattle. Since its inception, the Society’s membership has
reached 95, with over 13000 head of cattle registered in the Herd Book.

DROUGTMASTER

Initial crossing of Shorthorn and Brahman breeds led to selective breeding of the
progeny to arrive finally at a fixed tropical breed containing approximately 50 percent
Shorthorn and 50 percent Brahman bloodlines.
Its popularity has increased to the degree that is spread throughout most states of Australia,
although they are found mainly in Queensland.
The breed is basically red in color, although variations from a golden honey color to dark red
occur. Droughtmasters are either polled or horned with the majority of stud cattle exhibiting
the poll characteristic.
Their heat and tick tolerance, excellent fertility, ease of calving and quiet temperament give
this breed a good reputation.
Droughtmasters exhibit medium to slightly late maturity in carcass development. They have
gained a reputation for producing lean carcasses in the yearling to two year old steer group,
although large bullocks are produced, particularly in northern Queensland.
References:
Handbook of Australian Livestock, Australian Meat & Livestock Corporation,1989, 3rd
Edition Mason, I.L. World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds. Third Edition. C.A.B
International. 1988
Photographs:
Handbook of Australian Livestock, Australian Meat & Livestock Corporation,1989, 3rd
Edition

SIMBRAH

The Brahman or Zebu, the most numerous cattle type on earth, contributes heat and
insect tolerance, hardiness and excellent foraging ability, as well as maternal calving ease and
longevity.
The Simmental complements these excellent traits with early sexual maturity, fertility,
milking ability, rapid growth and good beef characteristics. The very docile disposition of
most Simmental is also a plus for this composite. These two cattle breeds have been used in
cooperation to produce Simbrah, superior in many ways to the parent breeds.
Simbrah has been described as "The All Purpose American Breed". Developed in America,
Simbrah genetics may be called on to infuse superior maternal traits into a herd. Or, due to
their rapid growth, vigor, and heat tolerance, Simbrah may be the answer in a terminal cross
program. In the final analysis, Simbrah will produce a lean, high quality beef product.
Originally developed in the hot, humid areas of the Gulf Coast, Simbrah have shown they can
Thrive in the Northwest and Northeast regions of the United States where temperatures may
range 115 degrees in the summer to 25 degrees below zero in the winter. There is great
interest in the breed worldwide. Simbrah are being developed in many areas where Zebu
breeding predominates as well as other areas where Simbrah’s unique blend of features is
desired.
Breeds of Simbrah know the importance of producing practical cattle with economic
advantages. Simbrah have been developed to be as functional and trouble free as possible.
Breeders stress structurally sound underlines, i.e. a clean sheath teamed with large scrotal size
on the bulls and a well-attached udder with small teats on the cows. Many also put emphasis
on pigmented eyes, thick muscling, and reasonable dispositions. Some programs produce
polled Simbrah.
Commercial operators appreciate the long and productive life span of Simbrah cattle.
Frequently, well beyond 10 years of age, unpampered cows are still weaning heavy calves
and bulls are still breeding. This can mean a significant savings in replacement costs for the
rancher.
After weaning, most Simbrah calves will perform well if placed directly in the feedlot. At this
phase in their lives, they are growing rapidly and will gain very efficiently. They can produce
a very desirable carcass at 12-15 months of age.
Enthusiastic Simbrah breeders are utilizing all the tools, animal science and technology
available to modern animal breeders. They have a broad genetic base in which to work and a
sophisticated evaluation program for performance and progeny information. The Simbrah
Registry is kept by the American Simmental Association.
Information and photographs provided by the American Simmental Association, One
Simmental Way, Bozeman, MT 59715
Sapi Vechur (dari India), Sapi ini berasal dari India, dan disana disebut sapi vechur. Rata-rata
ketinggian sapi ini hanya 31 sampai 31 inci. Foto diatas menunjukkan sapi vechur yang sudah
berumur 16 tahun dan tampak sapi yang lebih besar adalah jenis HF dengan umur 6 tahun .

Belgian Blue (Induk dan Anak) (atas),

Belgian Blue (bawah).....walaupun ada yang tidak blue....

