BAB 2

STIE YKPN

YOGYAKARTA

www.stieykpn.ac..id PELAPORAN GRUP I:

KONSEP DAN KONTEK

HAL : 1
 PENDAHULUAN
• Pengguna laporan keuangan kadangkala
membutuhkan lebih dari satu laporan keuangan.
• Laporan keuangan dapat dilaporkan dlm level:
– Laporan keuangan terpisah untuk setiap
entitas hukum
– Laporan keuangan agregat untuk satu unit
entitas ekonomi
– Laporan yang terpisah untuk unit-unit bisnis
dalam entitas hukum atau ekonomi.

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PENDAHULUAN

• A primary issue that underpins financial reporting is the identification of the reporting
entity.

Components of Financial Reporting

Financial reporting

Disaggregated
Separate financial Aggregated reporting
reporting for business
statements for the for the economic
units within a legal or
legal entity entity
economic entity

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PENDAHULUAN

Relationship of control within legal entities

•Shared ownership
•Contractual or statutory
arrangements

Legal Control Legal

Entity entity
Individual
Individual
Effective relationship financial
financial
statement
statement

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PENDAHULUAN

Incentive to extend economic boundaries

Capitalizing
on slack debt Increased
or operating market shares
capacity

Tapping on Economies
growth of scale
opportunities and scope
Reduced
risk through
diversification

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 PENDAHULUAN
• Kemampuan untuk mengendalikan entitas lain
memberikan hubungan yang efektif antara
entitas induk dan entitas anak.
• Pengendalian ini didasari alasan:
– Peningkatan pangsa pasar
– Pemanfaatan skala ekonomi
– Pengurangan risiko melalui diversifikasi
operasi
– Peningkatan pertumbuhan
– Mengkapitalisasi utang dan kapasitas operasi

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 PENDAHULUAN
• Perusahaan yang bergabung akan dapat
mengurangi risiko:
– Macro-economics risks
– Industry risks
– Firm spesific risks
• Penggabungan perusahaan juga dapat dipicu
karena dorongan manajer untuk mendapatkan
kekuasaan yg lebih besar.

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PENDAHULUAN

Parent-Subsidiary Relationship
Group
Anak

Induk Control
Anak Consolidation:
Process of
preparing and
presenting financial
statements of parent
and subsidiary as if
Anak they were one
economic entity

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 INSENTIF EKONOMI UNTUK MEMBUAT
LAPORAN KONSOLIDASI
• Perspektif Informasi
– Laporan konsolidasi memberikan informasi
yang lebih baik tentang arus kas dari suatu
perusahaan
– Perusahaan akan memilih laporan konsolidasi
saat:
• Ada ketergantungan informasi, operasi, dan
keuangan antar induk dan anak
• Memiliki anak perusahaan di luar negeri
• Induk memberikan garansi langsung ke
anak perusahaan
• Induk masuk dalam industri jasa keuangan

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 INSENTIF EKONOMI UNTUK MEMBUAT
LAPORAN KONSOLIDASI

• Efficient Contracting
– Laporan konsolidasi meningkatkan kekayaan
perusahaan dengan cara mengurangi asimetri
informasi antara peminjam dan yang
dipinjami.
• Opportunism
– Memberikan manajer kekuasaan dan fasilitas
lebih karena menangani perusahaan yang
lebih besar.

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MOTIF MELAKUKAN MERGER DAN AKUISISI

• Perusahaan perseorangan tidak mampu

melakukan diversifikasi seefisien perusahaan
karena kekurangan aset dan tingginya biaya
transaksi
• Perusahaan tidak hanya memiliki shareholder
tetapi juga memiliki stakeholder

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 MERGER DAN AKUSISI

• Pengendali disebut induk, sedangkan yang

dikendalikan disebut anak
• Jika tidak ada yang dominan, maka dapat
menggunakan penyatuan kepemilikan
(pooling of interest) walaupun ini tidak
dikehendaki.
• Jika ada dua atau lebih pengendali yang melakukan
joint-control ke anak maka dilakukan konsolidasi
proporsional
• Jika memiliki pengaruh tetapi tidak mengendalikan
maka disebut asosiasi dan akuntansi ekuitas.

