BAB 1 ANALISIS TEGANGAN PIPA

1.1 PENDAHULUAN …………………………………………………………….. 1

1.1.1 Kode Standar Desain Pipa …………………………………………………….. 2
1.1.2 Analisis Tegangan Dalam Tahapan Perancangan Pipa ....................................... 5

1.2 TEORI DASAR TEGANGAN PIPA ............................................................... 5

1.2.1 Tegangan Dalam Prinsipal Pada Pipa .................................................................. 7
1.2.2 Rangkuman Formulasi Tegangan Pipa ……………………………………….... 13
1.2.3 Kombinasi Tegangan Pada Dinding Pipa ............................................................ 13
1.2.4 Teori Dasar Kegagalan ........................................................................................ 14

1.3 KELELAHAN MATERIAL (FATIGUE) ...................................................... 17

1.3.1 Fenomena Fatigue ............................................................................................... 17
1.3.2 Faktor Reduksi Tegangan Berulang .................................................................... 19
1.3.3 Efek Beban Sustaned Pada Fatigue ..................................................................... 21
1.3.4 Stress Intensification Factor (SIF) …………………………………………….. 22

1.4 TEGANGAN KODE .......................................................................................... 24

1.4.1 Tegangan Primer Dan Sekunder ........................................................................ 24
1.4.2 Persamaan Tegangan Kode ASME / ANSI B31.3 ............................................ 26
1.4.3 Persamaan Tegangan Kode ASME / ANSI B31.1 ............................................ 27

BAB 2 DESAIN PIPA DAN KOMPONEN PIPA ....................................... 29

2.1 DESAIN KOMPONEN PIPA BERDASARKAN TEKANAN ....................... 29

2.1.1 Tebal Minimum Dinding Pipa Lurus ............................................................... 30
2.1.2 Tekanan Kerja Yang Diijinkan / AWP (Allowable Working Pressure) ........... 35
2.1.3 Desain Bend, Elbow, dan Mitter ...................................................................... 36
2.1.4 Flange dan Blank .............................................................................................. 37
2.1.5 Sambungan Branch .......................................................................................... 40
2.1.6 Pengaruh Tekanan Pada Expansion Joint ........................................................ 42

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2.2 DESAIN SISTEM PIPA BERDASARKAN BERAT (BOBOT MATI) ......... 43
2.2.1 Tegangan Dan Defleksi Karena Beban Bobot Mati ......................................... 44
2.2.2 Jarak Antara Support Maksimum (Maximum Pipe Span) ................................ 46
2.2.3 Pengaruh Dari Tip Sagging Yang Berlebihan .................................................. 48

2.3 DESAIN SISTEM PIPA KARENA BEBAN EKSPANSI PANAS ................. 48

2.3.1 Guided Cantilever Method .................................................................................... 51
2.3.2 ANSI Expansion Stress Check ………………………………………………… 53
2.3.3 Spring Hanger ..................................................................................................... 55
2.3.4 First Rigid Criteria .............................................................................................. 58
2.3.5 Sistem Pipa Fleksibel vs Sistem Pipa Kaku ....................................................... 59

BAB 3 BEBAN OCCASIONAL (TEKNIK KUASI STATIK) .................... 61

3.1 BEBAN RANDOM .......................................................................................... 62

3.1.1 Beban Angin Dan Gust Factor ……………………………………………….. 63
3.1.2 Beban Gempa (g-factor) ……………………………………………………… 69

3.2 BEBAN KEJUT …………………………………………………………….. 72

3.2.1 Gaya Fluida ………………………………………………………………….. 73
3.2.2 Beban Quasi Statik Pada Relief Valve ………………………………………. 75
3.2.3 Beban Fluid Hammer ....................................................................................... 78
3.2.4 Beban Aliran Slug ............................................................................................ 80

BAB 4 PEMODELAN DAN ANALISIS TEGANGAN PIPA DENGAN

PROGRAM KOMPUTER CAESAR II .................................................... 81

4.1 PRINSIP DASAR ELEMEN PIPA PADA KOMPUTER .......................... 81

4.2 TEKNIK PEMODELAN KONFIGURASI PIPA ....................................... 84
4.3 RESTRAINT ................................................................................................... 84
4.3.1 Pemodelan Restraint .......................................................................................... 84

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4.3.2 Friction ………………………………………………………………………. 88

4.4 EVALUASI BEBAN PADA NOZZLE ……………………………………… 89

4.4.1 API 610 (Centrifugal Pump) .............................................................................. 91
4.4.2 NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines) ........................................................................ 93
4.4.3 API 617 (Centrifugal Compressor) ................................................................... 94
4.4.4 API 661 (Air Cooler) ........................................................................................ 95

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