 Awalnya pada abad 19 orang Belgia mengawinkan sapi
ternak lokal dengan sapi Inggris, hasilnya adalah sapi Belgian
Blue, si sapi raksasa ajaib. Ukurannya yang luar biasa dan
otot-otot besarnya kadang-kadang dijuluki "double
muscling", merupakan hasil suatu proses mutasi gen natural
untuk myostatin, suatu protein bertanggung jawab dalam
proses pertumbuhan otot. Mutasi ini menghasilkan
percepatan pertumbuhan otot tanpa lemak.
Sapi Frisien Holstein (FH)
SAPI-SAPI HASIL MUTASI GENETIK

Foto-foto sapi ini adalah sapi benaran. Sapi tersebut dijumpai di Belgia pada
abad ke-19 dan merupakan hasil persimpangan sapi lokal dengan sapi Inggris,
ternak Blue Belgia adalah keajaiban sapi raksasa.

Sapi raksasa ini mempunyai ukuran yang sangat besar dan massa otot yang sering
disebut dengan istialh “double muscling,” adalah mutasi yang terjadi secara alami
dari gen untuk myostatin, sebuah protein yang mengatur pertumbuhan otot. Ini hasil
mutasi pada percepatan pertumbuhan otot ramping.
source: http://www.melonproperty.com/blog/in/sapi-binaragawan
 Sapi Mirip Kanguru

Anak sapi milik seorang warga Dusun, Desa Kedungasri, Kecamatan Tegaldelimo,
Banyuwangi ini bisa dikatakan ajaib. Sapi yang lahir Senin malam kemarin itu hanya
memiliki dua kaki. Karena hanya memilik dua kaki belakang, maka cara jalannya
menyerupai seekor kanguru.
 Beeffalo (banteng+sapi)
Apa jadinya jika seekor sapi dikawin-silangkan dengan seekor
banteng? Beefalo merupakan hewan hybird yang dagingnya mempunyai
lemak dan kolesterol lebih rendah dari daging sapi biasa. Tidak banyak
orang yang tahu, kecuali mungkin pernah memakannya, dan di beberapa
toko daging di Seattle, Amerika ada yang menjualnya. "Rasa dagingnya
lebih kaya, lebih renyah dan manis dari daging sapi biasa" ujar Mark
Merril seorang peternak beefalo.
 Toast of botswana (domba+kambing)
Sebuah kasus yang tidak biasa dari domba hybird dilaporkan oleh dokter-dokter hewan di
Boswana tahun 2000. Hewan ini dilahirkan alami dari perkawinan alam kambing betina dan domba
jantan yang dibiakkan bersama.

Hasil persilangan ini menghasilkan jenis tengah di antara dua spesies induknya. Kulit luarnya
kasar, kulit bagian dalamnya mengandung wool, kaki-kainya panjang seperti kambing, dan
tubuhnya berat layaknya domba.

Meski tidak subur (infertile), hewan hybird ini memiliki libido yang tinggi, hingga kadang disebut
Bemya (rapist). Biasanya pada umur 10 bulan akan dikebiri karena perilakunya yang
mengganggu.
SAPI LOKAL INDONESIA

Brahman (Induk)
BRAHMAN (Pejantan)

Jenis sapi lokal yang banyak dibudidayakan masyarakat Indonesia adalah sapi zebu,
peranakan ongole (PO), sapi bali, sapi madura (silangan alami antara zebu, ongole dan bali),
american brahman dan australian brahman. Kadang-kadang, di masyarakat juga kita jumpai
jenis sapi yang tidak lagi ketahuan galur/rasnya. Sebab di kalangan masyarakat pedesaan,
dulu ada kebiasaan untuk mengawinkan sapi betina mereka, tanpa pernah memperhitungkan
jenis pejantannya. Akibatnya sapi PO bisa kawin dengan sapi madura, sapi brahman dan
sebagainya. Keturunan yang diperoleh, tentu menjadi tidak murni lagi. Dulu, perkawinan
sedarah (inbreeding) atau antar saudara, juga ikut pula memerosotkan kualitas sapi yang ada.
Terjadi degradasi kualitas sapi yang ada di masyarakat. Upaya pemerintah dengan melakukan
inseminasi buatan, berikut penyuluhan kepada para peternak, telah memperbaiki kualitas sapi
rakyat. Hingga sekarang galur sapi yang dipelihara masyarakat kembali jelas. Di Jawa dan
Lampung, rata-rata masyarakat memelihara sapi zebu, PO atau brahman. Di Madura tentu
sapi madura sementara di Bali sapi bali. Sapi madura dan sapi bali ini banyak pula dipelihara
di NTP dan NTT. Di kawasan transmigran atau pemukiman lain di Luar Jawa, Madura, Bali
dan Lampung, sapi yang dipelihara tergantung dari masyarakat pemukimnya. Meskipun
sekarang ada kecenderungan masyarakat untuk lebih memilih sapi bali serta madura karena
daya tahanannya yang relatif tinggi terhadap kekurangan hijauan maupun serangan
penyakit.