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 AKUNTANSI INVESTASI
• Kepemilikan
• 0% - 20% = investasi pasif
– Sekuritas diperdagangkan
– Sekuritas tersedia dijual
• >20% - 50% = investasi aktif
– Perusahaan asosiasi (PSAK 15)
– Perusahaan ventura bersama (PSAK 12)
• >50% - 100% = investasi aktif
– Kepemilikan perusahaan anak sebagian
– Kepemilikan perusahaan anak seluruhnya

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Investing Strategies, Ownership Levels and the Impact on Financial
Reporting

Continuum of intercorporate ownership

Zero 20% 50% 100%
Ownership Ownership Ownership Ownership

Passive Active Active

Investment Investment Investment

•Trading •Associated •Partially-owned subsidiary

securities company •Fully-owned subsidiary
•Available- •Joint-
for-sale venture
securities
i. Earn dividend i. Exert significant i. Gain entry intro a new market
income influence or ii. Achieve synergistic benefits from
ii. Make capital control over complementary strengths
gain investee’s iii. Gain market dominance
operation

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 KONSEP PENGENDALIAN

• Pengendalian dianggap ada ketika entitas induk

memiliki secara langsung atau tidak
langsung melalui entitas anak lebih dari
setengah kekuasaan suara suatu entitas, kecuali
dalam keadaan yang jarang dapat ditunjukkan
secara jelas bahwa kepemilikan tersebut tidak
diikuti dengan pengendalian.

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 KONSEP PENGENDALIAN
• Pengendalian juga ada ketika entitas induk
memiliki setengah atau kurang kekuasaan suatu
entitas jika terdapat:
– Kekuasaan yang melebihi setengah hak suara
sesuai perjanjian dengan investor lain
– Kekuasaan untuk mengatur kebijakan
keuangan dan operasional entitas
berdasarkan anggaran dasar atau perjanjian
– Kekuasaan untuk menunjuk atau mengganti
sebagian besar direksi dan dewan komisaris
– Kekuasaan untuk memberikan suara
mayoritas pada rapat dewan direksi dan
dewan komisaris dan mengendalikan entitas
melalui dewan tersebut.

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 The Concept of Control Determination of control

Ownership of more than 50% of voting power:

Control is presumed to exist when the parent owns
directly or indirectly through subsidiaries, more than
one-half of the voting power of an entity unless, in
exception circumstances, it can be clearly
demonstrated that such ownership does not constitute
control

Ownership of less than 50% of voting power but Control Subsidiary

there is :
a)Power over more than one-half of the voting rights
arising from an agreement with other investors; or
b)Power to govern the financial and operating policies
of an entity arising from a statute or an agreement; or
c)Power to appoint or remove the majority of the
members of the board of directors or equivalent
governing body; or
d)Power to cast the majority of votes at meetings at
the board of directors or equivalent governing body
that has control over the entity

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PENGENDALIAN LANGSUNG DAN TIDAK
LANGSUNG
• For the test of control, IAS 27 requires consideration of the percentage of voting
rights held “direct or indirectly through subsidiaries”
• Control must be demonstrated at each intermediate level before the ultimate holding
company is said to have control over the lowest-level company

Affiliation structures
Situation 1: Situation 2:
X Co. X Co.
Kepemilikan Kepemilikan
X terhadap X terhadap Z
100% 60%
Z adalah adalah
75% 49,2%
Y Co. Y Co.

50% 50% 60%

asosiasi 55% 60% 50% anak

B Co. Z Co. A Co. B Co. Z Co. A Co.