Dengan kemampuan menggemukkan rata-rata sekitar 4 ekor, dengan jam kerja antara
2 sd. 3 jam. Jam kerja ini akan digunakan untuk mencari hijauan, membersihkan kandang,
memberi minum, memandikan sapi dll.

Masalah dalam Pemeliharaan Sapi BC :

1. Namun pada sapi impor, ada batasan minimalnya. Sebab mendatangkan sapi
bakalan dari Australia, minimal harus satu kapal sebanyak sekitar 2.000 ekor.
Hingga angka minimal yang harus digemukkan per angkatan adalah 2.000 ekor.
Meskipun sekarang sudah ada pola "nempil". Seorang investor yang hanya
memiliki modal untuk menggemukkan 20 ekor, bisa patungan dengan dua atau
tida investor lain hingga terkumpul 40 sd. 60 ekor. Jumlah ini diusahakan untuk
nempil (membeli sebagian kecil) dari pengusaha feedlot yang melakukan impor
sapi bakalan. Apabila investor kecil tersebut sudah dikenal baik oleh importir,
biasanya akan diberi "tempilan" sejumlah yang dibutuhkannya. Bahkan importir
yang biasanya juga pengusaha penggemukan tersebut, akan menjamin pula
pemasarannya apabila usaha yang dilakukan oleh si investor kecil tersebut
berhasil. Patokan keberhasilan ini ditandai dengan angka mortalitas nol dan
laju pertumbuhan minimal 1 kg. per ekor per hari.
2. Karenanya pertambahan bobot hidup rata-rata pada penggemukan secara
tradisional hanyalah 0,5 kg. per hari. Meskipun sapi yang digemukkan merupakan
bakalan impor, dengan pola penggemukan tradisional, sulit untuk mencapai
pertumbuhan bobot hidup 1 kg. per hari. Sementara sapi lokal pun, apabila
digemukkan dengan pakan utama konsentrat dan silase, sementara hijauannya
hanya merupakan pakan tambahan, akan mencapai pertumbuhan bobot hidup
lebih dari 0,5 kg per hari. Pada akhirnya, yang akan menentukan untung ruginya
penggemukan sapi potong adalah komponen biaya pakan ini. Apabila kita bisa
menemukan pakan yang mampu meningkatkan bobot hidup tinggi namun
harganya murah, maka tingkat keuntungannya akan bertambah. Sebaliknya,
penggunaan konsentrat pabrik secara berlebihan, akan menelan biaya tinggi,
hingga pertumbuhan bobot hidup yang dicapai tidak mampu lagi menutup biaya
pakan.

3. Hijauan murah yang selama ini masih belum termanfaatkan dengan baik untuk
usaha penggemukan sapi potong adalah jerami padi. Kalau kita lewat kawasan
Pantura atau sentra penghasil padi lainnya selama musim panen raya, maka akan
tampak jerami yang dihamparkan di tengah sawah dan setelah kering langsung
dibakar. Api (panas) yang ditimbulkan akibat pembakaran jerami ini, sebenarnya
merupakan energi yang masih bisa diubah menjadi protein melalui pencernakan
sapi. Di Gunung Kidul, DIY, pada musim kemarau sapi hanya diberi pakan
jerami dan tebon (batang jagung) kering. Selulosa ini tentu sangat rendah
gizinya. Namun di tahun 1950an, ketika pupuk urea diperkenalkan ke
masyarakat, peternak di Gunung Kidul punya gagasan unik. Kalau mes
(urea) bisa menyuburkan tanaman, mestinya juga bisa menggemukkan sapi.
Maka mereka pun memberi sapi mereka sedikit urea pada minumannya.
Biasanya air minum sapi ini dicampur dengan tetes, ampas singkong atau
dedak. Di luar dugaan, ternyata sapi yang hanya diberi jerami dan tebon
kering ini setelah mendapat urea benar-benar jadi gemuk. Dalam rumen
(lambung sapi), memang terdapat bakteri penghancur selulosa. Dengan
adanya starter urea plus karbohidrat, bakteri tersebut akan tumbuh pesat
dan menghancurkan selulosa. Karena penghancuran jerami dan tebon
kering ini dibantu oleh jutaan bakteri, maka penyerapan nutrisinya menjadi
lebih optimal. Sementara bangkai bakteri berupa protein itu, merupakan gizi
tambahan yang luarbiasa.

4. Berapa % kadar gula molasesdiganti dengan gula pasir murah.

 5. Didesign mesin coper untuk jerami kering,

6. Daun jagung yang diambil buahnya untuk rebusan juga dipotong dan disimpan
kering (tebon), bgmn gizinya ? bgmn haslnya ?

7.

Bangsa-Bangsa Sapi Potong di Provinsi Jawa Timur

Posted on Januari 10, 2008 by yuari

Propinsi Jawa Timur merupakan salah satu wilayah dengan populasi sapi po-tong
terbesar di Indonesia. Populasi sapi potong Indonesia pada tahun 2002 sebesar 10,436 juta
ekor, ternyata sebanyak 28,90 % berada di Jawa Timur ; komposisi populasinya : 46,40 %
sapi lokal (terdiri 33,50 % PO ; 63,50 % Madura ; 3,00 % Bali (Anonimus, 2003c)) dan 53,60
% sapi yang tidak teridentifikasi turunannya (undeter-mined breed).
Sapi PO (Peranakan Ongole)

Bangsa adalah tingkatan pengelompokan hewan dalam sistematika atau taxonomi, dimana
hewan tersebut telah mempunyai ciri khas tertentu yang diwariskan seutuhnya ke
keturunannya (Hardjosubroto dan Astuti, 1994). Sapi PO adalah bangsa sapi hasil persilangan
antara pejantan sapi Sumba Ongole (SO) dengan sapi betina lo-kal di Jawa yang berwarna
putih (Anonimus, 2003b). Saat ini sapi PO yang murni mu lai sulit ditemukan, karena telah
banyak di silangkan dengan sapi Brahman, sehingga sapi POdiartikan sebagai sapi lokal
berwarna putih (keabu-abuan), berkelasa dan gelambir. Sapi PO terkenal sebagai sapi
pedaging dan sapi pekerja, mempunyai kemampuan adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap perbedaan
kondisi lingkungan, memiliki tena ga yang kuat dan aktivitas reproduksi induknya cepat
kembali normal setelah ber-anak, jantannya memiliki kualitas semen yang baik (Affandhy
dkk., 2002).
 Sapi Madura adalah bangsa sapi potong lokal asli Indonesia yang terbentuk dari
persilangan antara banteng dengan Bos indicus atau sapi Zebu (Hardjosubroto dan Astuti,
1994), yang secara genetik memiliki sifat toleran terhadap iklim panas dan lingkungan
marginal serta tahan terhadap serangan caplak (Anonimus, 1987). Karak-teristik sapi Madura
sudah sangat seragam, yaitu bentuk tubuhnya kecil, kaki pendek dan kuat, bulu berwarna
merah bata agak kekuningan tetapi bagian perut dan paha sebelah dalam berwarna putih
dengan peralihan yang kurang jelas ; bertanduk khas dan jantannya bergumba
(Hardjosubroto, 1994).
Kawasan Peternakan Sapi Potong di Sumbawa, NTB.

Sapi Bali, menurut Hardjosubroto dan Astuti (1994) adalah bangsa sapi po-tong lokal asli
Indonesia yang terbentuk dari banteng (Bibos banteng) yang telah dijinakkan berabad-abad
yang lalu. Sapi Bali mempunyai angka reproduksi yang ting gi, tingkat adaptasi yang sangat
baik terhadap kondisi pakan yang jelek dan lingkungan yang panas serta mempunyai %
karkas dan kualitas daging bagus (Anonimus, 1985). Kelemahan sapi Bali adalah rentan
terhadap penyakit jembrana dan MCF serta tingkat kematian pedet pra sapih yang mencapai
15 sampai 20 % (Anonimus, 1987). Warna bulu merah bata, pada jantan akan menjadi hitam
saat dewasa ; ada warna pu-tih dengan batas yang jelas pada bagian belakang paha, pinggiran
bibir atas, kaki ba wah mulai tarsus dan carpus ; mempunyai gumba yang bentuknya khas
serta terdapat garis hitam yang jelas pada bagian atas punggung (Hardjosubroto, 1994).