50% 40%

Situation 1 Situation 2
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 Potential Voting Rights in the Determination of
Control
Illustration of potential voting rights
Issued Percentage Issued share Potential Total shares Percentage
ordinary of ordinary warrants shares from (issued and of total
shares shares warrants potential) shares

Company A $10,000,000 50% $5,000,000 $10,000,000 $20,000,000 62.50%

Other investors 10,000,000 50% 1,000,000 2,000,000 12,000,000 37.50%

Total $20,000,000 100% $6,000,000 $12,000,000 $32,000,000 100.00%

Although Company A owns only 50% of the total issued ordinary shares, its
holding of the share warrants gives it de facto control over Company B

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PENGENDALIAN LANGSUNG DAN TIDAK LANGSUNG
SIGNIFIKAN
Multi-level structures

P Situation 1: Situation 2:
P
P has significant P has significant
influence over: influence over:
80% 50% i)Y (50% direct 40% 50%
i)A (40% direct
interest) interest)
ii)Z (65% indirect ii)C (50% direct
X Y A C
interest) – P has interest)
no control over Y iii)B (42% indirect
50% 80%
50% 20% interest)
iii)Asosiasi
Z B iv)anak

Situation 1 Situation 2

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 INSTRUMEN SEJENIS SAHAM YG MEMILIKI
POTENSI (PSAK 4)

• Keberadaan dan dampak dari hak suara

potensial yang saat ini dapat dilaksanakan atau
dikonversi, dipertimbangkan ketika menilai
apakah suatu entitas mempunyai kekuasaan
untuk mengatur kebijakan keuangan atau
operasional entitas lain.

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Accounting for Business Combinations

Standards relevant to the preparation and presentation of

consolidated financial statements

IFRS 3 Business Combination (deals with business

combination generally)—PSAK 22

IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements (

applies specifically to the preparation and presentation of
consolidated financial statements for parent-subsidiary
combinations)—PSAK 65 dan PSAK 4 versi 2014

Tan & Lee Chapter 2 © 2009 22

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Overview of the Scope of the IFRS 3

• Objective of PSAK 4/IFRS 3

– Specify the requirements governing the method of accounting, disclosure and
presentation of the financial statements of a reporting entity comprising one or
more separate entities that are brought together in a business combination

Purchasing Purchasing
the equity of the net assets of
another entity another entity

Business combinations result from

Purchasing some of the net

Assuming the
assets of another entity that
liabilities of
together form one or more
another entity
business

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Purchase of Net Assets versus
Purchase of Equity

Parent Acquirer

Acquires controlling interest Buys over net assets

Subsidiary Acquiree

• Parent – Subsidiary relationship

• Separate legal entities
• No Parent – Subsidiary relationship
- separate FS
• One legal and economic entity
• Single reporting entity
- Consolidated FS
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Consolidation Theories
• Theories relating to consolidation are critical when the percentage of
ownership in a subsidiary is less than 100%

• Termed “partially owned subsidiary”, where the remaining percentage is

owned by shareholders who are collectively referred to as Kepentingan non
pengendali/“non-controlling interest” (NCI)

Non-controlling interests
Parent

90% 10%

Subsidiary

Both parent and non-controlling interest have a proportionate share of

the subsidiary’s:
• Net profit; • Share capital
• Dividend distribution; • Retained profits and changes in equity
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Consolidation Theories

Parent company sells part

of its stake in a subsidiary
to external shareholders

Reasons why
non-controlling
Parent company interest Parent and non-controlling
buys a majority arise shareholders are founding
stake in a subsidiary shareholders of newly
from existing owners incorporated entity

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 Consolidation Theories

Ownership of the combined entity Joint-ownership of the combined

involving a wholly owned subsidiary entity involving a partially owned
subsidiary
Parent company’s shareholders Parent company’s shareholders

30%
Parent company ownership in Parent company
Non-controlling subsidiary
100% 70%
ownership shareholders of a ownership
subsidiary
Subsidiary Subsidiary

2 groups of shareholders
Wholly owned by the
1)The parent company’s shareholders; and
parent company’s
2)The non-controlling shareholders of the
shareholders
subsidiary
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 Comparison of issues

Issues Entity Parent Theory

Theory
Who are the primary Both non-controlling Benefit of parent
users of the consolidated interest and majority company shareholders
financial statements? shareholders

Shown as equity Shown as equity

based on: based on:
How should non-
Consolidated equity Consolidated equity
controlling interests be -
reported in the =
Consolidated assets NCI
consolidated balance - =
sheet? Consolidated assets
Consolidated liabilities -
Consolidated liabilities

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Comparison of issues

Issues Entity Parent Theory

Theory
Net assets of the
subsidiary acquired be Net asset at date NCI net asset at date
shown at full fair values of acquisition of acquisition shown
or at the parent’s share reported in full at book value
of the fair value?

Do non-controlling Asset of economic Asset of parent

shareholders have a unit, and reflected and restricted to
share of goodwill? in full parent’s share

How should net profit Reported in full as NCI’s share of current

of partially owned both majority and profit is a deduction of
subsidiary be reported? non-controlling final profit
shareholders
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Summary of differences

Attributes Entity Theory Parent Theory

Fair value differences in relation Recognized in full, reflecting

Recognized only in respect of
to identifiable assets and both parent’s and NCI’s share
parent’s share
liabilities at date of acquisition of fair value adjustments

Presentation of NCI As part of equity Neither as equity or debt

Goodwill is an entity asset and

Goodwill should be recognized in full as Goodwill is parent’s asset
at date of acquisition

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Proprietary Theory

• Relevant to accounting for joint venture

• Parent seen as having a direct interest in a subsidiary’s

assets and liabilities
– resulting in proportional consolidation.

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The Implicit Consolidation Theory Underlying IFRS 3

• Previously, IAS 22 allowed an acquirer to either

recognize or ignore non-controlling interests’ share of
fair value adjustments of a subsidiary’s identifiable
assets and liabilities

• IFRS 3 (2008) permits the recognition of non-controlling

interests’ share of goodwill

• Movement towards the full entity theory

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Illustration 1: Parent versus Entity Theory
• PT P beli 80% saham PT S seharga $1,200,000 tgl 1-1-
20X1
• NCI: 20%
• Nilai buku ekuitas pd tgl akuisisi (1/1/20x1): $1,200,000
terdiri dari Modal saham $800.000 dan laba ditahan
$400.000
• Nilai buku properti undervalued (FV – BV): $100,000
(abaikan pengaruh pajak dan depresiasi)
• Nilai wajar NCI: $300,000
• Nilai buku ekuitas per 31/12/20x1: $1,270,000
• Diminta: melengkapi laporan keuangan
konsolidasi menurut teori induk dan teori entitas

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 Illustration 1: Parent versus Entity Theory

Goodwill

Parent Theory
Goodwill = Investment in S – P’s ownership %
X (Fair value of S’s identifiable net assets at date of acquisition)
= $1,200 – (80% x $1,300)
= $160
Entity Theory
Parent’s share of goodwill = $160
Non-controlling interests’ share of goodwill = Fair value of NCI – Share of FV
of identifiable net assets
= $300 – (20% x $1,300)
= $300 – $260
= $40

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Illustration 1: Parent versus Entity Theory
Presentation of NCI
Parent Theory
Non-controlling interests are shown separately from equity
Non-controlling interests are deemed to have an equity interest and are thus
presented as a component in equity

Non-controlling interests = Non-controlling interest % x BV of S’s equity

= 20% x $1,270
= $254
Entity Theory

Non-controlling interests = Non-controlling interest %

x (BV of S’s equity + FV adjustments)
+ NCI’s share of goodwill

= 20% x ($1,270 + $100) +$40

= $314

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