Sapi Bali berukuran sedang, dadanya dalam, tidak berpunuk dan kaki-kakinya
ramping. Kulitnya berwarna merah bata. Cermin hidung, kuku dan bulu ujung ekornya
berwarna hitam. Kaki di bawah persendian karpal dan tarsal berwarna putih. Kulit berwarna
putih juga ditemukan pada bagian pantatnya dan pada paha bagian dalam kulit berwarna
putih tersebut berbentuk oval (white mirror). Pada punggungnya selalu ditemukan bulu hitam
membentuk garis (garis belut) memanjang dari gumba hingga pangkal ekor. Sapi Bali jantan
berwarna lebih gelap bila dibandingkan dengan sapi Bali betina. Warna bulu sapi Bali jantan
biasanya berubah dari merah bata menjadi coklat tua atau hitam legam setelah sapi itu
mencapai dewasa kelamin. Warna hitam dapat berubah menjadi coklat tua atau merah bata
apabila sapi itu dikebiri.
Sapi silangan yang paling diminati peternak di Jatim adalah sapi SIMPO dan LIMPO. Hal ini
tampak pada realisasi distribusi straw sapi Simmental dan Limousin tahun 2002 mencapai
556.945 dosis atau sebesar 89,42 % dari total distribusi straw tujuh bangsa sapi yang ada
(Anonimus, 2003c). Sapi SIMPO dan LIMPO di Jawa Timur mempunyai performan
pertumbuhan prasapih dan pasca yearling yang lebih bagus dibanding sapi PO ; sebagai
induk mampu mencapai umur pubertas lebih awal, tetapi efisiensi reproduksinya lebih rendah
dibanding PO; sebagai pejantan, mempunyai kualitas semen lebih rendah dibanding sapi PO
(Affandhy dkk., 2002).

Sapi SIMPO tidak bergumba dan tidak bergelambir ; warna bulu merah bata, merah tua atau
coklat muda, putih kekuningan dan doreng (loreng hitam, putih, me-rah bata dan coklat). Ciri
khas sapi SIMPO adalah ada warna bulu putih berbentuk segitiga diantara kedua tanduknya.

Sapi LIMPO tidak berpunuk dan tidak bergelambir ; warna bulunya hanya coklat tua atau
kehitaman dan coklat muda. Rata-rata karak teristik morfologi kuantitatif sapi SIMPO dan
LIMPO yang dipelihara peternak rak-yat di Jateng, DIY dan Jatim, tercantum dalam Tabel
1.Sapi Ongole berasal dari India, termasuk bangsa Bos indicus, tipe sapi kerja dan pedaging
(Siregar dkk., 2003), disebarkan di Indonesia sebagai sapi Sumba Ongole (SO) melalui
grading up dengan induk sapi jawa dihasilkan sapi Peranakan Ongole (Hardjosubroto dan
Astuti, 1994). Warna bulu sapi Ongole putih abu-abu de ngan warna hitam disekeliling mata,
mempunyai gumba dan gelambir yang besar menggelantung, saat mencapai umur dewasa
yang jantan mempunyai berat badan kurang dari 600 kg dan yang betina 450 kg (Atmadilaga,
1983).

Sapi Simmental adalah bangsa Bos taurus (Talib dan Siregar, 1999), berasal dari daerah
Simme di negara Switzerland tetapi sekarang berkembang lebih cepat di benua Eropa dan
Amerika, merupakan tipe sapi perah dan pedaging, warna bulu coklat kemerahan (merah
bata), dibagian muka dan lutut kebawah serta ujung ekor ber warna putih, sapi jantan
dewasanya mampu mencapai berat badan 1150 kg sedang betina dewasanya 800 kg
(Anonimus, 2002b).

Sapi Limousin adalah bangsa Bos turus (Talib dan Siregar, 1999), dikembang-kan pertama di
Perancis, merupakan tipe sapi pedaging dengan perototan yang lebih baik dari Simmental,
warna bulu coklat tua kecuali disekitar ambing berwarna putih serta lutut kebawah dan
sekitar mata berwarna lebih muda (Anonimus, 2002b).

Secara genetik, sapi Simmental atau Limousin adalah sapi potong yang berasal dari wilayah
beriklim dingin, merupakan sapi tipe besar, mempunyai volume rumen yang besar, voluntary
intake (kemampuan menambah konsumsi diluar kebutuhan yang sebenarnya) yang tinggi dan
metabolic rate yang cepat, sehingga menuntut tata laksana pemeliharaan yang lebih teratur
(Anonimus, 2002b) ; sedangkan sapi Ongole adalah tipe sedang yang berasal dari daerah
beriklim panas, merupakan sapi tipe kecil sampai sedang sehingga dapat dikembangkan pada
kondisi tatalaksana pemeliharaan yang ekstensif (Atmadilaga, 1983).
Sapi mau Melahirkan
Sapi Terkena Awan Panas (Wedhus Gembel) Gunung Merapi.

Alat Peraga Sapi

Pemerintah Kendalikan Impor Daging Sapi
sumber : Antara 7/Jul/2010 18:59

Jakarta (ANTARA) - Pemerintah mengendalikan impor daging sapi dan meningkatkan

produksi daging sapi dalam negeri supaya swasembada daging sapi bisa terwujud secara
bertahap pada 2014.

"Sekarang produksi dalam negeri sudah meningkat. Impor Januari-Juni sudah berjalan
sebesar 56 ribu ton daging, ke depan akan dikendalikan untuk memastikan swasembada
terwujud," kata Wakil Menteri Pertanian, Bayu Krisnamurthi, di Jakarta, Rabu.

Pemerintah, kata dia, hanya akan memberikan kelonggaran impor daging pada rantai jaringan
restoran yang membutuhkan daging dengan spesifikasi khusus yang belum bisa dipenuhi dari
dalam negeri.

"Tapi kebutuhan mereka sangat sedikit jika dibandingkan dengan total kebutuhan daging
sapi," katanya usai mengikuti rapat koordinasi stabilisasi harga bahan pokok di Kementerian
Perdagangan.

Menurut dia, kebutuhan daging sapi pada rantai restoran hanya 100-150 ton per bulan atau
1.200-1.800 ton per tahun, jauh lebih kecil dari kebutuhan daging sapi rumah tangga dan
industri.

Kebutuhan daging sapi untuk keperluan rumah tangga, menurut dia, sampai 340 ribu ton per
tahun dan kebutuhan daging sapi untuk industri 65 ribu ton per tahun.
Selain mengendalikan impor, kata dia, pemerintah terus meningkatkan kapasitas produksi
daging sapi dalam negeri supaya bisa memenuhi 90 persen kebutuhan nasional pada 2014.

Upaya itu antara lain dilakukan melalui penyediaan bakalan dan peningkatan populasi sapi,
peningkatan produktifitas dan kemampuan reproduksi sapi lokal, pencegahan pemotongan
sapi betina produktif, penyediaan bibit sapi dan revitalisasi aturan distribusi dan pemasaran
ternak/daging sapi.

Kementerian Pertanian juga menargetkan peningkatan populasi sapi tahun 2014 meningkat
sebanyak 11,23 persen menjadi 14,23 juta sapi pada 2014.

Menurut data Kementerian Pertanian, produksi sapi lokal pada 2007 sebanyak 210,8 ribu ton
naik menjadi 250,8 ribu ton pada 2009 sementara konsumsi daging sapi nasional sebanyak
325,9 ribu ton pada 2009 naik dari 314,0 ribu ton pada 2007.

Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi daging sapi, tahun 2007 pemerintah mengimpor sapi
bakalan sebanyak 60,8 ribu ton dan daging sapi sebanyak 64,0 ribu ton. Pada 2009, impor
sapi bakalan naik menjadi 72,8 ribu ton dan impor daging sapi naik menjadi 70,0 ribu ton.

Masih Stabil

Bayu menjelaskan pula bahwa sampai awal Juli 2010 harga daging sapi masih relatif stabil
dengan perubahan sekitar 0,02 persen.

Pemerintah, kata dia, terus memantau perkembangan harga dan produksi daging sapi untuk
memastikan pasokan daging bagi masyarakat tidak terganggu, terutama menjelang dan
selama Ramadhan, Idul Fitri, Natal, dan Tahun Baru.